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Originated from ancient people living in Haihe River area. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Zheng He, a huge fleet led by the Ming Dynasty in China, made seven voyages to the Western Ocean and reached more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa. Modern sailing started in Holland. 1660, the mayor of Amsterdam, the Netherlands presented a sailboat named "Mary" to King charles ii of England. 1662, charles ii hosted the sailing competition between Britain and Holland. 1720, Ireland established the Royal Cork Sailing Club. 185 1 year, Britain held an international yacht race around the isle of wight. 1870, the United States and Britain held the first transatlantic America's Cup regatta. There are two kinds of sailboats: stable sailboats and keel sailboats. Stabilized sailboats are light and flexible, and can sail in shallow water. Flying Dutchman, Dutchman, 470, Star and Tornado in the Olympic Games all belong to this category, and they are the most popular sailboats in the world. Keel sailboat, also known as rudder stabilizer, is bulky, inflexible, stable and strong in sail, and can only travel in deep water. Both the storm type and the sorin type in Olympic events belong to this category. The competition is held on the sea surface, and the venue is an equilateral triangle composed of three buoys, and the length of each channel is 2 ~ 2.5 nautical miles. The competition sailed around the standard, with a total of 7 games. Take the sum of the best six games to evaluate the total score, and the one with the least total score ranks first. The scoring method for each competition is 0 for the first place, 3 for the second place, 5.7 for the third place, 8 for the fourth place, 5 10 for the fifth place, 6 1 .7 for the sixth place, 7 13 for the seventh place, and then rank/kloc-0 every time. 1896 was listed as the first Olympic Games, but it was not held because of bad weather. 1900 is listed as an Olympic event again. Originally a mixed event, men and women were separated from each other from the 1988 Olympic Games. The sailing competition of the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Qingdao International Sailing Center and its surrounding waters from August 9th to 2nd, 20081.

Sailing events in the 29th Olympic Games are divided into 9 levels, 1 1 events.

Men's NPRS: grade x

Windsurfing class 470 men's double boat laser class men's single boat star-rated men's keel boat

Women's nprs: Grade 10

Windsurfing level 470

Women's Double Boat Laser Reddeer Class Women's Single Boat Eagle Bell Class Women's Keel Boat

Open 49-man speedboat tornado catamaran Finnish heavyweight ship

In13rd century, the Spanish and Portuguese began to build a light sailboat called caravel, which was mainly used as a fishing boat at first, but it was widely used in other fields because of its good performance. Bartholomeudias discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, Christopher Columbus discovered the new continent in 1492, and Vasco Dagama crossed the Indian Ocean to reach Asia in 1498. The first round-the-world voyage was completed by Ferdinand Magellan in 15 19- 1522, all using this kind of ship. Don't forget that Europeans can build such ships because they have learned a lot of "long skills" from the East, especially China.

The first "skill" that Europeans learned from Orientalism was the "jib" of Arab sailors. Europeans have always used square sails, that is, square sails placed horizontally. After more than a thousand years (6th century AD), influenced by Arabian dhows in the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, Mediterranean sailors gradually switched to this relatively easy-to-operate jib instead of a cross sail. By the 9th century, there were almost no horizontal sails in this area. Incidentally, although the invention right of this sail should belong to Arabs, it is called "Latinsail" or "lateensail" in Europe.

The second "skill" that Europeans learned was "fore and aft sails". China people used this kind of sail as early as the Warring States Period (3rd century BC), but it was not learned by Europeans until13rd century. Although the jib they learned from Arab sailors is relatively easy to operate, it is still placed horizontally and they can only use the downwind. It is easy to use in the monsoon North Indian Ocean, but it is not suitable in the Mediterranean Sea and other European waters with uncertain wind direction. Using the principle of component force and resultant force, the longitudinal sail can sail in all directions, but only against the wind can't sail. However, in the16th century, due to the way of "adjusting the wind against the wind", ships could sail against the wind. The so-called "adjustment" means adjusting the direction of the bow and turning the headwind into a crosswind, which can also push the ship forward in a zigzag way.

