What are the basic problems of science? What is the process of human development?

The history of human civilization development should be grasped from the history of productivity development, which can be divided into different stages of human civilization according to different productivity development, and the core of productivity development is the development of production tools. So, in a nutshell, human civilization can be classified according to different production tools.

The ancient humans in China first appeared in the Yellow River Basin, the Yangtze River Basin, the Liaohe River Basin and the Southwest China.

In ancient times, the production tools of human beings were very simple-stone tools. The Stone Age is divided into Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age and Neolithic Age.

The earliest stone civilization discovered in China can be traced back to 6.5438+0.8 million years ago, or even longer. At the same time, regional development is uneven. For example, the Neolithic Age in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin flourished about 7,000 years ago, while the southwest of China was still in the Mesolithic Age.

First, the Paleolithic Age; Age (Paleolithic Age; About 3 million years ago ~ about 6.5438+0 million years ago), the stage of human material and cultural development marked by the use of stone tools. Due to the long interval, the Paleolithic Age can be divided into three stages according to human evolution: early Paleolithic Age (Homo erectus), middle Paleolithic Age (early Homo sapiens) and late Paleolithic Age (late Homo sapiens). In the same place, there may be different stages of civilization. For example, there are Homo erectus, Early Homo sapiens and Late Homo sapiens in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. This is because the development of human civilization in this place is continuous.

1. At present, the early Paleolithic (Homo erectus) sites in China have been discovered: Zhoukoudian, Beijing 1, Zhoukoudian, Beijing 13 (Homo erectus in Beijing), Xiaochangliang in Yuanyang, Hebei, Gushituo in Houshi, Yuanyang, Shanxi Tongqing Kiln, Houlu Temple in Shanxi, Luo Jialing and Zaoshu Burial. Hehui Village, Yuanqu Hequ, Shanxi, Nanhaiyu, Shanxi Shanliang Baode Lixianling, Shanxi Wanrong Ma 'anliang, Shanxi Yusheshe Dungeta (going up to the western hills and down to the western hills), the back hill of Benxi Temple in Liaoning, the lower building of Jinniu Mountain in Yingkou, Shaanxi, Tianshuigou in Dali, Shaanxi, Zhangjiawan in Tongguan, Wolong Shop in Lantian, Shaanxi, Chenjiawo, Gongshangling in Lantian, Shaanxi, and Xishui. Huixinggou, Kongxiaoshan in Nanzhao, Henan, Xinghua Mountain in Nanzhao, Zhangjiawan in Shanxian, Henan, Xichuan in Henan, Xiejiapo in Lingbao, Daye Stone Dragon Head in Hubei, Tuziwa in Fangxian, Lianhua Bay, Xibailong Cave in Hubei, Gulong Cave in Yuankou County, Hubei, Guanyin Cave in Qianxi, Guizhou and Shangnabang in Yuanmou, Yunnan (Yuanmou).

2. At present, the sites in the middle paleolithic (early Homo sapiens) in China are: Beijing Zhoukoudian 15, Beijing Zhoukoudian No.22, Beijing Zhoukoudian Xindong, Shanxi Taiyuan Gujiao Industrial and Mining Area, Shanxi Yongji Yaowangtai, Shanxi Quwoli Village Xigou, Shanxi Jiaocheng Fanjiazhuang, Shanxi Houma Nanliang, Shanxi Shuoxian Hougeta. Xiangfen Ding Cun in Shanxi, Xianren Cave in Haicheng, Liaoning, Gezi Cave in Kazuo, Shaanxi, Yaotougou in Changwu, Yaergou in Shaanxi, Jiashan in Hanzhong, Longgang in Liangshan, Lantian in Shaanxi, Sigoukou in Zhenyuan, Gansu, Jiangjiawan in Zhenyuan, Mengcun in Lingbao, Henan, Changyang Fruit Wine Stone in Hubei, Lion Mountain in Maba, Qujiang, Guangdong, Ash Cave in Tongziyan, Gansu, Sigou in Zhenyuan and Jiangbao.

