Take the Southern Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty as examples to summarize the characteristics of ethnic relations during this period.

National integration has reached a new climax. During this period, when they first established their political power, all ethnic minorities took the initiative to use the Han political system and accepted the feudal culture of the Central Plains, accelerating the feudalization process of their own nation. Although the ethnic groups have been fighting for many years, it has strengthened the ties between the people of all ethnic groups during the war. Moreover, once the war ended, it accelerated the pace of ethnic integration. After the confrontation between the Song and Jin Dynasties took shape, the Southern Song Dynasty moved south of the Yangtze River, which brought a large number of ethnic minority people into the Central Plains and further strengthened the pace of ethnic integration.

: ① National political powers stand side by side. For example, the Liao, Northern Song and Xia coexisted; the Southern Song and Jin coexisted. ② The ethnic policies of the two Song Dynasty regimes were mainly weak, and they failed many times in using troops. They exchanged peace with Liao, Xia, and Jin in exchange for annual coins. ③ Ethnic conflicts were prominent, and the Song, Liao, Xia, Jin and other regimes were all killed by the attacks of ethnic regimes. ④ Ethnic integration is the mainstream: the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao and Xia respectively opened forays in border areas for trade; during the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Khitan and Jurchen people entered the Central Plains and lived and worked together with the Han people, and the differences gradually narrowed. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, many Mongolians entered the Central Plains. In short, the frequent ethnic wars during this period brought disasters to the people of all ethnic groups, but they also enabled people of all ethnic groups to have more contacts and exchanges, forming a new upsurge of ethnic integration and promoting the development of a unified multi-ethnic country< /p>

Correctly understand the three "peace negotiations" between the Song government and the ethnic minority regimes during the Song Dynasty. ① During this period, there were three peace talks between the Song government and ethnic minorities, namely the "Chanyuan Alliance" of the Liao and Song Dynasties, the peace talks between the Northern Song Dynasty and Xixia, and the peace talks between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty in 1141.

After the Jurchens won the battle of Ningjiang Prefecture, some ministers "persuaded" Wanyan Aguda and urged him to proclaim himself emperor and establish a title. They believed that the time was ripe to establish the Jurchen dynasty and asked Aguda to establish a Jurchen dynasty. Guda immediately proclaimed himself emperor. Aguda thought it was inappropriate. He said, "You won a battle and then you are called a big man. How can you show that you are a shallow person." He was not in a hurry to be called a big man, but the objective situation did not allow him to delay for a long time. The Jurchens urgently wanted to get rid of the Liao Dynasty. To be enslaved by the dynasty, they need to immediately establish their own political power and produce their own emperor in order to unify their subordinates and fight against the Liao Dynasty. So everyone continued to "persuade", and finally Wanyan Aguda agreed with everyone's opinions. On the first day of the first lunar month in 1115, he was declared emperor, the country was named Dajin, and he changed the Yuan Dynasty to take over the country. Dingduduning (today's Acheng City). After ten years of hard fighting, in 1125, the Daliao regime was finally overthrown. From then on, the Horqin Grassland entered a new historical period - the period of Jurchen rule in the Jin Dynasty.

After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Kingdom, the second emperor of the Jin Dynasty, Taizong Wu Qimai, came to the throne. Taking Taizu Aguda's edict of "unifying China and foreign countries" as his legacy, he conquered the Song Dynasty in the south and destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty in 1127. From then on, the confrontation between the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty formed. At that time, the vast area north of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River was under the jurisdiction of the Jin Kingdom.

From the founding of the country by Wanyan Agu to the period of Jin Xizong, this was the stage of the founding and establishment of the system of the Jin Dynasty. At this time, there were still many old traditions of the Jurchen clan society in the Jin Kingdom, and the new system had not yet been established. When encountering problems, such as the treatment of military violators, the old system did not provide for them, so we had to "deal with them appropriately" and deal with them as appropriate. . This situation continued until Xizong ascended the throne. In 1139, the ministers asked for the establishment of a system, "to establish officials and rectify their names, in order to set an example for the future." Xizong realized their wishes and established a system for the Jin Dynasty. The main basis for the establishment of the system was not the Jurchen's inherent clan system, but The systems of the Tang and Song Dynasties were so-called "using the Liao and Song Dynasties as imperial systems", among which the "Liao system" was actually the system that the Liao Dynasty inherited from the Tang Dynasty. While establishing the system, Xizong also wanted to weaken the power of some clan nobles, abolish the Bojilie system in the early Jin Dynasty, and replace it with the system of three provinces and six ministries; establish the hereditary right to the throne; and also formulate a careful and detailed etiquette system to establish the emperor's authority. supreme dignity. Before he could complete these tasks successfully, he was killed by his cousin Wan Yanliang in 1149.

