Is Franklin the president or the man who discovered lightning?

There are two. Benjamin Franklin and franklin roosevelt.

Benjamin Franklin (1706 ~ 1790)

The most perfect representative of capitalist spirit,/kloc-the greatest American scientist, inventor, politician and social activist in the 8th century. The truest portrayal of his life is what he himself said: "Honesty and diligence should be your eternal partners."

1706 65438+1On October 27th, Benjamin Franklin was born in a worker's family in Boston. My father is an English immigrant. At that time, he made candles and soap. He had ten children. Franklin ranked eighth. Franklin entered school at the age of eight. Although his academic performance is excellent, his father's income can't afford him to go to school because there are too many children at home. So he left school at the age of ten and went home to help his father make candles. At the age of twelve, he was an apprentice in his eldest brother's printing factory. Since then, he has worked as a printer for nearly ten years, but his study has never stopped. He saved money for meals to buy books. At the same time, taking advantage of my work, I met apprentices from several bookstores, secretly borrowed books from bookstores at night, looked at them all night, and returned them the next morning. It was during this period that Franklin learned arithmetic that he failed in the school exam twice, and read books about navigation by Sailor and Sermi. From these navigation books, he came into contact with geometry knowledge. He also read Locke's "Human Understanding" and "The Art of Thinking", written by the Boer Loyalist School. Franklin's research is getting deeper and deeper. From popular books on natural science and technology to papers by famous scientists and works by famous writers. He once contributed under the pseudonym RichardSaunders, and the editor of the newspaper thought that the article was written by "a famous writer". Franklin left Boston on 1723, and worked as a worker in Keevil Printing House in Philadelphia and Parvi and Watts Printing House in London, England. 1In the autumn of 726, Franklin returned to Philadelphia. At this time, he had mastered the exquisite printing technology, started to run a printing factory independently, printed and distributed the Pennsylvania Newspaper, and published the Poor Richard Yearbook, which was later translated into twelve languages and sold well in Europe and America. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/727, in Philadelphia, he founded a reading club with several young people, and organized workers, technicians, shoemakers, masons and poets to discuss philosophy, science, technology and literature and art every Friday. At this time, Franklin was less than thirty years old. Through hard self-study, he became a knowledgeable scholar and an enlightenment thinker, and his reputation in North America is increasing day by day. Under Franklin's leadership, the "* * * Reading Society" existed for almost forty years, and later developed into the American Philosophy Society founded by 1743, which became the center of American scientific thought. 1769 was elected as the president of the association. At the age of 25, he founded the first public library in North America in Philadelphia and later developed into a public library in North America. At the age of 45, he founded Philadelphia College (later University of Pennsylvania).

As a politician, there are many important events related to Franklin in American and world history. From 1757 to 1775, he went to Britain as a representative of North American colonies for many times to negotiate. After the outbreak of the War of Independence, he participated in the Second Continental Congress and the drafting of the Declaration of Independence. From 1776 to 1785, 70-year-old Franklin crossed the ocean to France again. With his efforts, the United States and France formed an alliance in 1778, which won the support of the French and European people for the North American War of Independence. From 65438 to 0787, he actively participated in the formulation of the American Constitution and organized a movement against slavery. 1787 was elected as the representative of the Constituent Assembly and served as the highest executive speaker of Pennsylvania. He actively opposed the oppression and slavery of blacks and actively advocated the abolition of slavery.

In his life, he won many honors. 1753 was awarded the copley Medal by the Royal Society and honorary degrees by Harvard University and Yale University in the same year. 1756 was elected as a member of the Royal Society, 1772 as a foreign academician of the French Academy of Sciences, and 1789 as a foreign institute of the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg.

His main scientific work is in electricity. This only accounted for about ten years in his life. During the period of 1743 ~ 1744, Franklin saw a simple electrical experiment done by A.SPence from Scotland in Philadelphia and Boston, which aroused a strong desire to explore. He bought all the exhibits, and his friend Peter Cdlinson, who met at the Royal Society in London, learned about it. He sent him a lot of books, electrical works and some friction electrification equipment. Franklin and his friends from the Philosophic Society of Philadelphia conducted many electrical experiments and theoretical explorations.

