Who has information about Qian Xuesen?

Qian Xuesen is a modern physicist in China and a world-famous rocket expert. Born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang191year1February1day, born in Shanghai. 1934 studied at MIT and Caltech. After receiving his doctorate from 65438 to 0938, he stayed in school to teach and engage in rocket research. 1947- 1955, he was a professor at MIT and Caltech. 1955 10 After returning to China through various obstacles, he served as the director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the vice minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the vice director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense.

Qian Xuesen put forward an extremely important implementation plan for the development of rocket and missile technology in China. From April, 65438 to April, 0956, he served as a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time, and made great contributions to the cause and development of rockets, missiles and aerospace in China.

Qian Xuesen used to be vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of China Aerospace Society and chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

First of all, briefly introduce life.

Qian Xuesen (19 1 ~ x), a Chinese scientist and rocket expert, was born in Shanghai in June/91and came to Beijing with his father at the age of 3. 1938. Later, he stayed in the United States and served as lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of supersonic laboratory and director of Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center. 1950 began to work hard to return to the motherland, persecuted by the American government, and lost his freedom. 1955 took five years to return to the motherland, and since 1958, he has been the technical director of rocket, missile and spacecraft development for a long time. 1959, joined the China * * * production party. He is currently the honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

Second, scientific achievements.

Qian Xuesen served as the technical director of China's rocket and space program for a long time, and made great pioneering contributions in space technology, system science and system engineering. Qian Xuesen published 7 monographs and more than 300 papers. The main contributions are as follows:

① Applied mechanics

Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics. The research on compressible boundary layer carried out in cooperation with von Carmen reveals some temperature changes in this field, and the Carmen-Qian Xuesen method is established. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time.

② Jet propulsion and space technology

From the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 40s, he put forward and realized the rocket flying aid device (JATO), which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth is put forward, in which a large aircraft equipped with a jet engine is the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine is the second-stage vehicle.

③ Engineering cybernetics

In the process of its formation, engineering cybernetics focuses on the engineering practice of designing stability and guidance systems. Qian Xuesen himself is the pioneer of this kind of research work.

④ Physical mechanics

Qian Xuesen's research on combining the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rare gases in 1946 is a pioneering work. 1953, he formally put forward the concept of physical mechanics, and advocated to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties of matter from microscopic laws, which changed the previous method of measuring mechanical properties only by experiments, greatly saved manpower and material resources, and opened up a new field of high temperature and high pressure. 196 1 year, the Lecture Notes on Physical Mechanics edited by him was officially published. Now the leader of this subject is Professor Gou Qingquan. 1984, Qian Xuesen suggested to Gou Qingquan that physical mechanics should be extended to the engineering and technical field of atomic and molecular design.

⑤ System engineering

Qian Xuesen not only refined the practice of China's aerospace system engineering into the theory of aerospace system engineering, but also put forward the concept of the overall design department of national economic construction in the early 1980s. He also insisted on applying the concept of aerospace system engineering to the whole country and national economic construction, and discussed the social system from the perspective of social form and open complex giant system. The social form of any society has three aspects: economic social form, political social form and ideological social form. Qian Xuesen proposed to divide the social system into three parts: social economic system, social political system and social consciousness system. Corresponding to the three social forms, there should be three kinds of civilization construction, namely, material civilization construction (economic form), political civilization construction (political form) and spiritual civilization construction (ideology). The construction of socialist civilization should be the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From a practical point of view, it is social system engineering that ensures the coordinated development of these three civilizations. From the reality of reform and opening up, we need not only economic system engineering, but also social system engineering.

⑥ System science

Qian Xuesen's most important contribution to system science is that he developed systematics and methodology of opening complex giant systems.

⑦ Thinking science

Artificial intelligence has become a hot topic in the world, but academic thoughts are in a state of chaos. In this context, Qian Xuesen stood at the forefront of the development of science and technology, and proposed to create a scientific and technological department-noetic science, which scientifically summarized the ideas that had been discussed and debated in China's philosophical circles in the 1930s, but could not be clearly expressed at that time. Outstanding contributions are as follows:

(1) In the early 1980s, Qian Xuesen proposed to establish the Department of Thinking Science and Technology. He believes that thinking science is a science dealing with consciousness and brain, spirit and matter, subjective and objective, and is a major department of modern science and technology. The need of computer technology revolution has promoted the scientific research of thinking.