Wan Yanliang won the throne and became the King of Hailing. And greatly advanced Xizong's unfinished creation and reform. Hailing King Wanyan Liang has always been fascinated by the development and prosperity of the Central Plains. In 1153, Hailing King Wanyan Liang moved the capital from Shangjing Huining Prefecture (today's Acheng) to Yanjing (today's Beijing), and called it Zhongdu. This was the most outstanding political achievement of King Hailing Wan Yanliang, and the history of Beijing as the capital began at this time. He also wanted to move the capital to Bianjing in the next step, but this wish was not realized. In 1161, Wanyan Yong of the clan took advantage of the fact that King Hailing was busy with the war against the Southern Song Dynasty and the rebellion of the Khitans in the north. He raised troops in Liaoyang and proclaimed himself emperor. He changed the name of the temple to Dading in the Yuan Dynasty and renamed it Shizong. After he came to the throne, he put down the rebellion in the north and negotiated peace with the Southern Song Dynasty, which enabled the people in the Jin Dynasty to recuperate and recuperate, and the so-called "Government of Dading" emerged. After Jin Shizong's grandson Zhangzong came to the throne, there was the so-called "Mingchang rule". Literati in the late Jin Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty made many beautifying words about Shizong and Zhangzong. They were even compared to Emperors Wen and Jing of the Han Dynasty. However, the rule of Dading and Mingchang were actually not perfect, and there were many problems. He only studied poetry but did not know the classics; he was fond of extravagance, he admired the construction of palaces, and his relatives and villains often interfered with the government. These were all phenomena that appeared in the "Government of Dading" and "Government of Mingchang".

After King Wei Shao came to the throne, he excluded Han people, and the Jin Dynasty began to decline. In 1213, King Wei Shao was killed by a domineering Hu Shahu. Zhang Zong's brother Wan Yanxun came to the throne as Xuan Zong.

Under the pressure of the Mongolian army in the north, he moved the capital to Bianliang (today's Kaifeng) in 1214. This was a forced move, which was completely different from the initiative of Hailing King Wanyan Liang to move the capital to Beijing. At this time, the Jin government became even more decadent. Within the Jin Dynasty, they fought for power and killed each other. The official administration is chaotic and full of disadvantages. No expense was spared in people's efforts and extravagance. The Jurchen nobles were very extravagant. The uprisings of people of all ethnic groups against the rule of the Jurchen aristocracy became more and more intense. The Jin rulers were overwhelmed with self-care. Local armed forces appeared in various places to protect themselves. There was also the threat of the Mongolian army in the north. The rule of the Jin Dynasty was already in turmoil. In 1223, Jin Xuanzong died of illness and Aizong ascended the throne. At this time, the Horqin Grassland had been occupied by the Mongolian army and had become the homeland of the Mongols. The Jin regime was just lingering on. In early 1232, the Jin army and the Mongolian army met in Yu County, Henan, and the Jin army was completely wiped out. Then Bianjing was besieged, and Aizong was forced to flee to Caizhou. In the first month of 1234, the Mongolian army captured Caizhou, where Jin Aizong had fled, and the Jin Dynasty was destroyed.

The Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchen people lasted 120 years from Wanyan Aguda to 1234 when he proclaimed himself emperor, and nine emperors were replaced. With the deepening of feudalization, the social economy achieved certain development. In addition to the advantages of animal husbandry, its agriculture, handicrafts and commerce also made progress. In terms of cultural construction, the culture of the Jin Dynasty was deeply influenced by the Han people and made corresponding achievements. Among them, drama was more prominent and famous writers such as Yuan Haowen were produced. The Jin Dynasty created its own national script, the Jurchen script, based on Chinese characters and Khitan characters. According to historical records, there are two types of Jurchen scripts, namely large characters and small characters. The large Jurchen characters were promulgated in the third year of Tianfu (1119) by Emperor Taizu of the Jin Dynasty; Small characters were created during the reign of Emperor Xizong of the Jin Dynasty and came into use in the fifth year of the Emperor's reign (1145). Jurchen script is used as the official script along with Khitan script and Chinese script. The Jurchen script documents handed down from ancient times are mainly some Jurchen script inscriptions.