Franklin made many important contributions to electricity. Through experiments, he systematically cleared up many confused electrical knowledge at that time (such as the generation, transmission, induction, storage, charging and discharging of electricity, etc.). He used to connect many Leiden bottles to store more charge. He used experiments to prove that the metal foil inside and outside the Leyden bottle has the same charge, but the electrical properties are opposite. 1747 On May 25th, he put forward the theory of single fluid of electricity in his letter to collinson, and expressed the surplus or shortage of this fluid with mathematical symbols. He also believes that triboelectrification is only charge transfer rather than creation, and the positive and negative charges generated must be strictly equal-this idea later developed into one of the basic laws in electricity-the law of charge conservation. He used this theory to explain the principle that capacitors have dielectrics.

Franklin's second greatest contribution was the unification of electricity between heaven and earth, which completely broke people's fear of lightning. 1749, while watching a series of experiments, his wife, Lida, accidentally bumped into a metal bar on a Leyden bottle and was knocked down by an electric spark. She was ill for a week. Although this was an accident in the experiment, Franklin, who was quick-thinking, thought of lightning in the air. After repeated thinking, he came to the conclusion that lightning is also a discharge phenomenon, which is essentially the same as electricity generated in the laboratory. So, he wrote a paper entitled "On lightning in the sky is the same as our electricity" and sent it to the Royal Society. But Franklin's great idea was ridiculed by many people, and some even ridiculed him as "a madman who wants to separate God from thunder and lightning".

Franklin was determined to prove everything with facts. 1752 One day in June, it was overcast with thunder and lightning, and a storm was coming. Franklin and his son William came to an open place with a kite with a metal pole on it. Franklin held the kite high, while his son flew with the kite string. Because of the strong wind, the kite was quickly put into the sky. In an instant, thunder and lightning, pouring rain. Franklin and his son are pulling a kite string together, and the father and son are anxiously looking forward to it. At this moment, just a flash of lightning passed over the kite. Franklin approached the string on the kite with his hand, and there was a terrible numbness at once. He couldn't restrain his inner excitement and shouted, "William, I got an electric shock!" " "Later, he introduced the electricity from the kite line into the Tesco bottle. After returning home, Franklin conducted various electrical experiments with lightning, which proved that lightning in the sky has exactly the same properties as electricity generated by artificial friction. Franklin's hypothesis that electricity in the sky and electricity on the ground are the same thing has been well confirmed in his own experiments.

The success of the kite experiment made Franklin famous in the scientific world. The Royal Society gave him a gold medal and hired him as a member of the Royal Society. His scientific works have also been translated into many languages. His electrical research has achieved a preliminary victory.

1753, the famous Russian electrician Lichtman was killed by lightning in order to verify Franklin's experiment, and he was the first victim of electrical experiment. The price of blood makes many people wary and afraid of lightning detection. But faced with the threat of death, Franklin did not flinch. After many experiments, he made a practical lightning rod. He fixed an iron bar several meters long on the roof with insulating material, and a thick iron wire was tightly tied to the iron bar, reaching to the ground. When lightning struck the house, it went straight into the earth along the metal pole through the conductor, and the building was intact. 1754, lightning rod began to be used, but some people think it is ominous, and it will bring drought if it goes against God's will. Steal lightning rods at night. However, science will eventually overcome ignorance. After a gust of lightning and thunder, the cathedral caught fire; High-rise buildings with lightning rods are safe. Facts have educated people and made them believe in science. Lightning rods spread to Britain, Germany, France and finally all over the world.

Franklin's contribution to science lies not only in electrostatics, but also in a wide range of research fields. Mathematically, he created the Eight Rubik's Cube and Sixteen Rubik's Cube, which have special properties and complicated changes, and are still praised by scholars. In thermodynamics, he improved the heating stove, which can save three quarters of the fuel, and is called "franklin stove"; In optics, he invented bifocal glasses for the elderly, which can not only see near things, but also see far things. He and hartle of Cambridge University used the evaporation of ether to obtain a low temperature of minus 25 degrees (Celsius) and founded the theory of evaporative refrigeration. In addition, he also studied meteorology, geology, acoustics and ocean navigation, and made many achievements.