3. The site of late Paleolithic Homo sapiens in China was found at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing (caveman), Tongtianyan in Liujiang, Guangxi, Monopterus albus Creek in Ziyang, Sichuan (Ziyang), Zhiyu Village in Shuoxian, Shanxi (Zhiyu), Sarawusu in Yikezhao League, Inner Mongolia (Hetao) and Yueming Town in Antu, Jilin (Antu).

2. Mesolithic Age: It started about10.2 million years ago, and the ending time varied greatly in different regions. The transitional stage of human material and cultural development between Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age. It is directly taken from the period when the predatory economy of nature is soaring and pregnant with the transformation to the productive economy. An era in which hammered stone tools were mainly used and a small amount of grinded stone tools were used.

The Middle Stone Age relics discovered in China include Shayuan in Dali, Shaanxi (from Middle Stone Age to Early Neolithic Age), Jing Ling in Xuchang, Henan (from early Middle Stone Age), and Xia Chuan in Qinshui, Shanxi (from late Paleolithic Age to Middle Stone Age). Guan Xue, Mao Kou in Huairen, Puxian, Shanxi, Shayuan in Dali, Shaanxi, Songshan in Hailar, Inner Mongolia and some places near Hohhot, Nyalam in Tibet, Shenzha in Xuchang, Henan, Shuanghu area, Jing Ling in Henan, Laiyihai in Guinan, Danawu in Yuanmou, Yunnan, Yangzhixinzhai in Baoshan, Dushizi in Yangchun, Guangdong, Huangyan Cave in Fengkai and Xiqiao Mountain in Nanhai are the sites of the late Middle Stone Age in China, about 7,000 years ago. At that time, the Yellow River basin had basically entered the stage of agricultural economic prosperity in the Neolithic Age, and the remains of the Lahihai clan still maintained strong cultural characteristics in the Mesolithic Age. This fact shows that the economic development varies greatly from place to place.

Neolithic age: Neolithic age, a stage of human material and cultural development, marked by the use of ground stone tools. The Neolithic Age began about 6,543,800 years ago, and the ending time ranged from 5,000 years ago to 2,000 years ago. The main sites are located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin.

1, early Neolithic period (when China experienced matriarchal clan society)

The Dadiwan site in Gansu Province is the oldest (60,000-4,800 years), dating back to 13000-7000 years ago. It can be divided into two parts: the first part is 12000 ~9000 years ago, represented by Nanzhuangtou in Xu Shui, Hebei, Wannian Fairy Cave in Jiangxi, Douhuan and Yuchanyan Site in Daoxian County, Hunan Province. In the south, mainly cave sites and shell mounds were used to make stone tools and microliths, and ground stone tools began to be used. The earliest rice grains were found in Wannian Xianren Cave in Jiangxi and Diaotongyuan and Yuchanyan ruins in Daoxian County, Hunan Province. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China are important rice producing areas. The latter stage is about 9000~7000 years ago. Ground stone tools, such as Xinglong Valley in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, Cishan in Wu 'an, Hebei, Peiligang in Xinzheng, Henan, have made great progress, and primitive agriculture and animal husbandry have made initial development.

2. Middle Neolithic Age (when China began to experience patriarchal society).

The middle period is about 7500 ~ 5000 years ago, which can be divided into two periods. In the early stage, Hemudu culture, Longqiu culture, Beixin culture, Banpo culture and Qiandaxi culture were represented, and in the later stage, Yangshao culture, Majiabang culture and Dawenkou culture were represented. Agriculture and animal husbandry are highly developed, and the Yangtze River basin has entered the stage of irrigated agriculture, and pigs have become the main livestock.

3. Late Neolithic Age

The late period is about 5000 ~ 4000 years ago, also known as the period of copper and stone. Represented by Chengziya, Longshan Town, Licheng (now Zhangqiu), Shandong Province, Wang Wan, Luoyang, Henan Province, Xiangfen Taosi Temple, Majiayao, Zhaolin, Gansu Province, Xuejiagang, Anhui Buried Hill, Shijiahe, Qujialing, Tianmen, Hubei Province, and Liangzhu Site, Yuhang, Zhejiang Province. Human society is marching towards the era of national civilization.

The late Yangshao period and Longshan culture are the periods of the origin of Chinese civilization (mainly planting agriculture). We often say that Chinese civilization lasted for five thousand years, but in fact it only started in the late Neolithic period.