1870 polish immigrants

Prussia is a historical place name in Europe, which generally refers to the kingdom of Prussia from17th century to19th century. Prussia is sometimes synonymous with the spirit and culture of modern Germany, because it rose and unified Germany in just 200 years and established the Second Reich. Prussia is one of the most extensive, powerful and important countries in Germany, which has been influencing the whole history of Germany since17th century.

Edit the summary of error correction

catalogue

1 overview

2 historical development

3 Military dictatorship

4 Customs Union

5 Great cause of reunification

1 overview

2 historical development

3 Military dictatorship

4 Customs Union

5 Great cause of reunification

6 local autonomy

7 regions

8 cultural spirit

9 reform

10 economic rise

1 1 military policy

12 king list

13 reference

Prussia Prussia is a historical place name in Europe, which refers to the kingdom of Prussia from17th century to19th century. Prussia is sometimes synonymous with the spirit and culture of modern Germany, because it rose and unified Germany in just 200 years and established the Second Reich. Prussia is one of the most extensive, powerful and important countries in Germany, which has been influencing the whole history of Germany since17th century.

Prussia-Overview

The ancient inhabitants of Prussia were old Prussians, belonging to the Baltic race, belonging to the same race as Latvians and Lithuanians. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, the German colonial movement entered the east coast of the Baltic Sea. 1 170, Bowser Law, Duke of Pomerania, established his first colony in Prussia, namely the Oliwa Abbey near Danzig. The monastery was burned down by the Prussians. 1226, the territory of Duke Conrad (a member of the Teutonic Order), the son of the Polish king and the leader of the Principality of Mazovia, was also attacked by Prussians. Taking this as an opportunity, the Teutonic Knights launched a crusade in Prussia for nearly 200 years, and successively established Torun, marienburg, Coulm and Pinger Fortress, conquered the areas where Prussians lived and forced them to believe in Christianity and use German. /kloc-After the 6th century, the Prussians became extinct. Prussia under the Teutonic Order nominally belongs to the papal territory, but the pope only enjoys nominal suzerainty. In order to attract settlers, the Teutonic Order established a series of free cities in its territory according to the laws of the Hanseatic League. 1379 Knights of Dayton joined the Hanseatic League.

Prussia-historical development

1370, the Polish royal family died. 1386, the daughter of Polish King Hedwig married the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Poland and Lithuania joined hands. Since then, a series of attacks against Teutonic knights guarding its harbor have begun. In the Battle of Tannenburg on July 5, 14 10, the Teutonic Order was defeated by the joint forces of Poland and Lithuania and was forced to sign the first Torun Peace Treaty. In addition to paying 6 million Groshin compensation, it also placed Danzig under Polish sovereignty. 1466 The Teutonic Knight was defeated again.

In the second Torun Peace Treaty, Prussia was forced to cede West Prussia, including Danzig and marienburg. These areas are called "Royal Prussia". The Teutonic Order retained the remaining territory of Prussia, but was forced to serve the Polish king and become a vassal state of Poland.

15 12, Albert from Brandenburg was elected as the leader of the Teutonic Order. 1525, he announced his conversion to Lutheranism, thus cutting off contact with the Vatican, the nominal patriarch of the Order. Later, he announced that the Teutonic Knights were secularized and changed to Prussia. Albert became the Duke of Prussia and the secular monarch under the highest power in Poland.

Albert Frederick, Albert's son, died childless, so the Prussian Principality was inherited by his eldest daughter's husband, John sigismund (belonging to the Hohensolen family) and established the Brandenburg-Prussia Principality. This laid the foundation for the development of Hornsolon dynasty in the future. In the Swedish-Polish War in 660, Friedrich William, the great elector of Brandenburg, abolished Poland's suzerainty over Prussia and established a centralized political system.

Prussia-military dictatorship

The flag of Prussia ranges from 170 1 to 19 18. 170 1 year, Friedrich III (son of Friedrich William), the great elector of Brandenburg, supported the Habsburg dynasty of Austria to declare war on the Bourbon dynasty of France in exchange for the title of king. On 65438+ 10 18, Friedrich III was crowned King Frederick I of Prussia in Koenigsberg, and the glorious history of Prussia for more than 200 years began.

