Summary of geographical knowledge points in the second volume of Shanghai Education Edition, the first day of junior high school

Section 1 Overview of Asia:

1. Geographical location of Asia:

(1) Most of Asia is located in the hemisphere and the northern hemisphere, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. (2) Asia is bounded by Urals, ural river, Great Caucasus and Turkish Strait in the west, Suez Canal in the southwest of Africa and Bering Strait in the northeast of North America. Its southeast borders on Oceania.

(3) 1) Area (about 44 million square kilometers, nearly five times the area of Oceania) 2) Latitude is widest (spanning cold, warm and hot areas by about 90 degrees) 3) East-west distance is longest (spanning longitude by about 166 degrees). 2. Asia's complex and diverse natural environment:

(1) With an average elevation of 950m, Asia is the continent with the most uneven topography and height in the world. (The highest peak in the world-Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters, and the lowest point-Dead Sea -4 15 meters, with a relative height of 9259.43 meters). "Roof of the World"-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Asian Plain-West Siberia Plain (low and vast), "Top of the World"-Mount Everest. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and the Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world. (2) The topography of Asia is complex and diverse, with plateaus and mountains as the main parts.

(3) The middle part is high and the periphery is low. Due to the influence of topography, the river flows radially around. 3. Climate in Asia:

(1) Climate characteristics: There are various climate types, mainly temperate continental climate, typical monsoon climate (mainly large temperature difference between land and sea). There are temperate monsoon, subtropical monsoon and tropical monsoon). Asia has no temperate maritime climate. (Figure 7.7 on page 6 of the textbook). (2) Asia is affected by topographic factors, with more precipitation in the offshore and less precipitation in the inland.

4. Division of Asia: Asia is divided into East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Asia (the Asian part of Russia) according to geographical location, natural and human geographical elements.

5. Population of Asia: It is the most populous continent in the world, with a total of over 4 billion, accounting for about 60.5% of the world's total population. Among the countries in the world with a population of 1 1 more than 1 billion, there are China and Japanese in Asia. South Asia-India, Pakistan, Bangladesh; Southeast Asia-Indonesia).

Many countries in Asia must pay attention to the improvement of the number and quality of the six-line population.

Section 2 Southeast Asia

1. Location: Southeast Asia is located in southeast Asia, at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. 2. Malacca Strait: (located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island) is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

3. Including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago (islands of the world) (remember the positions in Figure 7. 19 and 7.20). 4. Distribution characteristics: Mountains and rivers alternate with each other, showing columnar distribution, with mountains extending from north to south and rivers flowing from north to south. that

The middle reaches of Mekong River is the largest river flowing through Asian countries.

Rich in water. It is an important agricultural area in Southeast Asia, with dense population and developed agriculture)

5. Volcanic and seismic activities in Malay Archipelago are quite frequent. Indonesia is the country with the largest number of volcanoes in the world. It is known as the "volcano country" and the "country of thousands of islands".

6. Singapore is a "garden city" and Singapore Port is an important natural port in the world.

7. Southeast Asia is dominated by tropical monsoon and tropical rain forest, with high temperature and rainy climate, which is suitable for planting tropical cash crops such as rice and natural rubber. Southeast Asia is a rice producing area in the world, which is closely related to the summer monsoon.

8. Thailand-world rubber producer: Philippines-world banana and hemp producer; Indonesia-the world coconut producer; Malaysia-the world palm oil producer. Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar-important rice exporters in the world; Indonesia and Brunei-major oil exporters in Southeast Asia; Malaysia-Tin mine production ranks first in the world.

9. People from China who live abroad and acquire the nationality of the host country are called China people; Those who still retain China nationality are called overseas Chinese. Southeast Asia is China and

In the areas where overseas Chinese are most concentrated, the total number of overseas Chinese exceeds 20 million.

Section 3 South Asia

1. South Asia is separated from the rest of Asia by tall mountains such as Himalayas and Suleiman Mountains, forming a relatively independent geographical unit, which is called "South Asia subcontinent", also known as "India-Pakistan subcontinent" or "India subcontinent".

2. The northern part of South Asia is the Himalayas, the middle part is the Indus Plain and the Constant Plain, and the southern part is the Deccan Plateau (Indian Peninsula). Sri Lanka is an island country.

Kolkata in South Asia is the center of hemp textile industry, Mumbai is the center of cotton textile industry and Bangalore is the center of high-tech industry. 4. India is the second most populous country in the world, a developing country with developed nuclear technology and a powerful software country in the world. Its software export volume is second only to that of the United States, and it has mastered the technology of launching satellites. 5. South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism, Hinduism and other religions. The Ganges Plain is the birthplace of ancient Indian civilization, and the Ganges is regarded as a "holy river" by Hinduism.