(2) Qian Xuesen advocated that the development of thinking science should be combined with the work of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers. According to his personal experience in developing applied mechanics, he pointed out that the research of artificial intelligence and intelligent computer should take applied mechanics as a reference, take the road of integrating theory with practice, and actually need theoretical guidance. The theoretical basis of artificial intelligence is the basic scientific thinking in thinking science. The way to study thinking is to look for it from the achievements of philosophy, and thinking actually evolved from philosophy. He also believes that the establishment of image thinking is a breakthrough in the current scientific research of thinking, and it is also the core issue of artificial intelligence and intelligent computers.

(3) Qian Xuesen applied the systematic scientific method to the research of thinking science, and put forward the systematic view of thinking, that is, based on the thinking process of logical units, he gradually built a first-order thinking system with a single thinking type, that is, he built abstract thinking, image (intuitive) thinking, social thinking and unique thinking (inspirational thinking). The second is to solve the problem of second-order open thinking system; Finally, decision-making consultation is an open giant system with high-order thinking.

8 human science

Qian Xuesen is an advocate of human body science in China.

Qian Xuesen put forward the theory of "functional state of human body" to describe the open and complex giant system of human body and study the structure, function and behavior of the system. He believes that Qigong and specific function are a functional state, which puts the research of Qigong, specific function and TCM system theory in an advanced scientific framework and occupies an important position in the research of Qigong and specific function. Under the guidance of Qian Xuesen, researchers from Beijing Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering began to study the functional state of human body at 1984. They use the method of multidimensional data analysis to integrate many physiological index variables measured by human body into change points that can represent the whole system of human body and its position in a multidimensional phase space composed of various variables, and move them to a relatively stable position, that is, the position of target and target ring. They found the respective targets and rings of human awakening, sleep, alertness and qigong functions. In this way, the theory of system science is embodied in the human body system, and the research of human body science has objective indicators and scientific theories.

Pet-name ruby science and technology system and Marxist philosophy

Qian Xuesen believes that Marxist philosophy is the highest generalization of human understanding of the objective world and modern science and technology (including scientific and social sciences). Qian Xuesen summarized the development of contemporary science and technology into ten closely related science and technology departments. The division method of these ten science and technology departments is another innovation of Qian Xuesen's scientific classification method by using Marxist philosophy, especially system theory.

Third, anecdotes

(1) The soul is the childlike innocence of China people.

"I have always believed that I will be able to return to my motherland. Today, I finally came back! " This is a very emotional remark made by Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist and rocket expert in China, to the comrades of China Travel Agency who received him when he returned to Guangzhou from the United States on 1995 10. He returned to China with his wife and two young children.

1In August, 935, Qian Xuesen went to the United States to study and study aviation engineering and aerodynamics as a public student. Before returning to China, he was the director of the California Institute of Technology Supersonic Laboratory and the director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center.

Great changes have taken place in the motherland. 1 949 65438+1October1The first five-star red flag fluttered over Tiananmen Square. Five days later is the traditional festival of our nation-Mid-Autumn Festival. On this day, Mr. and Mrs. Qian Xuesen celebrated this festival with a dozen international students from China. While enjoying the moon, they poured out their hearts, rejoiced in the birth of the motherland and looked forward to the bright future of the motherland. At this time, Qian Xuesen had a strong desire to return to the motherland as soon as possible and serve the country with his expertise.

At this time, the land of Korea ignited the bonfire of war. As the U.S. imperialism that started this war, there is a crazy political counter-current against * * * * at home, and almost every day there are incidents of censorship and threats to censor personnel of universities and other institutions. Without exception, this countercurrent also spread to California Institute of Technology. Due to the arrest of Weinbaum, secretary of the Marxism-Leninism Group of the college, the suspicion of the FBI fell on Qian Xuesen. 1950 In July, the US government decided to disqualify Qian Xuesen from participating in confidential research on the grounds that he had a friend relationship with Weinbaum, and accused Qian Xuesen of being a producer of party member and the United States and entering the country illegally. These groundless accusations were all denied by Qian Xuesen. However, Qian Xuesen couldn't stand all this and decided to return to the motherland immediately on the grounds of visiting relatives, ready to never return. He met with kimble, the deputy secretary of the US Navy who was in charge of his research work, and solemnly announced to kimble that he was ready to leave for home immediately. Kimble was surprised after hearing this. He believes: "Qian Xuesen is worth five divisions no matter where he puts it." What are you yelling about? "I'd rather shoot him than let this guy leave America!" "So as soon as Qian Xuesen walked out of the office, kimble immediately notified the Immigration Bureau.

