What is a floating population?

definition

The regular population in the floating population refers to the adult people of childbearing age who leave the counties, cities and municipal districts where their household registration is located and live in different places for the purpose of work and life. In foreign countries, it is generally called population mobility. Mobility and migration are two similar but different phenomena. Although both the floating population and the migrating population move in space, migration is an activity under the guidance of the intention of permanently changing the place of residence.

Population flow mainly flows from rural areas to cities, from economically underdeveloped areas to economically developed areas, and from central and western regions to eastern coastal areas.

operate

Floating population can be divided into inflow population and outflow population Inflow population refers to the non-registered population who came to the region, and outflow population refers to the registered population who left the region to live in other places. Floating population can be divided into permanent floating population and short-term floating population according to mobility, and permanent floating population generally refers to living in this area for a long period (such as 5 years). At present, the administrative management of the floating population is mainly based on the public security department, with the floating population as the main security. Labor and social security, health, education, family planning, community floating population and rental housing management service stations manage different aspects of floating population respectively.

There are no regulations on floating population management in China, and the regulations on floating population management are mainly provinces and cities. The earliest floating population legislation at the provincial level is the Administrative Measures for Family Planning of Floating Population in Guangdong Province (1987).

Because household registration is linked to education, medical care and social security, the rights and interests of floating population can not be guaranteed without their household registration, such as compulsory education for school-age children among floating population.

correct

The floating population's political rights such as the right to vote and to be elected.

Except for the following personnel

(a) due to business trips, medical care, transfer, tourism, visiting relatives and friends and other reasons, who are expected to return to their domicile;

(2) Persons living in different places between districts within the administrative area of a municipality directly under the Central Government or a city divided into districts.

The flow is short-term and reciprocating, and does not lead to the change of the permanent residence of the parties.

yard measure

The basic measure of floating population is the space involved in the flow and its duration. On the spatial scale, the floating population can be classified according to the floating distance, or according to the spatial organization form of a society's political and economic activities-region. The floating population can be divided into different levels of regions, such as the floating population across provinces, counties and towns, and can also be divided into various floating populations with urban and rural destinations according to the living system of rural and urban areas. On the time scale, according to the travel rules of floating population, it can be divided into regular floating population and informal floating population. Among the regular floating population, according to the length of time the parties have left their permanent residence, they can be divided into daily floating population, seasonal floating population and periodic floating population.

In addition to time and space standards, we can also measure the floating population according to the function of mobility, the degree of identification between the parties and the destination of mobility and other standards.

The fundamental reason for the floating population is that the obligations, activities and articles necessary for individuals or groups in social life are separated from each other in space. From the perspective of individuals or groups, on the one hand, it is the ownership, obligations and rights associated with the permanent residence.

The floating population and goods are all kinds of activities, opportunities and goods that exist outside the permanent residence, which leads to the change of population from formal to formal.

Move your residence to a place that meets all kinds of needs.

W Zalinski, an American geographer, systematically summarized various types of population movements in history, and pointed out that with the improvement of a society's modernization, the scale of floating population will continue to rise, but the types will continue to change. In the traditional society in the pre-development stage, the number of floating population is very small, limited to social interaction, food gathering, religious activities and other limited types. After entering the development stage, with the development of economic activities and urbanization, the floating population grew rapidly, the floating population type was greatly enriched, and the floating population structure began to differentiate. The expansion of floating population has brought great pressure to underdeveloped cities and traffic. After the developed stage, due to the improvement of traffic conditions, mobility will replace some functions of migration and further expand the scale of floating population. The reasons for population mobility will focus on economic and entertainment components.

cause

The reasons for population migration in the world are as follows:

Survival demand

The most instinctive need in life is to survive, to solve the problem of food, clothing, housing and transportation, in short, to survive and work for survival. In primitive society, labor became the first need of human beings. Due to the development and division of labor of social productive forces, mankind has entered a class society, and has experienced five social forms: primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and socialist society. These five social forms have different production relations and different production mode characteristics. However, from the anthropological point of view, human beings all demand their own development, and will never be satisfied with food and clothing, and demand development and survival. They should not only eat well, but also dress beautifully. More importantly, they can become all-round people. In this case, the survival of the fittest is the direct cause of population mobility. For example, most ancient ethnic tribes chose lush aquatic plants and lived along the river banks to facilitate their survival.

Development and survival needs

At the end of feudal society, capitalist factors appeared, and workshops and handicrafts appeared. Especially after the industrial revolution, capitalism, a brand-new mode of production, was completely different from the mode of production in feudal society, and a large number of bankrupt farmers entered the factory.

A huge population movement was formed, the bourgeoisie established contacts all over the world, and the new continent was discovered, especially the discovery of America, which attracted a large number of immigrants. The development of the United States cannot be separated from the floating immigrants in the world. This situation continues to exist now, the fundamental reason is that the United States is the most powerful country in the world. It is worth noting that Japan has also become a country with a large number of immigrants after World War II, because its economic strength has already ranked second in the world, second only to the United States. In addition, Canada, Australia and developed countries in Western Europe have also become countries where developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America immigrate to them. From the domestic observation, Shanghai has become the most populous city in China, with a population of180,000, and there is a tendency to continue to increase substantially, almost doubling that of10,000 before the reform and opening up. According to incomplete statistics, there are 4 million migrants, and other cities along the southeast coast, such as Hangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Xiamen and Zhuhai, have also poured in a large number of migrants, most of whom come from their places of origin. This situation will exist for a long time.