Section 4 West Asia

1. West Asia, known as "five seas and three continents", is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, connecting the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and bordering the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (world lakes). The Strait of Hormuz and the Turkish Strait are the key points of maritime traffic. Suez Canal is the dividing line between Asia and Africa, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

2. The oil-producing countries in West Asia are mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf, and the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the regions with the richest oil reserves and the largest oil production and export volume in the world. Saudi Arabia has the richest oil reserves in the world. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates are important oil producers. The oil produced in West Asia is mainly exported to economically developed regions and countries such as Western Europe, North America and Japan.

Islam, Christianity and Christianity all regard Jerusalem as the holy city. Mecca is the holy city of Islam. 3. Oil export route: A: To Japan and Southeast Asia.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Malacca Strait → Pacific Ocean → Japan, Southeast Asia B: Shipped to Western Europe and the United States.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Gibraltar Strait → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

C: to western Europe and America.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → bypassing the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

Section 5 Japan

1. Location: an island country in East Asia, located in the northwest Pacific Ocean.

East of the Pacific Ocean, west of the Sea of Japan, the Korean Strait, and the East China Sea face China, South Korea, North Korea and Russia.

2. Composition: It consists of four islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, among which Honshu Island is the largest (find out the location and name of the ocean and island in the composition on page 28 of the book and remember it).

The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent harbors. Kobe and Yokohama are two foreign trade ports in Japan, which are very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties.

3. Terrain: mainly mountainous and hilly. Mount Fuji is a symbol of Japan, a volcano and a national peak. Yinghuashanlu

Trees become forests, and the scenery is charming. Japan's plain is very small, and its plain is Kanto Plain.

4、

Reason: Located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, that is, the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean, the crust is very unstable. Rich

Mount Xishan is an active volcano. (key)

5. Economic type: processing trade economy (or import-processing-export, export-oriented and export-oriented). )。

Features: strong dependence on foreign countries, import of raw materials and fuels, export of industrial products: lack of resources and narrow domestic market.

Advantages: relying on science and technology, sufficient labor force and excellent harbor.

6. Distribution of industrial zones: Japanese industries are mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea, which is called "coastal" industrial layout. Reason: In order to facilitate the transportation of raw materials and export products, the freight rate is reduced.

From east to west, there are Keihin Industrial Zone centered on Tokyo and Yokohama, and Nagoya Industrial Zone centered on Nagoya.

Hanshin Industrial Zone centered on Osaka and Kobe, Seto Inland Sea Industrial Zone, Kitakyushu Industrial Zone centered on Kitakyushu (find and remember the industrial zones and cities in Figure 7.62 on page 34 of this book).

Japan has accelerated the expansion of overseas investment and established overseas production and sales bases. The main targets of Japanese investment and factory construction are the United States and Western Europe.

East Asia and Southeast Asia

7. Culture: The ethnic composition is single, and the Yamato nationality is dominant, which has both the traditional color of Yamato nationality and a strong modern flavor.

This is a typical example of cultural compatibility between East and West. Understand the Japanese tea ceremony and bushido spirit!

Chapter VIII Europe Section 1 Overview of Europe

1, Europe is in the Eastern Hemisphere, and the eastern part of Europe is connected with the Asian continent, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. It is a big peninsula extending from the western part of Eurasia to the Atlantic Ocean. Europe is the continent with the most tortuous coastline in the world.

Europe is the lowest continent in the world. The terrain of Europe is mainly plain, accounting for 2/3 of the whole continental area. The main plains include Eastern Europe Plain, Bode Plain and Western Europe Plain, among which Eastern Europe Plain is the plain in Europe.

3. Europe has a dense river network and abundant water. The Volga River is the mother river of Russia and the longest river in Europe. The Danube is the second longest river in Europe and the largest international river in European countries, which has important shipping value. 4. Climate: Temperate maritime climate is dominant.

Temperate maritime climate: the most typical climate in Europe, mainly distributed in the Atlantic coastal areas of western and central Europe. Temperate continental climate: the most widely distributed climate in Europe, mainly in eastern Europe, with a large temperature difference. Mediterranean climate: a typical climate in Europe, distributed in the Mediterranean coastal areas.

Section 2 Western Europe

1. Western Europe refers to the European area west of the Eastern European Plain, which accounts for more than half of the European area and is densely populated, with more than 30 countries.

Mostly.

2. There is a regional organization in Western Europe called the European Union (EU), which has 25 member countries, all developed countries and people.

Call the euro with a unified currency.