Unconsciously, Qian Xuesen made all the preparations for returning to China, went through the formalities of returning to China, bought a plane ticket from Canada to Hong Kong, and handed the luggage to the handling company for shipment.

However, just two days before their family planned to leave Los Angeles, that is,1midnight on August 23, 950, they suddenly received a notice from the Immigration Bureau that they were not allowed to leave the United States. At the same time, the US Customs detained all Qian Xuesen's luggage.

Qian Xuesen was forced to return to California Institute of Technology, and the FBI sent someone to monitor his family and all his actions. Far from it, on September 6, Qian Xuesen was suddenly illegally detained by the FBI and sent to the immigration detention center for detention.

In the detention center, Qian Xuesen was tortured like a criminal. Qian Xuesen once recalled: "I lost 30 pounds in 15 days of detention. At night, spies wake me up every 1 hour. I can't rest at all, and I am in a state of extreme tension. "

After Qian Xuesen was detained for no reason, the teachers and students of California Institute of Technology, Mr. Feng Carmen, Qian Xuesen's teacher, and some American friendly people protested strongly to the Immigration Bureau, found a defense lawyer for him, and raised $6.5438+$5,000 bail to bail Qian Xuesen out.

Since then, Qian Xuesen has continued to be persecuted by the Immigration Bureau. His movements were restricted by the Immigration Bureau and monitored by FBI agents. He is not allowed to leave Los Angeles where he lives and is often asked. Qian Xuesen lost his freedom for five years.

However, Qian Xuesen's pure heart of loving the motherland is even hotter. He misses New China day and night. He persisted in his struggle, constantly demanding that the Immigration Bureau leave the United States and return to China.

Qian Xuesen, who could not return to China, did not stop studying the scientific career he loved and devoted himself to during those five years. At that time, the American government prevented him from leaving the United States because the rocket technology he studied was related to the national defense construction of the motherland, and he wanted to stop the scientific and technological development of new China by detaining him. When Qian Xuesen learned about this, he felt extremely angry. So he chose the new major of "Engineering Cybernetics" to study, so as to help remove the obstacles to returning to China. After hard work, I wrote more than 300,000 words of "Engineering Cybernetics" in English at 1954. In fact, engineering cybernetics is closely related to production automation, the development and application of electronic computers, and national defense construction, but the American authorities did not realize this at that time.

Qian Xuesen's struggle to return to the motherland has also received the care and support of the motherland. 1954 on April 26th, during the China-China international conference, Wang Bingnan, secretary-general of the delegation, and Yahya Johnson, head of the American delegation, made contact on behalf of the two governments on the issue of the return of civilians. During the contact, Wang Bingnan pointed out that the United States is preventing many China people living in the United States from returning to China, including scientist Qian Xuesen.

1one day in June, 955, Qian Xuesen got rid of the spy surveillance. In the letter sent to Belgian pro-prestige, he attached a letter written with cigarette paper to Chen Shutong, vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), asking the motherland to help him return to China as soon as possible. On the day Mr. Chen Shutong received the letter, he gave it to Premier Zhou Enlai. 1 955 August1Sino-US ambassadorial talks were held in Geneva, Switzerland. At the behest of Premier Zhou and according to Qian Xuesen's letter requesting to return to China, Ambassador Wang Bingnan negotiated with the US to force the US government to allow Qian Xuesen to leave the United States and return to China.

1955 September 17, Qian Xuesen, his wife and two young children finally left Los Angeles on the American ship "President Cleveland" and sailed for the motherland in the east.

(2) a firm Marxist.

1On August 7th, 1989, Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and Li Peng, Prime Minister of the State Council, met with Qian Xuesen, congratulating him on winning the awards and titles awarded by the 1989 International Science and Technology Exchange Conference, saying that "Qian Lao is worthy of such an honor. This is not only the glory of Qian Lao, but also the glory of China and the glory of China science and technology engineers "; Qian Xuesen's experience "embodies the tortuous road taken by an intellectual in China and the brilliant moral character of an intellectual in China".