A necessary condition for using longitudinal sail is that it can flexibly adjust the direction of the bow. In China, it is achieved by using a "rudder" placed at the stern. Now there is "have it both ways" in the idiom dictionary, which comes from "slang" rather than "literary talent". It controls the rudder according to the wind direction to adjust the course. It is not derogatory. Unfortunately, it is often used to refer to a sleek, worldly, unprincipled and drifting with the wind. In ancient times, the word "rudder" was also called "rudder", "rudder" and "rudder" When Liu Xi explained the word "ship" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he said: "The end of the ship is called" rudder ". Jade tablets from the Southern and Northern Dynasties (A.D. 543) said, "The rudder is ship wood." He said, "Hey, the stern is small. "These written records show that China people invented the rudder very early, and the evidence of using the rudder obtained by archaeological excavations is earlier. Wooden boat models have been unearthed from Western Han tombs in Guangdong and Hubei, and the stern is equipped with a rudder. However, the rudder spread to Europe quite late, about 12 century. Until now, Europeans have been using side oars to control the direction, which is far worse than using rudder. Rudder can be said to be the third "long skill" learned by Europeans.

After learning to use jib, longitudinal sail and rudder, sailors can use wind more freely, which leads to an increase in the number of masts and sails, especially the number of sails, because it is easier to operate with multiple smaller sails than with a single large sail. "caravel" is a light multi-masted sailboat, which usually has three masts. The front mast and the front of the main mast are hung with transverse sails, and the rear mast is hung with triangular longitudinal sails. Some people even put up a fourth mast and hung a jib. There are also some ships that extend forward from the bow with a bowsprit with small sails and a top sail above the main sail and the front sail. This can make full use of wind power, with speed, flexibility and easy operation, and can drive in various wind directions. It should be noted that the wind blowing on the upper part of the sail not only produces horizontal thrust, but also produces upward lift. Small lift is beneficial to the navigation of the ship, but excessive lift may capsize the ship. The use of jib and top sail can reduce the lift and help the ship sail smoothly.

After Columbus discovered the New World, Europeans began to build bigger ships and plundered a lot of wealth there. From about the middle of16th century, Spain organized a huge fleet, which traveled between the east and west coasts of the Atlantic Ocean twice a year, bringing back looted treasures from American colonies. According to official statistics, about a century and a half before 1600, more than 18600 tons of silver and 200 tons of gold were shipped back to Spain after paying taxes. It is not easy to estimate the amount of smuggling. In addition, many ships sank halfway or because of storms or pirate attacks, and a lot of gold and silver were buried at the bottom of the sea. To this day, they are still important targets for treasure hunters and salvage companies all over the world. Later, with the establishment and development of sugarcane, cotton and tobacco plantation economy in the New World, cargo transportation increased greatly, and fleet transportation in the Atlantic Ocean became busier. Of course, we should not forget about the slave trade. According to some scholars' research, this evil trade began in15th century, and19th century was officially abolished by European and American countries. The total number of blacks loaded with slave ship on the coast of West Africa reached120,000, of which about one sixth died on the way, and about10,000 people landed in the New World. It is not difficult to see that its traffic volume is quite large.

In order to protect the transport fleet from pirates and ships from other countries, the Spanish built a warship named galleon, which is actually a large sloop developed on the basis of caravel. Since 1650, the Atlantic Ocean has entered an era of frequent naval battles. European colonial countries such as Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, Britain, and pirates who "occupy the island as the king" (perhaps the most famous "pirates of the Caribbean") have turned the Atlantic into a big battlefield. This greatly stimulated the development of warships. At first, the largest warship probably consumed 1.500 tons of water, but ships with a tonnage of1.750,2000 tons were already common, and when it reached 1.800, there were more than 2,500 tons. Hulls are usually made of solid oak boards, which are double-layered and have a total thickness of 46 cm, which makes shipbuilding a very wood-consuming thing. For example, it takes 2,500 adult oak trees to build the flagship HMSVictory HoratioNelson (1758 1805) rode in the Battle of Trafalgar. Later, the same technology was used to build civilian ships. For example, the Mayflower, which was first brought to North America by British immigrants, belongs to this type. Before the appearance of ships driven by steam engines and propelled by propellers, large dhows have always been the main ship types of European merchant ships and warships.