The capital of Britain is London, the capital of France is Berlin, and the capital of Germany is Rome.

4. EU ranks first in the world in terms of import and export, and is a region of world trade. Western Europe's industry is dominated by manufacturing. Europe's transportation industry ranks first among all continents in the world.

6. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are the major dairy countries in the world. 7. The main tourist destinations and their host countries: Tower Bridge in London (Britain), Windmills and Tulips (Netherlands), Nordic Fjords (Norway), Alpine Skiing (Switzerland), Eiffel Tower in Paris (France), Bullfighting in Spain, Leaning Tower of Pisa and Venice (Italy), Parthenon in Athens (Greece).

Section 3 Russia

1、

2. Most of Russia is located in the north temperate zone, and the climate is mainly temperate continental climate. Its climate is characterized by long and cold winters and short summers.

And warm.

3. (Find the following knowledge points in Figure 8. 19 on page 47 of the book and remember the location:) Neighboring countries: Finland, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Belarus and North Korea.

Ocean: Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan) Pacific Ocean.

From west to east, it is: Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau, Eastern Siberia Mountain, Mountain: Ural Mountain, Great Caucasus Mountain.

Rivers: ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River flow into the Arctic Ocean.

4. (Figure 8.20 and Figure 8.2 1 on page 48 of this book.

The industrial zones are St. Petersburg Industrial Zone, Moscow Industrial Zone and Ural Industrial Zone from west to east, and the mineral centers of Novosibirsk Industrial Zone are Kursk Iron Mine, Tyumen Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine from west to east.

5. Transportation: Russia's railway network in Europe is very dense, with Moscow as the radiation point; Railway network in Asian part

6. Find out the following main ports in Figure 8.25 on page 50 of this book:

Murmansk (an ice-free port north of the Arctic Circle), St. Petersburg (Russia's second largest city and major port, near the Baltic Sea), Vladivostok (also known as Vladivostok, the starting point of the Eurasian Continental Bridge)

7. Moscow is the capital and city of Russia and the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country. The following are

Red Square in the Kremlin.

8. Russian passenger transport is mainly by rail and road, and freight transport is mainly by pipeline and railway.

Most of Russia's territory is in Asia. Why is it a traditional European country?

This is because Russia's politics, economy, culture, transportation center and most cities are concentrated in its European part.

9. Resources: Russia is rich in natural resources and has large reserves. It is one of the few big countries in the world that can be self-sufficient. Distribution of mineral resources: (1) Natural gas production ranks first in the world. (2) The output of crude oil ranks third in the world.

(3) Coal production ranks fourth in the world. (4) The power generation is the fifth in the world.

10, industrial development characteristics: developed heavy industry: high level of military and aerospace industry, weak light industry.

Chapter 9 America Section 1 Overview of America 1 America is a continent with a large latitude span and a long coastline.

2. The highest and longest mountain system in the world: Cordillera mountain system; Longest mountain range: Andes (9000 km); Plain: Amazon plain; Plateau: Brazil Plateau.

3. Division: 1 According to physical geography: America is divided into South America and North America by Panama Canal. The American region in the southern United States is called Latin America. The seven countries in the narrow strip of Central America are Central America.

4. Natural environment: Topography: the western part is a tall Cordillera mountain system, and the eastern part is a plateau plain, which is high in the west and low in the east. The topography of North America is distributed in three rows (Rocky Mountains in the west and Great Plains in the middle). Appalachian mountains in the east) South America is F-shaped (Andes mountains in the west and plateaus and plains alternate from north to south in the east). 5. Rivers: North America: Mississippi River (the fourth longest river in the world), South America: Amazon River (the second longest river in the world with the widest water volume and basin area) 6. Climate: The temperate continental climate in North America is the most widely distributed, and the tropical climate in South America is dominant. 7. The continent with disparity between the rich and the poor: (1) rich in resources: 1, forest resources (coniferous forests in Canada and tropical rainforests in Brazil), fish resources (fishing grounds in Peru) and mineral resources (oil in Venezuela, iron ore in Brazil and copper mine in Chile). (2) American economy: Rich: America and Canada in North America are economically developed countries. Poverty: Latin American countries are all developing countries, among which Brazil and Argentina have relatively complete industrial systems.

Section 2 America

1, the United States is a country of immigration. Indians are native Americans. Among the ethnic groups, whites account for 84%, followed by blacks 13%, and there are about 1.6 million Chinese and overseas Chinese.

2. The territorial composition of the United States: 48 native states, Alaska and Hawaii. It is located in the north temperate zone, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Alaska is located in the northern cold zone, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north; Hawaii is located in the tropics (belonging to Oceania). 3. The topography of the United States is columnar in north and south (mountain-rocky mountains in the west, great plains in the middle and mountain-Appalachian mountains in the east). The plain area accounts for more than half of the country's total area, and the cultivated land is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land.