1April 7, 790, at night 1 1 point, Franklin died suddenly. At that time, his grandchildren, Temple and Benjamin, were with him. On April 2 1, the people of Philadelphia held a funeral for him, and 20,000 people attended the funeral procession, mourning for Franklin's death for one month. Benjamin? In this way, Franklin passed the 84th spring and autumn period of his life and lay quietly in the grave in the church yard. The epitaph he wrote for himself only called himself "Franklin as a printer" and said nothing about the important positions in his later life. But French economist Turgut wrote a eulogy for him: "I got lightning from heaven and civil rights from tyrants".

Brief introduction of franklin roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States (1933 March 4th-1945 April 12)

Name: franklin roosevelt.

Nickname: "Roosevelt"

Born:1882 65438+1October 30th, Hyde Park, new york.

Died in: 1945 April 12, Georgia.

Father: James Roosevelt.

Mother: Sarah Delano Roosevelt

Wife: anna eleanor roosevelt (1884- 1962) got married in March 1905.

Children: anna eleanor roosevelt (1906-75);

James Roosevelt (1907-91);

Elliott roosevelt (1910-90);

Franklin delano roosevelt Gill (1914-88);

John Aspinwall Roosevelt (19 16-8 1)

Religion: Episcopal Church

Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1903); Then he went to Columbia Law School.

Occupation: official, lawyer

Political Party: Democratic Party

Other government positions: Member of the New York State Assembly, (1911-13)

Assistant secretary of the navy, (19 13-20)

Governor of New York, (1929-33)

Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only president in American history who has been re-elected four times. From1March 1933 to1April 1945, he died and served 12 years.

1882 65438+1October 30th, franklin roosevelt was born in a noble family on the Hudson River in new york. Father James Roosevelt is a millionaire. Mother Sarah Delano is 26 years younger than her father. Fate endowed him with handsome appearance, kind personality and intelligent talent. /kloc-entered the famous groton College at the age of 0/4, and came to Harvard University four years later.190/kloc-0 joined the * * * and party club at the age of 0, and started his political career. Also in this year, his uncle theodore roosevelt became the youngest president in American history. 1905, Roosevelt married Anna Eleanor. Eleanor is the niece of the 26th President theodore roosevelt. When theodore roosevelt was still in office, the President attended their wedding in person. They have five sons and a daughter.

Roosevelt was determined to follow his uncle into politics and found a blockbuster opportunity at 19 10. He intended to run for the Senate of new york City, but he appeared as a Democratic candidate. When he told the president's uncle, who is a Republican, the other party was very angry and scolded, "You traitor …" But franklin roosevelt didn't change his direction. He rode in a red car, made more than ten speeches every day, and was finally elected as a senator of new york City. 19 13, President Wilson appointed him as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and he served for seven years with outstanding performance. 1920, Roosevelt was nominated as the vice presidential candidate. Although he lost the election, his light as a new political star has not diminished.

Wise, capable, broad-minded and popular, it seems that nothing can stop this 39-year-old man from reaching the political peak. However, the ruthless disaster came at this time. 192 1 In the summer of, Roosevelt took his family on vacation in Campobello Island. After putting out a forest fire, he jumped into the cold sea and got polio. The prospect of high fever, pain, numbness and lifelong disability did not make Roosevelt give up his ideals and beliefs. He kept exercising and tried to regain his ability to walk and stand. Georgia Hot Springs, which he used to treat diseases, is called "the place where laughter filled the sky". 1924 returned to politics with crutches, 1928 became the governor of new York state.

Political opponents often attacked him with his disability, and Roosevelt had to fight for it all his life, but he always turned it into an advantage with excellent political achievements, excellent eloquence and abundant energy. When he first took part in the election, he told people through a spokesman: "The governor is not necessarily an acrobat. We didn't choose him because he can do forward roll or back roll. He is doing mental work and trying to benefit the people. " Relying on such perseverance and optimism, Roosevelt finally defeated Hoover with an absolute advantage of 1933 and became the 32nd president of the United States.

During Roosevelt's presidency, he encountered two unprecedented difficult periods in American history, one was the economic crisis in the early 1940s, and the other was the Pearl Harbor disaster.