After the Jin Dynasty moved to the Central Plains, it also established a school, called the Imperial College. Prefectures, states, and counties also open schools. The main content of school education is Confucianism, and students learn to write essays, poems, and poems. Jurchen schools were set up in various places to train officials for the Jin Dynasty regime. The Jin Dynasty implemented the imperial examination system to recruit talents from all over the world.

Girls are really good at dancing, and their movements imitate fighting postures. After ruling the Central Plains, the Jin Dynasty continued and developed the music and dance of the Northern Song Dynasty. The musical instruments used by the real women mainly include drums and flutes. After entering the Central Plains, they inherited all types of musical instruments from the Central Plains. The Zaju of the Jin Dynasty also developed from the Zaju of the Northern Song Dynasty.

There is no medicine for real women who give birth to girls. When they are sick, they ask witches and kill pigs and dogs to get rid of them. Or carry patients into deep mountains and valleys to avoid disasters. After the occupation of the Central Plains, medicine began to be available, and many famous doctors emerged.

The Jurchens originally had their own primitive religion. After the destruction of the Liao Dynasty and the invasion of the Song Dynasty, they began to believe more in Buddhism. Many Jurchens became monks and nuns. The highest-ranking monks are called national masters and wear red cassocks. The local monks with high spiritual status are called Senglu and Sengzheng and wear purple cassocks.

Compared with the Khitan people, who are descendants of the Donghu people, the hairstyle and clothing of the Jurchens are obviously different. Their hair is braided instead of the braided hair of the Donghu people, with wild boar tusks on their necks for decoration and pheasant tails (pheasant feathers) on their heads. At this time, the Jurchens were in the primary stage of agricultural society and lived a settled farming life, and hunting was still an important supplement to agricultural production. Pigs are their main livestock, and pheasants and other mountain birds are prey that they can often obtain. Jurchens, regardless of whether they are high or low, wear cloth, and their status is distinguished by the thickness of the cloth. Wear furs in winter to protect against the cold.

The real women live in villages one after another, and the villages are named after the tribal leaders, that is, "such and such Bojin Village". Living in a valley, the living room is a simple wooden house with a fire pit built in the house and the courtyard is surrounded by a wooden fence. Today, Northeastern people still live on fire beds. The staple food is grain. When eating barnyard rice, game, meat, etc., wooden utensils are often used to serve them. Porcelain has become commonly used.

Marriage for real girls is usually done on the fingertips. Even if they are older, they cannot break the original marriage contract even if they are separated by high and low status. There is also the custom of "paying money" when getting engaged. "Three Dynasties Bei Meng Hui Bian" records: "For marriages, the rich use cows and horses as currency, while the poor use girls in their late teens and hairpins to sing songs on the road. The songs are self-narrating family background, women's work, and appearance, in order to seek a partner. It means. If there is an unmarried person who wants to accept it, he will bring it back and then come home with his daughter to tell his parents. "The money is the betrothal gift." After marriage, the new son-in-law must serve in his wife's family for three years before he can return home with his bride. Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the phenomenon of illegal marriage and robbery also appeared among the Jurchens. It is forbidden to marry a girl with the same surname. There are no restrictions on the marriage of mature women with the same surname. Bohai people still retained the custom of secret marriage until the middle of the Jin Dynasty. These marriage customs were banned by the state. In order to reduce conflicts and barriers between ethnic groups, the Jin Dynasty also encouraged intermarriage between Jurchens and Khitans and Han people.

The Jurchen burial customs are different from those of the Khitan people. The Khitan people are "those who cry when their parents die think they are not strong", while the Jurchens will cry loudly, and the relatives and friends of the deceased will cut their foreheads with knives to express their grief for the loss of their relatives, and blood will flow out. When crying, the blood and tears will be handed over, which is called "Khitan people". To "send blood and tears". Jurchens bury their dead without coffins. The nobles burned all the slaves and horses they loved during their lifetimes as sacrifices. When offering sacrifices, all the food and drink offered are burned, which is called "burning rice". Many traditional customs of the Jurchens are still preserved in the Horqin area today, and have become an important part of the Horqin grassland culture.