Inheriting the tradition of Teutonic knights' military autocracy, Prussia's army has always been famous for its strict discipline and high education quality, especially Frederick II (that is, frederick the great) is famous for his arrogance and bravery. He ascended the throne in 1740, that is, seven months after he ascended the throne, and attacked Silesia, which triggered the Austrian war of succession to the throne. Through the war, Frederick II established the personal honor of "military genius" and turned Prussia into a military country. At the same time, Frederick II also accepted Voltaire's enlightenment thought and improved the judicial and educational systems.

Frederick II encouraged freedom of religious belief and promoted the development of science and art. By the time of Frederick II's death in 1786, Prussia had become one of the powerful countries in Europe, and the efficiency and integrity of its administrative institutions were the first in Europe.

After Frederick II's nephew Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅱ succeeded to the throne, he bought the Marquis of ansbach and the Marquis of Bayreuther, and divided Poland for the second and third time. After the French Revolution, Prussia joined the anti-French alliance, but was defeated by the French army and forced to agree to France's annexation of Prussia territory west of the Rhine River in 1795. His son Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ (acceded to the throne in 1797) participated in the anti-French wars in 1806 and 10, and was defeated by Napoleon in Jena and forced to flee to Koenigsberg. 1807, Prussia and France concluded a peace treaty in Tilsit, Nieman River, and Prussia ceded160,000 square kilometers of land, including most of Poland's territory (the second and third partition of Poland, the southern half of Poland's territory for the first time) and all the territory west of the Elbe River, and paid reparations1300,000 francs.

After the fiasco of 1806, Prussian Prime Minister Carl Stein began to carry out reforms, including allowing citizens to participate in politics to awaken their nationalist feelings; Release serfs; Implement local autonomy; Reorganize central government agencies, etc. Friedrich Wilhelm University was founded in Berlin on 1809, and Gerhard von scharnhorst began to reform the Prussian army. Since then, Prussia's patriotism has been high. 18 12 winter, Napoleon's army was defeated from Russia, and Prussia joined the anti-French alliance again in the following year, and declared war on France in March 18 17, 10/0/October 24, Prussia, Austria and Russia. Pu Jun defeated the French again at Waterloo. According to the territorial adjustment of the Vienna Conference, Prussia's territory extended from the Meirmaier River to the Rhine River, becoming the only powerful country with German-speaking residents in the German Confederation and one of the European powers.

Prussian-customs union

Hot-blooded Prime Minister Bismarck 1834 Prussia established the German Customs Union in Germany, and all German countries joined the Union except Austria and Hamburg. During the European Revolution in 1848, King Friedrich William IV announced the establishment of a "free government". Convened a constitutional convention and refused to accept the title of "German Emperor" given by the German Confederation Parliament. However, after the European Revolution in 1848, Frederick William IV returned to autocratic rule.

1857 Frederick William IV is mentally ill, and his brother William is the regent. Frederick William IV died in 186 1 year, and the Regent ascended the throne, known as William I in history.

1862, he clashed with the national assembly because of the budget and tax problems needed for military reform. He intended to abdicate, but at the suggestion of former ambassador to France Bismarck, he withdrew his life. Bismarck expressed his support for military reform and said that if he was appointed as Prime Minister, he would force military reform and a new military service system at all costs. 1862 On September 22nd, William I appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister.

Prussia-great cause of reunification

After Bismarck, the second Reich of Germany, came to power, he began to plan the great cause of German reunification. Bismarck advocated the establishment of a "small Germany" that excluded Austria. Prussia defeated Denmark and Austria in 1864 and 1866, led the northern German federation and the southern German states in 1870, and now defeated France. 187 1 year 1 month 65438+8 years, that is, the 70th anniversary of the founding of the kingdom of Prussia/kloc-0, William I ascended the throne in the mirror gallery of Versailles, France, became the emperor of the German Empire, and announced the establishment of the German Empire headed by the kingdom of Prussia, the so-called Zweite Empire.

Because Prussia has 2/3 of the population and 3/5 of the territory of the German Empire, and far exceeds other kingdoms and principalities in the empire in military, economic and industrial aspects, the German Empire has become an expanded version of the Kingdom of Prussia. Each state enjoys autonomy in internal affairs and finance, but gives diplomatic, military (except Bavaria) and customs power to the central government of the German Empire. Prussian history has since been incorporated into the history of the German Empire.