It is worth noting that learning to sail (jib, longitudinal sail) and rudder is a collective behavior, and it is difficult to determine when and who came from Orientalism. Only the fourth "watertightbulkheads" can determine the specific importer, that is, SamuelBentham, who was ordered to build a ship for the Royal Navy in 1795. The use of watertight cabin not only greatly increases the strength of the hull, but more importantly, it will flood the whole ship without any damage and is difficult to stop. With watertight compartments, European ships can be said to have reached the highest level in the era of navigation.

Europeans learned the fifth "long skill" from us even later, after the Opium War. It turns out that in ship design, although they used the principle of bionics like us and designed the hull to be streamlined, they imitated different objects; Europeans imitate fish, while China imitates waterfowl. In this way, the widest part of their hull is in the front of the middle, while the widest part of China's hull is in the back of the middle. Later, the study of fluid mechanics proved that China people's practice is more scientific, because ships generally do not swim in the water like fish, but paddle between water and air like waterfowl (such as ducks and geese). Realizing this, western ships, like China's ships, put the widest part behind the middle.

In China's ancient shipbuilding technology, the only thing that Europeans didn't learn was sculling. China began to paddle as early as the Western Han Dynasty (about BC 1 century). Paddling needs to lift the paddle off the water, which is a waste of time and time. Paddling paddles continuously, using the principle that fish wags its tail to move forward, so it is called "one paddle and three paddles". Europeans began to consider using China's paddles instead of their own paddles very late, but they didn't consider using paddles, because they soon invented paddlewheels with better propulsion efficiency. However, it should be pointed out that the real inventor of the paddle also came from China, more than a thousand years before Fulton. "Biography of Gao Li in Old Tang Dynasty" contains: "Dancing for two rounds, the wind blows and the waves beat, and the disease is like hanging sails." It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty (8th century A.D.), it was known that paddlewheels were used to pedal instead of manual paddles. In ancient China, boats were called "boats". According to the existing records, the water war between Yue Fei and Yang Yao in Song Dynasty (12nd century) was a battle between ships.

In a word, apart from the compass, one of the "four great inventions" in ancient China, we have also made many important contributions to shipbuilding and navigation technology. Of the five technologies that Europeans learned from Orientalism, four originated from China, and these technologies played a very important role in shipbuilding and navigation in their maritime times. Now is the "post-sailing era". Except for sports, sailboats are basically invisible, but the three technologies of rudder, watertight compartment and hull shape are still being applied, and will undoubtedly continue to be applied.

Achievements of China windsurfers;

1992 Barcelona Olympic Games

Zhang Xiaodong won the second place in the women's A390 windsurfing class.

1996 Atlanta Olympic Games

1996 Atlanta Olympic Games became an official event for the first time. Li Lishan, a Chinese and Hong Kong star, is the first Olympic gold medal winner in women's rice board, which is also the first Olympic gold medal won by the Hong Kong delegation.

2004 Athens Olympic Games:

Yin Jian of China won the runner-up in women's A390.