The Horqin Grassland under the rule of the Jin Dynasty basically still followed the administrative divisions of the Liao Kingdom and was under the jurisdiction of Linhuangfu Road (Chifeng Balin Left Banner), where counties, Qunmu Divisions, Detailed information about the officials and other officials. At that time, the main residents here were still Khitans. When the Jurchens first occupied the Horqin Grassland, they tried their best to destroy the Khitan culture in retaliation for the long-term oppression of the Khitans in the Liao Dynasty. Everywhere the Jin soldiers went, they sent troops to loot, burn, kill and loot. The Liao Dynasty states on the Horqin Grassland Almost all the cities were burned down and abandoned, and the prefectural cities such as Yongzhou, Wuzhou, and Longhua Prefecture and their branch counties no longer existed; wherever the Jin soldiers went, "graves were dug up, and corpses were taken out and coffins were used as mangers." ”

The Horqin area was once the center of the Liao Dynasty’s rule. There are many tombs of Khitan nobles buried here. Whenever the Jin soldiers arrived, as long as the tombs left by the nobles were found, they were all looted. What we discovered today Nine out of ten tombs in the Liao Dynasty are empty, and most of them were robbed in the early Jin Dynasty. Archaeologists in our city discovered many hoards of Liao Dynasty coins, ranging from a few hundred kilograms to several thousand kilograms, when they were investigating the Liao Dynasty ruins. They were all buried by the Khitan people in the Liao Dynasty to avoid the wars of the Jurchens. , when they buried these copper coins, they still hoped to return to their hometown after the war subsided, but they died or dispersed and never came back. The large number of copper coins they buried in Horqin land was never used by anyone. From this example, we can see how much suffering the Jurchens brought to the residents of the Horqin Grassland in the early Jin Dynasty. Therefore, the Khitans and other people of all ethnic groups living here have suffered greatly from the war. Sufferings are scattered in all directions, the population has dropped sharply, everything is devastated, the people are in dire straits, and the land is becoming increasingly desolate. The Jin people's brutal conquests also buried deep national hatred in the hearts of the Khitan people. No matter how hard the Jin Dynasty rulers tried to win over them, it would never work.

After the founding of the Jin Dynasty, he changed his retaliatory policy against the Khitans and adopted a series of measures to win over the Khitans: for example, the Khitans and other tribes were incorporated into group herding groups, officials were still established according to the Liao system, and various officials were appointed. The few Khitans were appointed as prefecture and county officials, allowing the Khitans to manage themselves; some old ministers of the Liao Dynasty and surrendered Khitan generals were appointed; the Jurchens' inherent Men'an and Mouke system was implemented in Khitan, and the powerful Khitans appointed Men'an and Mouke , and this privilege could be hereditary; the Khitans were allowed to use the Khitan script together with the Jurchen script. It was not until the second year of Mingchang of Jin Zhangzong (1191) that "the Khitan script was banned." However, a series of reform measures of the Jin Dynasty had a negative impact on the land. The Horqin Grassland in northern Xinjiang was still out of reach, and it had little impact on the Horqin region at that time.

The policy of coaxing and appeasing the Khitans failed to resolve the national grievances, and coupled with the interference of the Southern Song Dynasty, it also failed to achieve the expected results. Since the Jin people came to dominate the Central Plains, the Khitan uprisings have come one after another and have never stopped. For example, in the tenth year of Tianhui (1122), the Khitan Yeluyu Jian rebelled, and in the first year of Zhenyuan (1153), the Khitan Xiao Yu rebelled. Some people say that these two times were rebellions by the upper-class rulers of Khitan, so in Zhenglong, The Saba and Woou uprisings that occurred during the Dading period (1161-1162) were the anti-golden struggle launched by the poor people of Khitan. The uprising spread from the northwest border to the entire northeastern region and became huge. They destroyed government offices and killed officials. The struggle lasted for a year and a half, posing the most serious threat to the Jurchen aristocratic rule. During the uprising, the "Northwest" weapons seized and used Many official seals of the Jin Dynasty, such as "Lu Sumu Dian Jiemo Hu Ji" and others, were left in Linmaodu, Yaolin, Kezuozhong Banner, and Dongfeng Town, Kailu County. This shows that Horqin Grassland was one of the central areas of the uprising at that time. Not only that, but there will be continuous struggles in the future. The Yeluliuge Uprising broke out in the late Jin Dynasty. In 1213, he proclaimed himself emperor for a time and made Xianping (Kaiyuan County, Liaoning Province) his capital. The country was named Liao. In fact, the Horqin Grassland at this time had broken away from the rule of the Jin Dynasty.