From the autumn of 198 1 to the summer of 1982, Qian Xuesen's repeated correspondence with a friend of China Academy of Social Sciences is a vivid portrayal of his personality. He said, "I wonder if our social scientists have specially studied the history of intellectuals in China, that is, the status and role of intellectuals in China. I think this work is to prepare for the realization of the four modernizations. " "I think an appropriate thing is the history of China intellectuals, which you should consider. Write with Marxist philosophy and historical materialism, pointing out the course of China intellectuals and their great historical task of building socialist material civilization and socialist spiritual civilization in the future. " "Because I think China intellectuals are moving towards a brand-new historical era: from a class attached to the ruling class to a part of working people, workers who create socialist spiritual wealth, thus ending the consistent state for thousands of years. Isn't it worth writing? The so-called consistent state means that knowledge needs all energy, and intellectuals can no longer engage in administrative management and become officials and capitalists. In a word, intellectuals in history are not exploited and oppressed like working people, nor are they exploited and oppressed like rulers, but a class. In the past, intellectuals could only rely on the ruling class to survive, so they were driven and controlled by the ruling class and had no freedom. ..... On the other hand, because intellectuals were attached to the feudal ruling class in history, they were certainly not trusted by farmers. ..... but these are inevitable. First, there is the Party's policy, but fundamentally speaking, if the intellectuals in socialist China are not regarded as workers who create socialist spiritual wealth, the four modernizations cannot be realized. Therefore, the old road of China intellectuals for thousands of years has come to an end, and history should be innovated. For intellectuals themselves, the Wuyi coup may be a major change. I realized that there was something wrong with the old routine, and then there was the May Fourth Movement ... such a great history, don't you want to write it? Can't you hear the pride of China intellectuals? "Qian Xuesen participated in this great historical innovation process with his lifelong practice, representing many excellent qualities of China intellectuals. General Ding praised Qian Xuesen as "a model of patriotic intellectuals".

Qian Xuesen is a conscious Marxist. In a letter to a friend, he said: "I have been studying Marxist philosophy for nearly 30 years and have always tried to guide my work with Marxist philosophy. Marxist philosophy is the source of wisdom! Moreover, a Marxist will never love the people and will never be unpatriotic. "

Qian Xuesen 1955 has never been there since he left the United States. His alma mater, California Institute of Technology, awarded him the title of "Outstanding Alumni" in 1979, an award from the Southern California Chinese Scientists and Engineers Association in June 1986, and an award from the new york International Technology and Science and Technology Exchange Conference in 1989, but he didn't go. Qian Xuesen has very friendly feelings for the American people and American scientists. What makes him think that he will never set foot on American soil again in this life? 1985, an American friend told a leader in the State Council, China about Qian Xuesen's visit to the United States: "Take the US Immigration Bureau as an example, money may be deported from the beginning, so it must go through some special procedures before entering the country. This is where you and Ambassador Han have to step forward. If you really do this, you have to plead with the American government, or virtually admit that their original measures were correct. This is not satisfactory in money. " In his letter 1985 to a leading comrade in the State Council, China on March 9, Qian Xuesen gave a very frank answer: "I personally shouldn't go to the United States. ..... The fact is that if I go to America now, I will' prove' many completely wrong things, which is not what I should do. For example, I was not forced to return to my motherland by the American government; Long before 1935 left the motherland, I promised my classmates from Shanghai Jiaotong University and Comrade Dai Zhongfu from underground party member that I would return to China to serve the motherland after my studies. My decision to return to China is my own business. I have been making preparations since 1949. ..... I think this is a question of right and wrong, and I can't be silent. History cannot be distorted. " Qian Xuesen's character on this issue is "high national self-esteem, national self-confidence and national integrity" praised by General Secretary Jiang Zemin.

③ The bearer of the scientific torch.