The development of sailing boats

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A water sport that propels ships to race within a certain distance with the help of sails. 1900 The second Olympic Games began to be listed as an event. Sailing boat is an ancient water vehicle, which originated from 16 ~? /kloc-Holland in the 0/7th century. /kloc-In the 20th century, Britain, the United States and other countries set up sailing clubs one after another, and in 1870, the transatlantic America's Cup regatta was held. The competition is held in the open sea, and the venue is an equilateral triangle composed of three buoys, and the length of each channel is not less than 2 ~ 2.5 nautical miles. The competition is sailing around the standard, organizing and commanding to convey orders with the international flag. The red flag means sailing around the standard clockwise, the green flag means sailing around the standard counterclockwise, and the P flag means preparing for 5 minutes. Those who fail to avoid bidding in accordance with the regulations during the voyage shall be deemed to have not completed the competition; Collision sign, penalty 360 degrees around the sign; Collision with another ship, penalty rotation 720; There are * * * 7 games, and the total score is evaluated by the sum of the best six games. The one with the least total score wins. The scoring method for each game is 1 0, the second game is 3, the third game is 5.7, the fourth game is 8, the fifth game is 10, the sixth game is1.7, and the seventh game is 13. After that, the ranking will increase by 65438 every time. Sailboats are generally divided into keel sailboats and stable sailboats. The keel sail boat has a protruding iron rudder in the middle and lower part of the hull, which is between 6.50 and 22 meters long and has good stability. It can only sail in deep water. A stabilizing plate which can move up and down is arranged in the middle of the hull. The length of the ship is less than 6 meters, so it is light and flexible and can sail in shallow water. The above two types of sailboats can be divided into various models according to their length, width, weight, draft, sail area and quantity, and the number of drivers. The ship types of previous Olympic Games are not fixed. Before the 9th Olympic Games, they were classified by weight or length, such as 0.5t type, 0.5- 1 ton type,12m type, 8m type, etc. After the 10 Olympic Games, ship types were gradually classified according to various performances and data, and many models were named after the nationality or name of the designer. Such as Sorin type, Finnish type and so on. In recent Olympic Games, there are mainly: ① Finnish graphics designed by Finnish Saarbu, with the sail symbol "",belong to the category of stable windsurfing, and 1952 is listed as an Olympic event. (2) Sorin-style Norwegian Sorin design, sail mark "Ω", three-person sailing, belonging to keel sailing, 1972 was listed as an Olympic event. (3) The flying Dutchman was designed by Essen, a Dutchman. The sail symbol is "FD", which is driven by two people. It belongs to a stable sailing boat, and 1960 is listed as an Olympic event. ④ Designed by Roquete, a stormy Englishman, the sail is marked with the word "T" and driven by two people. It belongs to the category of keel sail, and 1972 is listed as an Olympic event. ⑤ Model 470 has a hull length of 4.70 meters and a sail mark of "470". It is a stable sail boat for two people. 1976 is listed as an Olympic event. ⑥ The star sail sign "∞", piloted by two people, belongs to keel sailing, and 1932 is listed as an Olympic event. Sailing has always been a mixed race. 1988 At the beginning of the 24th Olympic Games, men and women competed separately in some events. In the 27th Olympic Games in 2000, except for tornado, 49 people, stars, Sorin and laser, all the other events were divided into men's and women's events.

The origin of modern sailboats

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Originated from ancient people living in Haihe River area. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Zheng He, a huge fleet led by the Ming Dynasty in China, made seven voyages to the Western Ocean and reached more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa. Modern sailing started in Holland.

About sailing boats

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First, using the basic power of wind to drive on the water, people will control and change direction.

Second, sitting, one hand operates the rudder, and the other hand controls the sail angle of the mast suspended on the vertical ship to advance, which is called a sailboat.

Three, standing, on the long and narrow board, with both hands to control the sail that can change direction at will, called

Windsurfing second, the evolution of sailboats.

18,000 years ago, on the Nile River in ancient Egypt, boats and rafts made of reeds were the forerunners of modern sailing boats.

Second, in the second century A.D., due to military needs, Mediterranean countries created a slave rowing cry, and with small

Warships advancing in the wind.

Third, after the eighth century, the maritime trade developed, and Roman merchant ships sailed across the wind.

15th century-◆ In order to make navigation more efficient, Chinese sailboats have always been supported by sail bones and braces.

Sail surface.

In order to expand trade in Europe, fleet merchant ships are becoming more and more active, and at the same time, the performance of sailing ships is studied.

The investigation has also begun.

5. 1660, the British people presented a hunting boat "yacht" to charles ii as a gift for his succession to the throne.

Since then, pleasure sailboats have been born.

6./kloc-In the 0/8th century, princes, nobles and rich people in European countries boasted about sailing, and sailing gradually flourished.

7. 1896 was included in the Olympic Games for the first time.

8. When Yue Fei, a national hero of the Southern Song Dynasty, lived in seclusion in Taihu Lake, he changed his warship into a seven-mast fishing boat and rode faster.

To facilitate fishing.

Nine, 197 1 year, sailing sprouted in Taiwan Province province. At that time, the Sailing Association led by the navy was heading for Taiwan Province Province.