Continuous wars have made the wounds left at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China increasingly difficult to heal. Fundamentally destroyed the social foundation for economic and cultural development and the peaceful and stable social environment. This is one of the main reasons for the economic and cultural decline of Horqin Grassland. Another important reason is the serious damage to the ecological environment. Since the Liao Dynasty, the grassland has been over-cultivated and livestock grazing. The desertification of the Horqin Grassland has been very serious. There was such a record at that time: "Ding Sichen, someone came to Yizhou (Fuxin) The ancient city of Tayingzi, County), it was a windy and dusty day, it was dark, it was hard to tell at a distance, and the post officials were lost." This windy and sandy environment also forced the rulers of the Jin Dynasty to shift the focus of agriculture in the Northeast to Taizhou in the north (Taizhou, Heilongjiang). Tazi City in Lai County) and the birthplace of the Jurchens, the so-called White Mountains and Black Waters. There is no record of the agricultural and animal husbandry production conditions of the Horqin Grassland in the historical records of the Jin Dynasty. Except for the Jinjie trench, there are really very few relics and relics of the Jin Dynasty discovered in the Horqin area today.

This also shows that by the Jin Dynasty, this place had degenerated into a primitive natural state with sparsely populated people and a vast sea of ??sand. The few residents living here have returned to the original nomadic hunting life of living in pursuit of water and grass. In the fourth year of Dading (1164), Zhou Ang (name) went from Yanjing to Longzhou (Nong'an County, Jilin) ??to take office. He passed by the southern edge of the Horqin Grassland and recorded what he saw along the way. He wrote: In the Horqin grassland at that time, "there was nothing outside the house. All I could see were white sand and hills. Cars seemed to be dragging backwards in the sand. The wind shook the sand and lost its track. The whip stopped at three steps and rested at five steps. The sound of roosters sounded. People speak without neighbors, and the evening breeze rustles and kills people. "This is a true portrayal of the natural environment and residents of the Horqin Grassland in the Jin Dynasty. What's even more serious is that it once became a place of exile for court prisoners.

After the Jingkang Incident, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured and returned to the north, where they were imprisoned in the Hanzhou area located in the Horqin Grassland.

In addition to the sparse population and poor economy in the Horqin Grassland during the Jin Dynasty, another headache for the Horqin people was that they had to work a large number of Khitans and other ethnic groups on the Horqin Grassland to build the Golden Realm Trench.

In order to prevent the Mongolian cavalry from invading southward, the Jin Dynasty built boundary trenches thousands of miles long on the northern border, and built many border forts and passes, commonly known as Jin boundary trenches. . In today's Holingol City and Zhalut Banner, there are still two boundary trenches, with a total length of more than 300 miles, and more than 20 border forts and passes. In the summer of 1981, when the No. 1 side fort in the Huolinhe mining area was being cleaned, it was discovered that the fort was well laid out, with streets, wells, houses, tent foundations, etc., and a large number of iron arrowheads, caltrops and other military weapons were unearthed. This shows that at that time, the areas along the Jinjiehao and to the south were the military garrison areas of the Jin Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty boundary trench that stretches for hundreds of miles will soon have to be rebuilt again due to wind and sand siltation. It has been built many times, wasting people and money. Now, standing on this winding Jin Dynasty boundary trench, we seem to hear the Jin Dynasty. The distant narrations of the residents of Daihorqin.

The Jinjie Trench is a huge military project in the northern grasslands. It is a huge project and took 75 years to build. It can be seen that it wastes people and money. Moreover, due to severe wind and sand, it is often silted by wind and sand, and its defensive function is very small. How could it stop the brave Mongolian cavalry from going south? In the late Jin Dynasty, the Mongolian cavalry in the north effortlessly broke through the "natural barrier" of the boundary trench and quickly went south, overthrowing the Jin Dynasty in 1234, and the history of the Jin Dynasty came to an end. After that, Horqin Grassland became the homeland of the Mongolian people. Therefore, what Jinjiehao left to Horqin Grassland was endless sighs. Let it be a witness to the Jurchens' enslavement of the residents of the Horqin Grassland.

In the Jin Dynasty, the Jurchens who originally prospered among the white mountains and black waters, rode horses and bent their bows to conquer the country. Their rule lasted only a little more than a hundred years. Due to many reasons such as continuous wars and deteriorating natural conditions, Cutting off the Daliao civilization that the Khitan people in the Horqin area had worked hard for more than 200 years, it can be seen that civilization itself is also fragile, and the development of culture needs the support of a peaceful and stable social environment and a good natural environment

The general history of the Jin Kingdom. . .