1888, William I's son Friedrich IV der Aufrichtige died after 99 days in office-his grandson William II succeeded to the throne and became the third generation emperor of the German Empire. Its rule ended in Germany's defeat in the First World War. 1918165438+1On October 7th, a revolution took place in Bavaria and the king abdicated. A revolution broke out in Berlin immediately, demanding that the Kaiser abdicate. At that time, William II personally commanded the battle in the German base camp in Siba, Belgium. After learning about the revolution, he tried to give up the title of German emperor and keep the title of Prussian king, but the army commander Hindenburg advised him to abdicate completely. In order to avoid further turmoil, German Chancellor Prince Max von Baden announced that the Kaiser abdicated before noon on1October 9, 165438, and handed over the post of Chancellor to German Social Democratic Party leader friedrich ebert on the same day. William II went into exile in Holland, and the German Empire and Prussia Kingdom perished. 165438+1October 1 1, Germany surrendered to the allied forces.

Prussia-local autonomy

Due to the civil war between the Spartan Corps and the provisional government of the Berlin Social Democratic Party, Albert convened the National Assembly in Weimar in 19 19, and adopted the interim German Constitution Weimar Constitution in February 10. According to Weimar Constitution, Prussia became a state of Germany, namely "Prussian Free State" (Freistaat Preu? ), the implementation of local autonomy, its territory is the territory of the former Prussian kingdom.

In Hermann G?ring1920s, the government of Prussia Free State was mainly led by German Social Democratic Party and Catholic Central Party. 1932, the Nazi Party gained an advantage in the elections of the German Parliament and Prussia. Hermann G?ring became the Speaker of the German Parliament and the Speaker of Prussia, and mastered the Prussian Ministry of the Interior and the police. 193365438+1October 30th, when the Nazi Party came to power, the German local autonomy system was abolished, the Prussian Constitution was abolished, the national parliament and legislature were dissolved, and only the administrative units were left.

During the Second World War, the leaders of the Allies and the Soviet Union reached a consensus after many meetings that Prussia was the birthplace of German militarism, the base camp of German officers and brave nobles, and the source of German autocratic and aggressive thoughts, which must be eliminated. American President Roosevelt said at the Tehran Conference that "Prussia should be reduced and weakened as much as possible", while Churchill thought that "Prussia, the evil core of German militarism, must be separated from the rest of Germany". The Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference established the principle that East Prussia should be merged into Poland and the Soviet Union, and the post-war Prussian organizational system in Germany should be abolished.

On March 1947 and 1 day, the Supreme Council of Allied Military Control over Germany officially ordered the abolition of the Prussian organizational system. The territory of the former Prussian countries was incorporated into Poland and the Soviet Union, as well as the occupied areas of Britain, France, the United States and the Soviet Union. The property of the former Prussian national government was divided between the Allies and the Soviet Union.

1949 After the establishment of the German Democratic Republic, Brandenburg, Saxony-anhalt and the eastern half of mecklenburg-Western Pomerania were established in the former Prussian territory (1952, the German Democratic Republic abolished the state-level organizational system and set up special zones). In the Federal Republic of Germany, the states established in the former Prussian territory include North Rhine-westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein. In addition, Lower Saxony, rheinland-pfalz, Hesse, Baden-Wü rttemberg and Saarland all have former Prussian kingdoms and Prussian territories. In Prussia, which was merged into Poland and the Soviet Union, German residents have basically been moved out.

Prussia-regional territory

Prussian territory The ancient Prussia region only includes the western Prussia region centered on Danzig, that is, the territory of today's south of Lithuania, west of the mouth of the Vistula River in northeast Poland, and the former East Prussia region in Kaliningrad, Russia. 1295 The Teutonic Knights who occupied Prussia bought Pomerania and Danzig. 1308, Newmark bought it from the elector of Brandenburg, and Prussia was bordered by the Holy Roman Empire. Danzig and West Prussia were ceded to Poland in the15th century.

16 18 The Principality of Prussia was merged into Brandenburg, and when the Kingdom of Prussia was founded in 170 1, its territory was centered on Berlin, the capital of Prussia, including Brandenburg, Pomerania, Newmark and Altemark, and hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in southern Germany. /kloc-In the 8th century, Prussia successively acquired the former Pomerania, Posen and Silesia from Sweden, Poland and Austria. After dividing Poland three times, Prussia gained New East Prussia, South Prussia, Danzig, Torun and the western and central parts of Poland including Warsaw. 1806 After Prussia was defeated by Napoleon, it was forced to cede Poland, where France established the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. After Napoleon's defeat, at the Vienna Conference in 18 15, Prussia lost Bayreuther, ansbach, Neuchatel (joining Switzerland), East Friesland, hildesheim and other territories, and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was annexed by Russia except a small piece of territory centered on Posen in the west. As compensation, Prussia gained two-fifths of the territory of Saxony, as well as the territories of Hanover, Bishop Mü nster, Westphalia and the Rhineland on the east and west sides of the Rhine River in western Germany, as well as Salouis and Saarbrü cken.

