Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate? Seek the most accurate answer.

The historical background of the disintegration of the Soviet Union (part of the information provided by the billion sages)

After Brezhnev came to power, he promoted a large number of cronies and formed a privileged class with Brezhnev as the core in Soviet politics. Corruption, theft and embezzlement of state property are very common, bribery is common and production efficiency is low. The second half of Brezhnev era is called the "stagnation period" and "fossilization period" of the Soviet Union. At this time, the privileged class of the Soviet Union was full-fledged. According to Russian experts' estimation, during the Brezhnev period, the privileged class in the Soviet Union grew to 500,000-700,000, and with their relatives, there were as many as 3 million people, accounting for about 1.5% of the national population. [2] The privileged class of the Soviet Union has already appropriated a large amount of national wealth for itself. At this time, they are eager for the collapse of the * * * production party and the drastic change of the socialist system, so that through the open reform of the state system, they can legally recognize the legalization of the wealth they seized under the new system and pass it on to their descendants in a proper way.

At the same time, the long-term hegemony made the Soviet Union with relatively weak economic strength bear a heavy burden.

1985 Gorbachev came to power. He tried to reverse this stagnant and rigid situation and carried out very drastic reforms. In order to alleviate economic difficulties, he first carried out economic reforms. However, these reform measures lack macro-decision and corresponding supporting measures; In addition, Gorbachev still did not give up the traditional practice of the Soviet Union and continued to give priority to the development of heavy industry, which led to the continuous decline of the economy and the continuous decline of people's living standards. At the same time, it triggered strong dissatisfaction and social unrest of the privileged class in the Soviet Union.

In the case that the economic reform did not achieve the expected results soon, from 65438 to 0988, Gorbachev shifted the focus of the reform to the political field, implemented political "pluralism" and multi-party system, weakened and abandoned the leading position of the Soviet Union, and the opposition rose while the situation was dominant, which led to intensified social unrest.

Reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union (see Baidu Encyclopedia)

Rigid system

The political, economic and cultural system known as "Stalin model" in history is a highly centralized system. In order to cope with the tension at home and abroad, this system can concentrate all manpower, financial resources and material resources to meet the needs of preparing for war, and has achieved remarkable results in industrialization and strengthening national defense strength, making the Soviet Union the first power in Europe and the second power in the world in just over a decade. However, this system seriously deviates from the development law of modern economy and suppresses the enthusiasm of local governments, enterprises and workers. In addition, intellectuals who ruthlessly eliminate all kinds of opposition in politics and suppress different opinions are closely controlled in ideology, which makes the whole society in a rigid, closed and numb state.

After the Second World War, as the theme of the times gradually turned to peace and development, this system made the economic development slow, the imbalance of national economic development more serious, and the institutional disadvantages more prominent. Obviously, this system not only failed to complete the historical task of building Russia into a modern democratic country, but also put Russia in a weak position in the world competition with capitalism. If the new pattern of "one ball, two systems" appeared after the October Revolution, the comparison and competition for more than half a century did not show the superiority of Soviet-style socialism and failed to meet the people's growing material and cultural needs, thus losing the support and support of more and more people.

Dereliction of leadership

Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union in March 1985. He faced a turbulent world and a difficult domestic environment. Some people compared the Soviet Union at this time to a ship full of arms. The hull was rusty, the direction was unknown, the action was slow, and it was on the verge of sinking in the vast sea. This determines that Gorbachev must carry out reforms when he is ordered to be in danger. But this "captain" is very incompetent and lacks the courage and ability that a leader of a big country should have. Faced with all kinds of difficulties and pressures, he rushed to respond, leading to all kinds of mistakes and wrong directions in reform, which led to the whole country losing its way, the crisis suddenly increased and the order was out of control. At this critical juncture, Gorbachev only cared about his own gains and losses, and gradually lost power in the complicated political contest. He voluntarily gave up his position and proposed that the reform should fundamentally "transform the whole socialist building." The purpose of the reform is "to bring about a qualitative renewal of society", that is, to comprehensively transform the economic base and superstructure. The significance of reform is not self-improvement, but fundamentally changing the existing system.

Until the August 19th Incident, the Soviet * * * Production Party was in crisis. "Gorbachev resigned as the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union, which led to the rapid decline of the Soviet Union. The decline of the Soviet Union is a precursor to the drastic changes in the Soviet Union. The disintegration of the Soviet Union is the inevitable result of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

However, one thing is debatable. Some scholars at home and abroad blame Gorbachev for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. For example, Paulding thought that "the Soviet Union invaded from within and was brought down by a handful of influential party and state leaders, and was brought down by the opposition". Some scholars in China also put forward the so-called "traitor theory", arguing that Gorbachev was the chief culprit of the disintegration of the CPSU and the Soviet Union and a traitor to socialism.

Peaceful evolution [usually subversion of socialist countries by peaceful means]

Peaceful evolution is the strategy of western countries, especially the United States, to subvert the socialist countries, that is, to contain the socialist countries by force, at the same time to strengthen the means in the political, economic, cultural and ideological fields, to fully introduce the values of the western world, to support the opposition and ethnic separatist forces in the Soviet Union explicitly or implicitly, and to accelerate the American-style global democratization process. It should be said that the peaceful evolution strategy has contributed to the drastic changes in the Soviet Union, but only when the Soviet Union has political and social crisis and turmoil can external factors play a certain role.

Nationality problem

The Soviet Union is a confederate country with national characteristics, built on the ruins of Russia. Therefore, the ethnic problems in the Soviet Union have a long history. During 370 years, from 1547 when Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, said that the tsar established Russia to 19 17 when he overthrew Russia, Russia successively expanded and occupied Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East (including150,000 square kilometers that occupied China), and its territory expanded eight times.

Although the October socialist revolution smashed the old state machine and established a brand-new socialist system, the multi-ethnic country and its ethnic problems formed in the old Russian territory were historically left to the Soviet Union. The party and state of the Soviet Union have made a lot of efforts to solve ethnic problems, and have also made some achievements. However, due to the seriousness of ethnic issues and the complexity of ethnic relations, as well as a series of theoretical and practical mistakes in dealing with ethnic issues, ethnic issues have not been fundamentally resolved. In the 69 years of the Soviet Union's existence, its ethnic problems are complicated and intertwined.

arms race

The arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union made the country invest too much financial resources in the national defense military budget, which aggravated the imbalance of the national economy. Especially during Brezhnev's period, the war of aggression against Afghanistan was launched, the defense expenditure soared, and various domestic contradictions accumulated.

For decades, the Soviet Union expanded its army to prepare for war, and the two countries launched an arms race, which made the country invest too much financial resources in the national defense military budget and aggravated the imbalance of the national economy. In the past few decades, the Soviet Union spent $700 billion on confrontation with the West, $200 billion on confrontation with China and other military expenditures of about $654.38+0 billion, which seriously consumed and weakened the national strength of the Soviet Union and became one of the reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.