Lay a good foundation.

X 1975, Taiwan Province sailing association was established.

Eleven, 1996 sailing competition, included in the provincial and district sports meeting.

Navigation classification

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First, windsurfing-◆ is a combination of sailing boat and surfboard.

◆ Different surfboards can be designed according to different requirements of racing, winding and fancy.

◆ There are waves, turns, leaps, flips, etc.

Second, canoe type-◆ The hull structure is simple and there is no cabin.

◆ Different sizes, there are certain ship types during the competition.

◆ Generally used for training, entertainment, sports or competitions.

Third, the small cabin type-◆ There should be room for sleeping, cooking, washing and storage on board.

◆ Medium-range offshore activities are considered in the design.

Four, large cabin type-the ship should have small cabin type equipment, as well as living quarters, bathrooms and long-term storage space.

Designed to consider accidental activities at sea.

Navigation activity mode

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First, the training type-specialization.

Designed for the basic knowledge and technology of sailing.

Second, the type of competition-◆ Windsurfing and sailing competitions are held in all countries, generally in the corner race, ring race,

Fancy races, long-distance races, etc.

◆ There are Zheng Zheng Cup, Youth Cup and Freedom Cup in China.

Leisure-for the purpose of enjoying the scenery, fishing, diving, sailing, exploring or sailing in the water.

Yes

Navigation equipment

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Life buoy, first aid kit, bucket, waterproof flashlight, fire extinguisher, pump, anchor (rope), chart and signal.

Bomb, navigation light, communication equipment, telescope, spare engine.

Land and sailing safety guide

Firstly, determine the weather, ocean current, water flow, wind direction, tide and other influencing factors.

Second, pragmatic, voyage planning and ship inspection.

Third, don't act alone.

4. Wear life jacket and safety rigging to prevent falling into the water.

5. When walking on the deck, you should walk on the windward side.

Six, the reserved life-saving support pipeline.

Seventh, measure your physical load.

8. If you are killed in water rafting, don't give up sailing to help rescue.

The origin of sailing

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Sailing is one of the water sports. Sailing competition is a sport in which athletes drive sailboats at a specified speed on the field.

In sailing, athletes rely on the natural wind to act on the sails and push the ships forward. It is a sports event integrating competition, entertainment, viewing and exploration. It has high ornamental value and is deeply loved by people. Modern sailing has become one of the most popular and favorite sports activities in coastal countries and regions around the world, and it is also an important content for people of all countries to exchange sports culture.

Often engaged in sailing, can enhance physical fitness, exercise will. Especially in unpredictable circumstances, changes in conditions such as waves, meteorology and hydrology, fighting with the wind and waves can cultivate the spirit of fighting with nature and challenging yourself.

Sailing originated in Europe and its history can be traced back to ancient times. Navigation is the witness of the struggle between human beings and nature, and the history of navigation is as long as the history of human civilization. Sailing as a competition event, the earliest written records can be found in the works of Virgil, an ancient Roman poet, more than 900 years ago. /kloc-In the 3rd century, Venice began to hold regular sailing competitions. At that time, there was no uniform specification and grade for regatta. Sailing originated in Holland. Ancient Holland was very low-lying, so many canals were dug, and people usually used small sailboats to transport or fish. This kind of boat is made of single wood, or made of wooden rafts and bamboo rafts. This is the earliest sailboat in the world.

1662, the king of England held a sailing race between England and Holland, and the route was from Greenwich to Grousson and then to Greenwich. This is an early large-scale sailing competition. /kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, sailing clubs and sailing associations were born one after another. Around 1720, Britain, the United States, Sweden, Germany, France, Russia and other countries have successively established sailing clubs or sailing competition associations, and large-scale sailing competitions are often held among countries. For example, in 1870, the United States and Britain held 1 the famous "America's Cup" transatlantic yacht race. 1900 held the first large yacht race in the world.