/kloc-in the 9th century, after the war, Prussia successively annexed Hesse-Rhine, Schleswig, Holstein, Frankfurt and other kingdoms, principalities and free cities. By the time the German Empire was founded in 187 1, the kingdom of Prussia had 22 provinces, including most of the present-day German territory except Bavaria, Baden and Wü rttemberg, as well as western and northern Poland. After the First World War, Posen Province, West Prussia and Danzig, which belonged to Prussia, were ceded to Poland, the Mermaire region was ceded to Lithuania, the northern part of Schleswig was returned to Denmark, and the southern end of the Rhineland region was merged into the Saar region. After World War II, East Prussia, Silesia and Pomerania in the east were merged into the Soviet Union and Poland according to the Oder-Nice River line set by the Allies. Prussia was merged into West Germany in the west and East Germany in the middle. Geographically, organized Prussia no longer exists.

Prussian cultural spirit

Among the German states, Prussia is the only force that can compete with Austria. Prussia is one of the most extensive, powerful and important countries in Germany, which has been influencing the whole history of Germany since17th century.

Prussian countries developed through territorial expansion. The ruler of Prussia is the Hornsauron family. As early as the 10 century, the Hornsoren family ruled a castle on the Soren Mountain in northern Switzerland. By the 12 century, the representative of this family had become the Duke of Nuremberg. 14 15, Frederick I, the representative of this family, won the title of Brandenburg territory and chose Hou from the holy Roman emperor. Brandenburg is located in the northeast border of Germany, and often has wars with neighboring Slavs, so its army has gained rich military experience.

Prussian religious reform

During the Reformation in the16th century, Brandenburg accepted Lutheranism and seized the land property of the Catholic Church, so Brandenburg became an important Protestant country. By the beginning of16th century, John sigismund, the elector, had acquired the principality of Klevoz and Marquez and Marquis Ravensburg in the lower reaches of the Rhine River in the name of his wife. In the election of 16 18, he won East Prussia, a vassal state of Poland, and he jumped from Brandenburg to Brandenburg-Prussia. In order to obtain East Prussia, he did not hesitate to pay tribute to the Polish king. At the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648), Friedrich William annexed Pomerania in the east and several small territories in the Wesee and Elbe rivers. In the same year, he took advantage of the new Polish king's accession to the throne to get rid of the vassal relationship with Poland. By 170 1, Frederick I was elected king of Prussia from the holy Roman emperor on the condition that he participated in the Spanish war of succession to the throne. So Brandenburg became king of Prussia as soon as he was elected. Prussia seized Silesia from Austria in the Seven Years' War. 1772 Poland was divided into West Prussia (except Gdansk and Torun), thus connecting Brandenburg with East Prussia. The original territory of Brandenburg was only 237,565,438+0 square kilometers. By 1 772, the territory of Prussia had increased to 1 9489 1 square kilometer.

Prussia-economic rise

The rise of Prussia has its economic premise. The economic prosperity after 17 1 is the foundation for this country to be strong. Considering the reasons of economic prosperity, Brandenburg's geographical position is conducive to economic development. Trade routes shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast, although this caused the whole of Germany and Italy.

German culture Prussia aimed at economic decline and stagnation, but promoted the economic prosperity of Brandenburg. With the transfer of trade routes, some areas in South Germany and China and Germany have to look for trade exports along the North Sea coast, and Brandenburg has become the only way. The policy of protecting industry and commerce implemented by Hornsolon dynasty promoted the economic development of Prussia. In order to increase fiscal revenue, as early as the election under Friedrich William (1640- 1688), industrial and commercial development was encouraged. 1685 After the French government cancelled the edict of Nantes, Huguenots fled abroad in succession. Friedrich William ordered the reception of French exiles.

