How does silk spread?

Silk Road; ; Silk Road), also known as the Silk Road. It refers to the land passage opened by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-BC 138), starting from Chang 'an (Jin 'an), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia and West Asia, connecting Mediterranean countries (this road is also called "Northwest Silk Road" to distinguish it from the other two traffic routes named "Silk Road" in the future). Because silk products have the greatest influence on the goods transported to the west, it is named. Its basic trend was set in the Han Dynasty, including three routes: South Road, Middle Road and North Road. The Silk Road is a historically trans-Eurasian trade transportation line, which historically promoted friendly exchanges between Europe, Asia, Africa and China. China is the hometown of silk. In the trade through this route, silk is the most representative commodity exported by China. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, German geographer Richthofen called this land transportation route "Silk Road". Since then, historians at home and abroad have agreed with this statement, which is still in use today. After Zhang Qian passed through the western regions, it officially opened the land passage from China to Europe and Africa. This road starts from Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, passes through the Hexi Corridor, and then divides into two routes: one starts from Yangguan, passes through Shanshan, goes west along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain, passes through shache, goes west through Qingji, leaves Dayuejia, goes to rest, goes west through the plough (jiān, now Alexandria, Egypt, annexed by the Roman Empire in 30 BC), or enters the body from the south of Da Yue. The other one goes out of Yumenguan, passes through the former Cheshi country, goes west along the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, goes out of Shule, crosses Qingji in the west, crosses Daguan Bay, and reaches Kangju and Chae Yeon (nomadic in the northwest of Kangju in the Western Han Dynasty, that is, the grassland in the North Caspian Sea, and belongs to Kangju in the Eastern Han Dynasty). The Silk Road in a broad sense refers to the long-distance commercial, trade and cultural exchange routes that have been formed since ancient times and spread all over Eurasia, even including North Africa and East Africa. In addition to the above routes, it also includes the Maritime Silk Road, which was formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and played a great role in the late Ming Dynasty, and the Southern Silk Road, which appeared at the same time as the Northwest Silk Road and replaced the Northwest Silk Road as a communication channel on the road at the end of Yuan Dynasty. The word "die seidenstrasse" originated from China published by German geographer ferdinand von richthofen in 1877, sometimes referred to as the Silk Road for short. Although the Silk Road is the product of the economic and trade development promoted by countries along the route, many people think that Zhang Qian in China has opened a new era of Sino-foreign exchanges twice. And successfully opened the last bead curtain between East and West. Since then, this route has been stepped out of the "national highway", and ambassadors and businessmen from all countries have poured in along the road opened by Zhang Qian. From princes and nobles to beggars and prisoners, they all left footprints on this road. This east-west passage closely links the Central Plains and the Western Regions with Arabia and the Persian Gulf. After centuries of continuous efforts, the Silk Road extended westward to the Mediterranean Sea. Broadly speaking, the eastern section of the Silk Road reached South Korea and Japan, and the western section reached France and the Netherlands. Italy and Egypt can also be reached by sea, becoming the road of friendship for economic and cultural exchanges between Asia, Europe and Africa.