1906, English B? Smith and Sisk? Steiner made a special trip to Europe and the United States to discuss the level and rules of international sailing competition with sailing leaders, and proposed to establish an international sailing competition federation. 1907, the International Sailing Federation, the world's first international sailing organization, was formally established. The full name of the FIA is the International Sailing Federation, or "ISAF" for short. ISAF is one of the largest single sports federations in the world, with 122 member countries (or regions) and managing 8 1 sailing classes. ISAF established the International Federation of Disabled Sailing (IFDS) to engage in sailing for the disabled.

At present, there are 9 levels of events entering the Olympic Games, 1 1 events. The current chairman of ISAF is Goran of Sweden? Goran Peterson.

China Sailing and Windsurfing Association, referred to as "China Sailing Association". The full name is China Sailing Association, abbreviated as "CYA". China Sailing Association is a national sports association recognized by the Chinese Olympic Committee and a national mass sports organization with independent legal personality. China Sailing Association is the leading organization of sailing and windsurfing in China and the only legal organization representing China in international sailing organizations.

Beijing Olympic sailing project

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After each Olympic Games, the individual events of sailing competition in the next Olympic Games will be adjusted. The 9-level 1 1 events held in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games are as follows:

Competition Level of Summer Olympic Games (Ship Type)

Men's windsurfing RS:X class

Women's class x windsurfing: class x

Heavyweight single boat Finnish class

Women's Single Boat Laser Sailing Class

Single boat laser stage

Men RS Canoe Double 470

Women RS Canoe Double 470

Double-rowing 49-man class

Multi-body open-class tornado class

Star rating of men's keel boat

Women's keel boat eagle bell class

1. women's windsurfing/men's windsurfing-RS: class X.

The sail with uniform design operated by one person is 3.0m long, 0.82m wide, 8.5m2 sail area and board weight14.0kg. ..

This level was born in 2004 and was first included in the Olympic Games in 2008. It is currently the only competition level directly managed by the International Sailing Federation.

2. Heavyweight ship-Finnish class

Stabilizer plate, length 4.5m, width 1.5 1m, sail area 10 m2 and ship weight 145kg.

The Finnish class is1952 (holotyl), a sailing event included in the Olympic Games. It originated from a sailing design competition initiated by the Finnish National Sailing Association in 1949 to prepare for the upcoming Finnish Olympic Games. The designer is Swedish Richard Sabi. The event requires the athlete to be heavier, because he must be able to control and manipulate the sail of 10 square meter; At the same time, players are required to master complex operation techniques and have good physical fitness.

3. Women's Single Boat-Laser Red Changing Machine

Stabilizer, 4.23 meters long, 65438 0.42 meters wide, sail area of 6.5 square meters, and ship weight of 59 kilograms.

This event was included in the Olympic women's singles event in 2008. This ship is fast and easy to slide. The hull is light and has enough buoyancy, so it is safe and suitable for sailing in open water. Because the ship's control system is reasonable, it is suitable for people of all weights and figures to drive. Players weighing 55 kg to 75 kg can compete on an equal footing under the same conditions.

4. Men's Single Boat-Laser Class

The stabilizer is 4.23m long and 65438 0.42m wide, with a sail area of 7.06m2 and a ship weight of 59kg.

The ship was designed by Canadian Bruce Herbie and developed in the 1960s. 1992 was included in the Olympic Games (Barcelona). It has been carried out in 100 countries. Originally designed as a leisure boat, it was mostly used for holidays, and later quickly became the most competitive sports sailboat in the world. Laser-class sailing requires high physical fitness of athletes. It has been included in most major events, such as Pan American Games, ISAF World Youth Championship, Asian Games and Mediterranean Games.

5. Women's Double Boat/Men's Double Boat-Class 470

Stabilized plate with spherical sail, length 4.7m, width 1.68m, sail area 12.6m2 \ spherical sail 14m2, ship weight 1 15kg.

1976 Olympic Games (Montreal) was included in the competition. The designer is Andrea Kono. 1986 Busan Olympic Games introduced the women's 470-level competition for the first time. Class 470 is widely used in the world, and the ship's maneuverability is very good. More popular among lightweight players.

6. speedboat -49-person class

A new generation of high-speed sail boat operated by two people is 4.99 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, 2.99 meters wide with side braces, with a sail area of 59.2 square meters (including spherical sails) and a weight of 1.25 kg.