And give preferential treatment. By 1703, about 20000 French Huguenots and 13000 Protestants from other countries had settled in Landenburg. They are mainly skilled craftsmen and capable businessmen, so they bring capital and technology here. These new immigrants set up wool and cotton weaving handicraft workshops to process silk and produce velvet, candles, ribbons and other articles. However, under the condition of serfdom, the source of free labor is very limited. In order to solve the labor problem, Friedrich William used criminals, prisoners, vagrants and beggars as the labor force of the new industry. His grandson Frederick William I (17 13- 1740) continued to carry out this policy, and he especially rewarded military industries, such as wool spinning industry.

Prussian militaristic policy

Prussia grew up from small to large, from weak to strong, also because it pursued a militaristic policy. When Friedrich William ascended the throne in the general election, it was during the Thirty Years' War that Brandenburg was occupied by Swedish troops. He personally realized that the army is the foundation of the country, so he decided to learn from Sweden and establish a standing army. 1653 reached an agreement with the nobles of Yongke: Yongke was allowed to exercise police power and judicial power over farmers; Juncker agreed to levy a "military tax" in order to establish a standing army. In this agreement, the candidate also agreed to let Juncker serve as a standing army officer. Since then, Juncker has forged an indissoluble bond with the Prussian army. Prussia has become a powerful military machine since Friedrich William. During the reign of Frederick William I, the number of Prussian troops almost doubled, reaching 85,460, equivalent to 4% of the national population. In Europe, the population of Prussia ranks 13, but its army ranks fourth, and 3/4 of the national fiscal revenue is spent on the military. The army follows blindly. Junk-born officers can whip soldiers at will, and some soldiers often commit suicide because of the abuse of officers. Military discipline is very strict at ordinary times. When there is a war, officers indulge soldiers in burning, killing and looting. Prussian militarism is closely related to the Junk class. The Yongke class actively supports the militaristic policy, because this policy has brought them many benefits: First, they can acquire new real estate through militarism and aggression and expansion. Second, with the expansion of national leaders, the administrative agencies have also expanded, which provides more opportunities for Yong Ke's children to become officials. Third, strengthening military strength has correspondingly increased the number of officers, thus providing more officer positions for Yong Ke's children.

The bureaucracy in Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ was also established by the strength of the army. Originally, Prudential believed that the taxation power in some areas was in the hands of the hierarchical meetings in various territories, but Frederick and William relied on force to levy taxes. He once sent an army to force Kravitz and Mark to accept new taxes under the threat of force. Then, he turned this new tax into a de facto permanent tax, thus depriving the hierarchical meeting of the most important authority-the right to collect taxes. Finally, because local taxes were mainly used for military expenses, he handed them over to the military. To this end, he set up a military headquarters, a military finance department, and sent officers to various places to collect taxes. These officials used military orders to carry out their work, and soon expanded their scope of work to the whole economic field, and crowded out the original administrative institutions in various places, including local conferences and municipal self-government authorities. Friedrich William established a unified bureaucratic administrative system through the military headquarters, and the soul of this system is the army. 1723, he established the "General Administration of Finance, Military and Royal Territory" directly under the king as the highest administrative organ for managing the country. The "sergeant king" manages the country by managing the army, thinking that an autocratic monarch knows best what his people need. He once said, "I am the monarch, so I can do whatever I want." Under his rule, Prussia developed into a highly centralized autocratic country, and the discipline and hierarchy of military camps dominated the whole social life. By this time, the so-called "Prussian spirit" has been fully formed, and its formula is absolutism plus militarism.

List of Prussian Kings

The following is the king of Prussia. Prussia was upgraded to a kingdom during Frederick I's reign. Because he promised to help Leopold I, the holy Roman emperor, the emperor changed his title from Elector to King. Prior to this, Prussia had established the Polish Prussian Principality and later merged with Brandenburg.

M 16 Prussian helmet

All Prussian monarchs belong to the Hornsauron dynasty.

Frederick I reigned 170 1 year-17 13 years.

Frederick William I reigned in 17 13-1740.

Frederick II (the Great) reigned from 1740 to 1786.

Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅱ ruled from 1786 to 1797.

Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ ruled from 1797 to 1840.

Frederick William IV was in office for 1840-186 1 year.

William I was in office for 186 1 year-1888.

Frederick III (Emperor of the Hundred Days) reigned 1888.

William II was in office for 1888-19 18.

Heir to the Prussian throne

William II 19 18-1940

Wilhelm von Preu?en 1940-195 1 year.

Prince Louis Ferdinand 195 1 year-1994.

Prince George Friedrich Ferdinand Prinz von Preu?en 1994 till now.