The origin of the silk road

Since Zhang Qian's voyage to the West, the commercial exchanges between China and Central Asia and Europe have increased rapidly. Through this avenue that runs through Asia and Europe, China's silk products such as silk, silk, twill, satin and silk are continuously exported to China and Europe. Therefore, Greece, Rome and China are called "Ju Lushi" countries and "Ju Lushi" nations. The so-called "Cyrus" means "silk". /kloc-end of 0/9. German geologist Richthofen praised this east-west avenue opened by Zhang Qian as the "Silk Road". German Hurtsen wrote the monograph "Silk Road" on the basis of years of research. Since then, the Silk Road has been recognized by the world. Simply put, the Silk Road is the general name of this east-west traffic route that starts from East Asia, passes through Central Asia and West Asia, and then connects Europe and North Africa. The Silk Road is of great significance in world history. This is the traffic artery of the Eurasian continent, and it is a bridge between China, Indian and Greek cultures. Turpan is a pearl on the Silk Road. The Silk Road in Xinjiang is divided into three routes: south, middle and north. The Silk Road was a commercial road connecting China and the West in ancient times. Named after 1877 German geographer F von Richthofen. But he was referring to "China's traffic routes in Hejian area and between China and India with silk trade as the medium from BC 1 14 to AD 127". The so-called western regions generally refer to the vast areas from the west of Guyumen and Guyangguan to the Mediterranean coast. Later, historians collectively referred to the trade routes connecting China and the West as the Silk Road. Because it spans more than 2,000 years and involves land and sea, it can be divided into four periods according to history: Pre-Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there are differences between the Silk Road on land and the Silk Road on the sea according to the route. Due to different geographical trends, the land Silk Road can be divided into "Northern Silk Road" and "Southern Silk Road". The geographical landscape of the Silk Road on land is very different. People divide it into grassland forest Silk Road, alpine valley Silk Road and desert oasis Silk Road. Silk is a representative commodity exported along the ancient trade routes in China. As the main commodity in exchange, it is also another name for the Silk Road, such as Fur Road, Jade Road, Jewelry Road and Spice Road. The Maritime Silk Road exported a large number of porcelain after the Middle Ages, so it was also called the "Porcelain Road". In a word, the Silk Road can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. The Silk Road in a broad sense is the floorboard of the ancient trade routes between China and the West. In a narrow sense, the Silk Road only refers to the Silk Road in the desert oasis during the Han and Tang Dynasties. Historians have not yet reached a conclusion about the beginning of the rise and fall of the Silk Road, but at the latest in the 5th century BC, China silk was introduced into Persia by land and then sold to the Roman Empire. Silk has been recorded in western ancient documents in the 4th century BC, and it is pointed out that "its silk products are sold to India" (book "Cotillard"). Before the 3rd century BC, China was called "Cyrus" in the west, which means "the country of silk" in Latin. Emperor Liu Che (BC 158? ~ 87 BC) In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 139), he sent Zhang Qian (BC 164? Before ~ 1 14), he went to the western regions and "hollowed out" the Silk Road. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (BC 1 19), he went to the Western Regions again, and the ambassadors went to Dawan (now Fergana), Kangju (now A Mu and Syr Darya River Basin), Da Yue (now central and western Afghanistan), Daxia (now northern Afghanistan), Rest in Peace (now Iran) and Body Poison (now India). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also talked about four counties in the west, building the Great Wall in Hexi, erecting pavilions in Yanze (now Lop Nur), marrying Wusun, setting up ambassadors (later changed to the western regions' capital), and resettling. Ambassador China and businessmen from various countries "face to face on the road" and "there is no end to each other". Businessmen in Central Asia and West Asia "spend endless hours peddling business and customers, and their days are full of embarrassment". During the period of Xin Mang (9-23 AD), the Silk Road was interrupted. Ban Chao (AD 32 ~ 102) made outstanding achievements in reopening the Silk Road. Gan Ying was sent to Daqin (Roman Empire) and returned to Tiaozhi (present-day Iraq) to meet the West Sea (present-day Persian Gulf). This is the farthest westward journey of China officials along the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (589 ~ 896), the Silk Road flourished unprecedentedly. Hu gathered tens of thousands of settlers in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and Chang 'an, the western capital. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, wars were frequent and the Silk Road was blocked. Although it was restored later, the scale was far less than before, and the Maritime Silk Road gradually replaced it. The northern land silk road refers to the commercial road from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the western regions, including the grassland forest silk road and the desert oasis silk road. The former existed in the pre-Qin period, while the latter flourished in the Han and Tang dynasties. The Silk Road in the desert oasis has lasted for more than 1000 years, and there are many cultural relics along the way, which is the main road of the Silk Road. It is generally believed that its starting point is Chang 'an (now Xi City), but in fact it changed with the changes of political centers in past dynasties. Chang 'an, Mang-Luoyang, Pingcheng (now Datong), Bianliang (now Kaifeng) and Dadu-Yanjing-Beijing successively opened the Silk Road. The Silk Road of Grassland Forest runs from the middle reaches of the Yellow River to the north, across the Mongolian Plateau, across the South Siberian Plain to Central Asia, and is divided into two branches. One branch went southwest to Persia and then turned west, and the other branch crossed the Urals and Volga River to the Black Sea. The two roads meet in West Asia and reach the Mediterranean countries. The Silk Road in Desert Oasis is the main road of the Northern Silk Road, with a total length of more than 7,000 kilometers, which is divided into three sections: east, middle and west. East side. From Luoyang and Chang 'an to Dunhuang. Compared with the central and western sections, it is relatively stable, but it is divided into three lines to the west of Chang 'an: ① The northern line runs from Chang 'an along Weihe River to Guo County (now Baoji), passes through yi county (now Longxian County), crosses Liupanshan Mountain, runs along Zuli River, and crosses the Yellow River in Jingyuan to Guzang (now Wuwei), which is an early route with short distance and poor supply conditions along the way. ② The southern line runs from Chang 'an along the Weihe River to Longguan, Shangbang (now water), Didao (now Lintao) and Bao Han (now Hezhou), from Yongjing to the Yellow River, passing through Xining, and the larger Dougu Dam (now ferry) to Zhangye. (3) The central line and the southern line separate in Gao Shan, cross Longshan, reach Jincheng County (now Lanzhou), cross the Yellow River, return to Zhuanglang River, and turn Wushaoling to Guzang. Although the southern line has good supply conditions, the detour is long, so the central line later became the main line. After the North-South Central Line meets, it goes from Zhangye to Dunhuang via Jiuquan and Guazhou. The middle part. Dunhuang to Congling (now Pamirs) or Pilars (now drepung monastery). There are two routes from Yumenguan and Yangguan to the Western Regions: from Shanshan, north of Nanshan and west of Bohe, to South Road in shache, and from South Road to west of Congling, there is a big moon home, which has rested in peace. From Wang Ting (now Turpan) to Qianche Division, take Beishan and Bohe West to Shule (now Kashgar) as the north road. If the road in the north crosses the Green Ridge in the west, it will lead to Dawan, Kangju and Chae Yeon (between the Black Sea and Aral Sea). There are two important forks in the north road: one is the south road from the southwest of Yanqi, crossing the Taklimakan desert to Yutian; First, from Kuqa (now Kuqa) westbound via Gu Mo (Aksu) and Wensu (Wushi), over Daling (Bieliguan), via Chikou City (the capital of Wusun), westbound to Virote. Because the north-south road runs through Bailongdui, Halashun and Taklimakan Desert, the conditions are harsh and the road is difficult. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, another road was opened north of Beidao, which became an important passage in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and was called the New Beidao. The original Hanbei Road was renamed Middle Road. Xinbei Road extends from Dunhuang to the northwest, passing through Yiwu (Hami), Prehai (now Lake Barkol), Beiting (Jimsar), Luntai (Banquan), Gong Yue (Huocheng) and tokmak (tokmak) to Julos. West side. From the jungle to Rome. The western section of the Silk Road covers a wide range, including Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Europe. There are many countries in history, ethnic relations are complex, and the routes are constantly changing, which can be roughly divided into three roads: ① South Road runs from Jungle Mountain in the west, crosses Kush Mountain to Kabul, and then divides into two roads, all the way west to Herat, joins the middle road from Cheng Lang, and then goes west to Sidon or Beirut on the eastern Mediterranean via Baghdad and Damascus. The other line goes south from Peshawar to South Asia. ② The Middle Road (Hanbei Road) runs through the Green Ridge in the northwest of Langcheng, one with Nandao Club and the other with Tehran and Nandao Club. (3) Beixin Road is also divided into two branches. After passing (now Fergana), Kang (now Samarkand) and An (now Bukhara), we went west to Mulu and Zhongdao Society. After crossing the Ross River, it traveled northwest along the Syr Darya River, bypassing the Aral Sea and the northern shore of the Caspian Sea, reaching Tana on the east coast of the Azov Sea, and then turning to Kerch by waterway to reach Constantinople (now Istanbul). The Southern Land Silk Road, namely "Shu Shen Du Road", is also known as the Silk Road in the Alpine Canyon because it passes through the Hengduan Mountains. About the 4th century BC, the Central Plains split, and Sichuan (now the western Sichuan Plain) was freed from body poison.