The output and export of American agricultural products are among the highest in the world. For example, the output and export of corn and soybean rank first in the world. 5. Agricultural production in the United States has achieved mechanization and specialization (main agricultural belts: cow belt, corn belt, cotton belt and wheat belt (remember the position of main agricultural belts in P65 Figure 9. 18). 7. The United States is a big agricultural country, the most developed industrial country, the base of high-tech industry, the world's largest economic country, and the world's resource consumer and waste emitter.

8. San Francisco: It is the city with the largest number of Chinese in the United States, and Silicon Valley in the southeast of San Francisco is the earliest and largest high-tech center in the United States.

The distribution of high-tech enterprises is mainly related to talents, transportation and environment. 9. Rivers and lakes: (1), Mississippi River: a river in the United States that flows into the Gulf of Mexico from north to south.

(2) Great Lakes: Lake Superior (the world's freshwater lake), Lake Michigan (completely located in the United States), Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. 10, three major industrial zones: (remember the location of major cities in Figure 9 on page P66.19) A. Northeast industrial zone: the earliest development, the most serious pollution, mainly basic industries and processing industries. (Washington, new york, Detroit, Chicago) B. Southern Industrial Zone: A new industrial zone in the United States, which is an oil and aerospace base. (Houston)

C. western industrial zone: the "sunshine zone" of the United States, with high-tech industries as the mainstay. (San Francisco, Los Angeles)

Section 3 Brazil

1. Brazil is the country with the largest area and population in Latin America, and Indians are indigenous to Brazil.

2. There is less racial prejudice in Brazil. In Brazil, whites account for more than half, mulatto accounts for about 40%, and blacks account for 6%. This is a country with a large mixed-race population. Brazilians are keen on samba and football.

3. Brazil is the best in the world: the plain Amazon plain; Plateau Brazil Plateau; Amazon River, the largest river with the largest water volume and basin area in the world, covers the tropical rain forest of the earth area, 60% of which is in Brazil. )

Brazil is mainly located in the tropics. Is a vast tropical country in the world, tropical rain forest and savanna climate.

Brazil is a country rich in resources. Green and yellow are the national colors of Brazil. Green symbolizes forest and yellow symbolizes mineral resources. Brazil's iron ore reserves are large, its texture is excellent, and its output and export volume are among the highest in the world. Itabira open-pit iron mine is mainly distributed in the southeast and is an iron mine in Brazil.

6. Brazil's industrial system is complete, and steel, shipbuilding, automobile and aircraft manufacturing have leapt to the ranks of important producers in the world.

7. Yitaipu Hydropower Station, located on the parana river, is a joint venture between Brazil and Paraguay, and now it is the second largest hydropower station in the world after the Three Gorges Hydropower Station.

8. The output of coffee (known as the coffee kingdom), citrus and sugarcane ranks first in the world. 9. The role of tropical rain forest: 1) provides fresh air for the whole world. 2) Save water and protect fresh water resources. 3) Protect soil and prevent soil erosion. 4) Adjust the global climate. 5) Provide wood. 6) Provide a good habitat and maintain biodiversity. 5438+00.

The port city of China. In order to solve the problem of urbanization, the Brazilian government moved the capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia to promote the development of the mainland.

Chapter X Africa and Oceania

Section 1 Overview of Africa

1, the full name of Africa is Africa and Asia, which means "the land of the scorching sun". Located in the western part of the Eastern Hemisphere, it straddles the equator, borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, and Asia in the northeast through the Suez Canal. Location: The coastline is relatively straight, with few peninsulas, islands and bays. It is the straightest continent in the world. 2. Latitude position: Most of this area lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the equator passes through the middle of this area. Most areas are located in the tropics, so they are called tropical continents. Africa has a vast savanna area, ranking first among all continents in the world. 3. Topography: "Plateau continent" dominated by plateaus (East Africa Plateau, South Africa Plateau, Ethiopia Plateau): high in the east and south, low in the north, west and middle.

4. The best in the world: desert-Sahara desert; The longest river-Nile; The longest rift valley-the Great Rift Valley in East Africa; Basin-Congo basin; Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.