War factor

War is the continuation of politics and the most prosperous form of class struggle. Once the war starts, the army will inevitably expand and a large number of people will enter the army. Due to casualties and other reasons, the number of soldiers must be constantly supplemented. Chiang Kai-shek's civil war against the people has reached 8 million. September 2008 193 18 incident, in order to escape the war, a large number of people from three northeastern provinces flowed into the customs, and countless people fled abroad. Internationally, refugees from the invaded countries often flee to neighboring countries, which has formed the international refugee problem, and this problem will also exist for a long time because of the uninterrupted local wars in the world.

Policy factors

Policy is the embodiment of the party's will and a very important part of the national superstructure, which has a dynamic reaction to the economic base. During the Cultural Revolution, the movement of going to the countryside made millions of young intellectuals go to the countryside and formed a huge floating population. However, this movement has been proved by real life, and it cannot accelerate the process of realizing the four modernizations. As we all know, ten years of turmoil have made our citizens

The economy is on the verge of collapse. Population mobility has both advantages and disadvantages. Properly guided population movement can become a great material force to change the world. Take Shanghai as an example. 1978 Before the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the most famous building in Shanghai was the International Hotel on the 24th floor of Nanjing Road. However, in the past 30 years, there have been more than 2,000 high-rise buildings in Shanghai, as well as roads, bridges, rail transit and other infrastructure. They have contributed their wisdom and strength to the construction of new Shanghai. It is no exaggeration to say that without the floating population from other places, there would be no new look of Shanghai today, which is different year after year and different in three years. Therefore, the rational flow of population and the strengthening of population management, especially the management of floating population, have been put on the work agenda that the government must attach importance to. Strengthening the management of floating population is by no means an expedient measure, but should be treated as a strategic task.

exist problem

The vast majority of immigrants have a low education level.

A small number of floating population entered Shanghai by introducing talents. Because of their high educational level and professional knowledge, these floating population can easily solve the household registration problem and enjoy local preferential policies. However, the vast majority of migrants have a low level of education, and many male workers are engaged in the construction industry. Most female workers are usually called foreign sisters, while most people are engaged in the service industry. The average salary of male employees is maintained at 1.200 yuan-1.500 yuan per month, and the average salary of female employees is maintained at 800- 1.000 yuan per month. Although the minimum monthly wage standard stipulated in Shanghai is 840 yuan, it cannot be fully implemented in practice. There are many people whose monthly salary is in 600 yuan and 800 yuan. Because most people have to rent a house to live in, in order to save money, several people have to live in one room. However, everyone has to pay at least 150 yuan, so there is a phenomenon of group rent. Health, safety, children's education and transportation have all become problems, which often leads to a vicious circle, and a few people even embark on the road of crime.

Lack of social security

Because the household registration is not in Shanghai, it is impossible to solve problems such as medical insurance and old-age care, such as industrial accidents. Some of them cannot be treated in time for various reasons, and legal aid can only be a drop in the bucket, which often leads to various disputes affecting social stability. For another example, Shanghai stipulates that people over 70 can ride for free, but it does not apply to migrants. According to a leader, the elderly have made contributions to the country and society, so this preferential measure was implemented, but the floating population did not enjoy this preferential policy, forming a new social contradiction.

The criminal case cannot be closed.

More than 80% of criminal cases are committed by outsiders, and a large number of cases are theft and robbery, which have a direct causal relationship with economic poverty. It is also worth noting that smuggling cases occur from time to time, which is an illegal flow of people. In recent years, although the crackdown has intensified, it has been repeatedly banned.

Working rules

Article 1 These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China in order to strengthen the family planning work of floating population, combine management with service, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of floating population and stabilize the low fertility level.

Article 2 The term "floating population" as mentioned in these Regulations refers to adult people of childbearing age who leave the counties, cities and municipal districts where their household registration is located and live in different places for the purpose of work and life. However, the following persons are excluded:

(a) due to business trips, medical treatment, schooling, tourism, visiting relatives and friends and other reasons, who are expected to return to their domicile;

(2) Persons living in different places between districts within the administrative area of a municipality directly under the Central Government or a city divided into districts.

Article 3 The local people's governments at or above the county level shall lead the family planning work of the floating population within their respective administrative areas, incorporate the family planning work of the floating population into the local economic and social development plan, and provide necessary guarantees; Establish and improve the coordination mechanism of family planning work of floating population, and organize and coordinate relevant departments to implement comprehensive management of family planning work of floating population; The floating population family planning work implements the target management responsibility system, and the assessment and supervision shall be undertaken by the relevant departments.

Article 4 The family planning work of floating population shall be the responsibility of the people's government of the place where the floating population is registered and the people's government of the current place of residence, mainly the people's government of the current place of residence, and the people's government of the place where the household registration is located shall cooperate.

Article 5 The population and family planning department of the State Council shall be in charge of the family planning work of floating population throughout the country, formulate the family planning work plan of floating population and organize its implementation; Establish a family planning information management system for floating population, realize the sharing of family planning information between the domicile and current residence of floating population, and realize the docking of information with the population information management system of relevant departments.

above county level