Qian Xuesen has always insisted on writing neat letters for advice to young people, and has always insisted on discussing problems and refining ideas with scientists in many disciplines. Letters are a way for Qian Xuesen to publicize Marxist philosophical beliefs, guide scientific research with Marxist philosophy, and absorb scientific achievements to deepen and develop Marxist philosophy. In his letter to He Xiuxiu, Qian Xuesen said: "The philosophical issue of quantum mechanics has been debated for more than 50 years and has not been solved. Bell inequality has been verified recently, and the problem is more serious. I think our physicists and philosophers in China should devote themselves to this research, solve it satisfactorily and develop Marxist philosophy in the process. "

From 1986 to 65438+1October 7, Qian Xuesen personally led the scientific activities of "systematic seminar". Young and middle-aged scientists attending the seminar came from China Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Beijing Normal University, China Renmin University, China Academy of Social Sciences, Ministry of Aerospace Industry and other units. At the beginning of the seminar, Qian Xuesen proposed to this group of young and middle-aged scientists to absorb the research results of modern natural sciences as building materials for establishing the basic science of systems science and the general theory of all systems-"systematics". The seminar emphasized academic democracy, seeking truth from facts, correcting mistakes, and equality in discussion, which is the development of the tradition of "academic democracy" advocated by von Carmen. Qian Xuesen personally decided the topic of discussion, participated in almost every activity of the discussion class, and made enlightening or questioning speeches every time. Until today, the activities of the seminar are still going on. This seminar refined some basic ideas of systematics, refined the methodology of opening complex giant systems, and exercised the creative thinking ability of young and middle-aged scientists. This seminar embodies a vivid form of Qian Xuesen's research and propaganda of Marxist philosophy, and also embodies Qian Xuesen's tireless spirit of cultivating successors to scientific undertakings.

At the Second National Congress of the National Association for Science and Technology held on March 1979, Qian Xuesen put forward the idea that "the modernization of science and technology must drive the modernization of literature and art" and put forward the concept of "scientific literature and art", which enriched and developed the connotation of popular science. He said: "The world we are used to is only the most common one among many worlds. There are more than ten or twenty worlds in the minds of scientific and technological personnel, waiting for literary and art workers to create unprecedented literature and art with their most expressive methods. The literature and art here contains not fantasy, but fantasy; Not magical; But it's amazing; It's not a thriller, but it's thrilling. It will lead us to towards the distant, to the heights and to the depths, so that the spiritual realm of our Chinese nation will be upgraded and improved. " Qian Xuesen has always advocated that a responsible scientific and technological worker should take science popularization as part of his career. If a professional scientific and technological worker can't explain a scientific and technological problem clearly to people who are not professional or good at it, then his study and knowledge are incomplete. A professional scientific and technological worker should be able to write both academic papers and popular science articles, and his achievements in the scientific field should be easy for people to understand and appreciate. Qian Xuesen is a loyal listener of popular science programs in china national radio and a long-term reader of advanced popular science magazines such as Scientific American in the United States and New Scientist in the United Kingdom. In his letter, he said, "Among the popular science writers in China, I like the works of Comrade Gao Shiqi best. Among foreign science writers, I like Rachel L Carson from America. She has three books: Undersea-Wind, The Sea Around Us and Silent Spring. The latter has a Chinese translation called Silent Spring. Her works are a combination of science and prose in literature. These Chinese and foreign works can be called treasures in science and literature. Of course, there is something at a higher level, that is, using the scientific fantasy in popular science works to predict the major development of science and technology in a few years. This is colorful. For example, e. Schrodinger's "what is life?" He foresaw the genetic code of the Nobel Prize project twenty years later. What I yearn for is this kind of advanced work, which represents the bright future of the combination of science and art. "

Qian Xuesen promoted the metabolism of science and technology with a very positive attitude. 1980 12 just turned 69, he said in a report to the former leader of the science and technology commission for national defense: "I will be seventy years old next year. Naturally, my energy is limited, and there are plenty of young scientific and technological cadres in missile and satellite science and technology. I should make way. So I once again asked the organization to let me retire next year. " In this report, he recommended the candidate who can take over his job to the organization very seriously and responsibly. Once he has made a discovery in the national defense science and technology work and even the national science and technology work, he will actively make suggestions to the leading organs and even the State Council. A typical example in this regard is the proposal to re-establish the overall design department of national economic construction, and many important suggestions on the national high-tech research and development plan.

Qian Xuesen is an outstanding scientist and thinker. He combined scientific theory with the fiery revolutionary spirit of transforming the objective world. On the one hand, it is a profound theory, on the other hand, it is a fierce struggle, a combination of "cold" and "hot", and a combination of theory and practice. Cowards have no place to hide, and selfish people have no place to move. What is needed here is real talent and dedication. Because of Qian Xuesen's great contribution to science. The people thanked him and gave him the high honor he deserved.