The Treaty Influence of Aihui Treaty

China's territory and sovereignty were greatly damaged by the Treaty of Love, from which Russia gained huge territorial interests, navigation rights of Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers and access to the Pacific Ocean. As Engels said, Russia "seized from China a territory the size of France and Germany and a river as long as the Danube without firing a shot". ("Russia's Success in the Far East" is taken from the Complete Works of Marx and Engels, volume 12, page 662.) Russia summarized Muraviev's occupation of Heilongjiang region in China as an aggression formula: "Russia's diplomatic appeal must be supported by the actual occupation of this region." Later, Russia invaded and occupied a large area of territory east of Wusuli River and outside the northwest of China through unequal treaties such as Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty 1860 and Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty 1864.

Invading the Heilongjiang region of China and seizing the seaport leading to the Pacific Ocean is the consistent plan of successive czar governments after the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar. After the Opium War, Russia set up a special committee on Heilongjiang and stepped up its aggression against Heilongjiang. 1849 to 1853, Russian naval officer Newels coy led armed men to invade the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and set up an invasion stronghold. Subsequently, under the command of Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia, a large number of Russian troops invaded Heilongjiang, occupying the north bank of the middle and upper reaches and the banks of the lower reaches.

1857, 18 On February 29th, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou. After the Russian government learned of this situation, it held a special committee meeting on June 5th in 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng) to plot. The meeting adopted Muraviev's opinion on continuing to emigrate to Heilongjiang and conducting diplomatic negotiations with the Qing government supported by force. After the meeting, the Russian government informed the Qing government that Muraviev was ordered to negotiate the Sino-Russian border issue. If China wanted to solve the Heilongjiang issue, he could be consulted. At this time, the situation of the Second Opium War was extremely unfavorable to the Qing government. Muraviev took the opportunity to lead the Russian Cossack army as Aihui at the gates. On May 20th, the British and French allied forces captured Dagu, Tianjin was in an emergency, and Beijing shook. On 22nd, Muraviev was escorted to Aihui by two gunboats, and met with Yi Shan, the general of Heilongjiang in Qing Dynasty. Muraviev said that he came here to help China defend Britain and also to defend its own territory. For the benefit of both sides, China and Russia must demarcate along the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers. Yi Shan pointed out that the border between the two countries was agreed and observed according to the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, and it has never changed for hundreds of years. If we follow your suggestion today, it will be difficult for us to agree. This negotiation is very controversial. Before the meeting, Muraviev handed the draft treaty drawn up by Russia to Yishan and gave a reply the next day.

The essence of this draft is to tear up the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty and seize the area north of Heilongjiang and east of Wusuli River. In the second negotiation, Chinese representative Ai Shentai flatly rejected Russia's unreasonable request and returned the draft treaty to Russian representative Petrovsky. Due to the unreasonable troubles of the Russian side, the negotiations ended without results. Impatient Muraviev personally again, put forward the final text of the treaty in the form of an ultimatum, forced Yishan to sign it, and threatened not to negotiate with China people by peaceful means! That night, Russian warships fired. Under the threat of Russian military force, Yishan finally gave in and was forced to sign the Peace Treaty with Muraviev on 28th.

Article 3 of the Aihui Treaty. The main contents are as follows: China's territory of more than 600,000 square kilometers north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains abroad belongs to Russia, and a small area in the southeast of the upper reaches of Gyeonggi Province (now Russia's Jieya River) on the other side of Aihui (hereinafter referred to as Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun) retains China's permanent residence and jurisdiction; The territory of China to the east of Wusuli River is divided into China and Russia; Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers, originally inland rivers of China, are only allowed to sail by Chinese and Russian ships. At that time, the Qing government didn't ratify the Love Faint Treaty, and punished Yishan and others, but it recognized the Love Faint Treaty when the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty was concluded in 1860.

China's territory and sovereignty were greatly damaged by the Treaty of Love, but Russia gained huge territorial interests, navigation rights of Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers, and access to the Pacific Ocean. Tsarist Russia summed up Muraviev's occupation of Heilongjiang Province in China as an aggression formula: Russia's diplomatic demands must be supported by the actual occupation of the area. Later, Russia occupied the area east of the Wusuli River in China and a large area in the northwest of China.

Original text of the treaty:

1May 28th, April16th, Xianfeng 8th, Aihui1May 8th, 85816th.

On April 16th, eighth year of Xianfeng, the general of Heilongjiang Province, Yishan, marched eastward with Russian troops.

General Yun Yuefu agreed three things in Aihui City:

1. Heilongjiang and the left bank of Songhua River, from Ergon to the mouth of Songhua River, belong to the Russian state; The right bank goes downstream to Wusuli River as the place where Qing belongs; From the Wusuli River to the sea, this place is like a place connecting the borders of the two countries, which is under the control of the two countries. Starting from Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River, only China and Russia are allowed to sail, and only foreign countries are allowed to take this river. On the left bank of Heilongjiang, from the south of Gyeonggi Province to Khormulejintun, Manchu and other people who used to live here are still allowed to live in their respective villages forever, and they are still managed by Manchu ministers and officials. Russians and other people are reconciled and shall not be violated.

Second, the two peoples live in peace. Wusuli, Heilongjiang and Songhua River are inhabited by people belonging to the two countries, who make them trade together. Officials and others on both sides of the strait take care of each other's trade.

Three, Russian knot Nie Lale Gubil, namely Tomur Lafu Yuefu, China guarding the general in Yishan and other places in Heilongjiang, in conjunction with the agreement, always follow the principle of not replacing others; Russia's Nielal ancient Billner Tolmuraf Yuefu wrote Russian and Manchu, and handed it to General Yishan, the imperial clan of China, and General Yishan of China wrote Manchu and Mongolian, and handed it to Russia's Nielal ancient Billner Tolmuraf Yuefu, who wrote it according to this article and told the people on the border between the two countries.

annotations

Ben and his appointment and the Xianfeng Treaty, Volume 2, page 13- 14. For Russian and French versions, see External Russia: A Collection of Sino-Russian Treaties, pp. 83-84. Both the full text and the Mongolian text are in the same book, page113-121.

This peace treaty, also known as the Love Faint City Peace Treaty, was signed in Manchu, Mongolian and Russian, but there was no Chinese. The Chinese version is a translation. Russia ratified the Treaty on July 20th, 858/KLOC-0. Exchange approval date not found.