1933 at the beginning of Roosevelt's first coming to power, when the storm of the Great Depression swept across the United States, unemployment, bankruptcy, bankruptcy and collapse were everywhere, and the pain, fear and despair of the United States were everywhere. Roosevelt showed overwhelming confidence. When he was sworn in, he gave a passionate speech, telling people that the only thing we are afraid of is fear itself. 1on the cold afternoon of March 4, 933, the determination and relaxed optimism of the new president "ignited a new spiritual fire in the whole country with one heart and one mind". In order to survive the economic crisis in 1930s, he formulated a series of political and economic policies to implement the "New Deal". From the beginning of financial consolidation, Roosevelt promulgated 15 important pieces of legislation in a short period of time from March 9 to September 5 of 16, which was called the "100-day New Deal" and gradually restored American industry and agriculture. 1936 at the end of his first term, faced with a 50% increase in national income, Roosevelt described it beautifully: "At this moment, factories and machines are playing together, the market is prosperous, the bank has strong credit, and cars and boats are full of passengers and goods." It is quite effective to deal with the economic crisis with the New Deal, so he was re-elected in the general elections of 1936, 1940 and 1944.

At the beginning of World War II, the United States adopted a policy of non-interference, but took tough measures against Hitler and supported the Allies with the "lease law".

194 1 65438+February 7, 2008, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, which caused the United States to suffer the most painful blow in history. Since Roosevelt, who was re-elected for three times, put forward that "we must become the arsenal of democratic countries", the United States, which intends to remain neutral, has been on the brink of war, but this attack has put it at a critical juncture of war. The day after the incident, Roosevelt declared war on Japan on behalf of the United States. He delivered a six-and-a-half-minute speech, which had a far-reaching impact on the United States and the world. He said, "No matter how long it takes to defeat this premeditated invasion, the American people must win an absolute victory with their own righteous strength." In the harsh war since then, Roosevelt led the United States and became a great anti-fascist fighter. He put forward the strategic thought of "leading the war to the enemy and to the enemy's homeland", personally decided to attack North Africa, and appointed Eisenhower and others as the commander, which was of great significance to the war at that time and later, and to the United States at that time and later. He led the United States and made great contributions to the victory of the anti-fascist war.

1939 when world war ii broke out in an all-round way, the American economy was fully prosperous because of weapons production. At first, Roosevelt wanted to remain neutral according to the will of "isolationism", and immediately understood that the United States could not stay out of the war for a long time. 194 1 year, through his efforts, he signed the Lending Act, which provided the most powerful support for the precarious Britain. This move made Churchill ecstatic and cheered: "This is the best behavior in the history of any country." Not only for Britain, but also for the Soviet anti-fascist war in the future. Since then, the United States has further revised its legislation on China and started sending warships to transport weapons. In fact, it launched an undeclared war against Germany in the Atlantic Ocean. This situation dragged on until the United States entered the war in an all-round way after the Pearl Harbor tragedy.

From 1940, Roosevelt participated in all major decisions about the world all his life, and played a leading role in them: 194 1 In August, he and Churchill met in the ocean of a peninsula in Newfoundland, held the Atlantic Conference, and jointly drafted the Atlantic Charter; 1On New Year's Day in 942, representatives from 26 countries gathered in the White House and signed the United Nations Declaration. Finally, he personally changed the name and the United Nations was born. 1943165438+10. After meeting Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo, he flew to Tehran and held a "Big Three" meeting with Stalin, which sounded the horn of the war counterattack. 1In February, 945, the "Big Three" gathered in Yalta, and Roosevelt used his ailing body to mediate, ensuring the smooth conclusion of the Yalta Agreement ... As one of the leaders of the anti-fascist alliance, Roosevelt made an indelible contribution to the victory of the war. Churchill said: "If he didn't take the action he actually took at that time, if he didn't feel the surging wave of freedom in his heart, if he didn't make up his mind to help Britain and Europe in the extreme crisis we experienced personally, then mankind would be in a terrible situation, and the whole future of mankind would fall into humiliation and disaster within centuries."

Roosevelt pursued his future "world order and lasting peace" in his later years, that is, the idea that the United States tried to control the post-war world. Until today, people can still see the obvious traces of his efforts.

Two months after the Yalta meeting, Roosevelt died quietly while recuperating in Georgia hot springs. On April 1945, a giant in modern history passed away.

Roosevelt finally didn't see his watercolor painting, but he was relieved by everything behind him: Germany surrendered unconditionally 25 days after his death, and Japan surrendered unconditionally three months later. And polio, which accompanied him all his life and struggled tenaciously, was finally conquered ten years after his death-1955 April 12. Roosevelt is famous at home and abroad and deserves to be one of several outstanding presidents in American history.

So it's totally two people.