5. Climate: The tropical climate is dominant, and the tropical grassland has the widest climate distribution and many wild animals. (P78) The climate distribution is symmetrical from north to south with the equator as the axis. 6. Disparity between "high" and "low" population and economy (1) Population ("high"): 1, with a total population of about 800 million, ranking second in all continents. 2. Growth characteristics: natural growth rate. 3, bring problems: A, seriously block economic development. B, leading to environmental deterioration and frequent natural disasters. (2) Economy ("low"): 1. Economic conditions: the level of economic development is low. Export commodities are mainly primary commodities. 2. Economic backwardness

Reason: (1), the population grows too fast and consumes a lot of economy. (2) Long-term colonial rule.

7. Egypt, a representative of a long history and splendid culture.

Location: Located in the northeast of Africa, the land spans Asia and Africa, and belongs to the junction of Asia, Europe and Africa. A vast desert. Rivers: A, Nile (the longest in the world): B, Suez Canal: connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, it is the dividing line between Asia and Africa.

City and Population: Capital: Cairo. Population: Arabs, Caucasians. Main crops: wheat, cotton (long-staple cotton) and scenic spots: pyramids and the Sphinx. (page 83)

Section II Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Sub-Saharan Africa is located in the south of the world, bordering on the east and west.

At low latitudes. The terrain inclines from southeast to northwest, mainly in the plateau.

More than 90% people in this area are black, so sub-Saharan Africa is also called.

3. The original settlements of African blacks are mainly distributed in 4 places. Sub-Saharan Africa is rich in mineral resources (diamonds and gold rank first in the world, P87 10.24), but its economy is backward.

The economy is dominated by a single commodity, and the export products mainly include minerals, forests, livestock products and other primary products; Imported products are industrial products such as machinery and automobiles. Such economic characteristics have made many African countries lose the market initiative.

Some African countries are trying to develop national industries and diversified agriculture to change the situation that their economies depend on a single product. 6. Africa's natural population growth rate ranks first among all continents in the world, at 2.3%, and sub-Saharan Africa is as high as 3.0%.

Section III Overview of Oceania

1, Oceania is the smallest continent (8.97 million square kilometers). Australia is the smallest continent in the world. 2. Latitude and longitude position: across the eastern and western hemispheres. Across the northern and southern hemispheres. (Australia is completely in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere) Land and sea location: between "two oceans and four continents", that is, between Asia, South America, North America and Antarctica, bordering the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east and north.

3. The population and cities in Australia are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. Canberra, the capital; The national industrial center and port city is Sydney; Melbourne is the second largest city in China. Australia is a developed country in the southern hemisphere.

4. Australia's four nicknames are: the World Museum of Living Fossils (kangaroo, emu, platypus, koala), a country that monopolizes a continent, a country that rides on the back of sheep (the largest number of sheep exports wool) and a country that sits on a mine car. 5. The topography of Australia:

6. Characteristics of climate distribution: generally, it is a hemispherical distribution with an opening to the west (remember the climate type and distribution (figure on page p94 10.36).

Chapter III XI Polar Region

1, the North Pole is located at the northernmost part of the earth, which refers to the vast area (Arctic Circle) north of 66.5 north latitude, including most of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the land and islands of several coastal continents in Asia, Europe and North America. Greenland is an island in the world. (P97 figure 1 1. 1) 2. Antarctica is located at the southernmost tip of the earth, in a vast area (Antarctic circle) south of 66.5 north latitude, including the Antarctic continent and the surrounding Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. (p 100 map 1 1.8) Antarctica is the highest continent in the world;

The Antarctic region is the coldest place on the earth, and it is called "ice continent". In addition, it is also called "white desert", "cold pole" and "wind pole". Icebergs are the most remarkable natural landscape in the Antarctic continent; There is more precipitation in the Arctic than in the Antarctic, and it is not as cold as in the Antarctic. Penguin is the symbol of the South Pole and polar bear is the representative of the North Pole.

5. Around the North Pole, every direction points to the south; Around the South Pole, every direction points to the north. 6. Antarctica is the "big warehouse" of natural resources: rich in minerals; A large number of solid freshwater resources and countless marine life. 7. At present, more than 90 scientific research stations have been established in Antarctica by more than 20 countries. On February 1985 and 14, China established the first Antarctic research station-Great Wall Station on King George Island, Antarctica. On February 26th, 1989, Zhongshan Station was established again. On June 27th, 2009, Kunlun Station, the first inland Antarctic research station in China, was successfully built. (Remember that all three research stations are in the upper-middle position of P 100 drawing 1 1.8) On July 28th, 2004, the first Arctic scientific research station in China, the Yellow River Station, was completed. (Remember the position 1 1. 1 in P97 diagram. )

8. In order to protect the ecological environment of Antarctica and make peaceful use of Antarctica, 1959 12 countries, including Australia and Argentina, signed the Antarctic Treaty. 1983 China formally joined the Antarctic treaty.