Where is ancient Chahar?

Chahar was formed after Dayan Khan unified the Mongolian ministries in Ming Dynasty. It is called the Great Khan Guards in the history books and is headquartered in Yizhou, Liaoning Province. In the 14th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (AD 1675), he moved here from the northeast to graze. The Eight Banners of Chahar in Qing Dynasty were Chahar Zhenghongqi, Zhenghuangqi, Zhenglanqi, Zhengbaiqi and inlaid red flag, inlaid blue flag, inlaid yellow flag and inlaid white flag respectively, and the jurisdiction is now the southern part of Wulanchabu City and Xilin Gol League. From a large geographical scope, this area happens to be located in the Great Wall, about 42 degrees north latitude. From a global perspective, this line is also a farming-pastoral ecotone, with animal husbandry as the main industry in the north and agriculture as the main industry in the south. It is also an area where nomadic people in the north and Han people in the Central Plains live together for a long time. This argument has been confirmed by a large number of archaeological discoveries and real life. Based on the archaeological discoveries in Chahar and its surrounding areas, this paper briefly summarizes the development of ancient agriculture and animal husbandry in this area. ?

History has developed to the Yangshao culture stage of Neolithic Age about 6000-5000 years ago, and its remains are mostly found in the coastal areas of Daihai and Huangqihai in Chahar. The Neolithic archaeological research in these two areas is relatively mature, and systematic archaeological works have been published. At the same time, the environmental archaeological research in the two places is more systematic and comprehensive. From the analysis of more than 100 relics found in the above two areas and nearby areas, it is found that people lived a relatively settled life at that time, and there were a large number of stone household production tools in the unearthed relics, such as stone axes and shovels for land preparation, stone knives and sickles for harvesting crops, stone mills for processing grain, stone grinding sticks and other agricultural production tools. At the same time, there are a certain number of hunting stone shovels, deer, roe deer and other livestock bones, indicating that the production structure at this stage is mainly agricultural production, mainly hunting and family feeding. According to the results of environmental archaeology in this area, the climate in the sea areas of Daihai and Huang Qi is obviously warmer. The annual average temperature is about 2-4℃, and the annual precipitation is 380-580mm, reaching 650mm before 5000-4000. (1) This is the most favorable period for agricultural development in Wumeng area since 10,000 years, and its natural landscape is characterized by forest grassland and shrub grassland. ?

It should be noted here that a large number of environmental archaeological materials and real life have proved that the change of dry, wet, cold and warm conditions in the objective environment determines the development direction of agricultural and animal husbandry production. Where natural conditions adapt to the development stage of agricultural production, it is bound to be more conducive to the development of animal husbandry; However, natural conditions are suitable for the development stage of animal husbandry production, because the climate is dry and cold, which has many unfavorable factors for agricultural production. At the same time, there is a transition period between typical agricultural culture and animal husbandry culture, which should adapt to the transformation process of natural factors such as dry temperature and cold and warm climate.

Entering the stage of Longshan culture (about 4000 years ago), the climate and water quantity in this area are lower and less than those in Yangshao period. The temperature in the sea areas of Daihai and Huang Qi dropped from 2-4℃ to about 0, and the annual precipitation was 420 mm-650 mm-250 mm, showing the characteristics of changing from less to more and then decreasing. Therefore, from the favorable environment for agricultural development to the unfavorable environment for agricultural production, agricultural culture began to move southward, and the proportion of animal husbandry culture in the whole social life gradually strengthened. At this stage, the initial family-animal husbandry interlaced culture has appeared in Chahar area. In the third generation, the climate continued to develop into dry and cold, and agricultural culture could not adapt to the climate conditions in this area, so it was forced to move south and was gradually replaced by the typical animal husbandry culture-Ordos bronze culture. ?

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chahar was occupied by Rong, Di and later Xiongnu, which was equivalent to Maoqinggou in Liangcheng County during this period. 3. Drink cows and dogs? 4. Kilns in Jixian County? ⑤ There are a large number of animal bones, hunting bows and harnesses in all cemeteries, and the funeral customs are also characterized by nomadic culture in the north, indicating that the social economy at this stage is still dominated by animal husbandry. ?

During the Warring States Period, after King Wuling of Zhao "rode and shot in a rage and attacked Xiongnu in the north", Wumeng Qianshan area (south of Yinshan Mountain) was included in the sphere of Zhao's influence, and Yanmen County and Dai Jun County were under its jurisdiction, and the ancient city of Shuangcheng in Liangcheng County was built in Chahar area. ⑥ Sandaoying Ancient City in Zhuozi County? ⑦ A number of ancient cities with a certain scale. Due to the northward expansion of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, agricultural production in this area began to resume. However, the area north of Yinshan Mountain is still controlled by Xiongnu, and the social economy is still dominated by animal husbandry. ?

In a very short time, Qin unified the whole country and was replaced by the Han Dynasty established by Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty. However, its northern Xinjiang is still south of Yinshan Mountain, and Chahar area belongs to Dingxiang, Yanmen and Dai Jun. At the beginning of the founding of the Han dynasty, it was often harassed by the extremely powerful Xiongnu in the north at that time. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dou Xian, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to explore the Huns three times, and the Huns were driven to Mobei area. The Great Wall (Guanglu Great Wall) was built at the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain, and troops were sent to settle the border. Due to the scarcity of archaeological data, the economic form of eastern Chahar is still unclear. The western region of Chahar has entered the first climax of agricultural development in the historical period, and the scale and tools of agricultural production have reached a certain level. The mural tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty discovered in Xindianzi Township, Hohhot and Linger County in the early 1970s? (8) In the mural, except for the scenes of herding sheep, cattle and horses, the ploughing mode of the ploughing map was the most advanced ploughing technology at that time, which was called "two cows wrangle"; The map of the manor also reflects the labor scene of growing vegetables and retting hemp. And in the ancient cities and sites of Han Dynasty in Wumeng area, various iron agricultural production tools such as hoes and shovels are often unearthed. It can be seen that the western part of Chahar in Han Dynasty was an era of simultaneous development of agriculture and animal husbandry. ?

From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Tuoba Xianbei moved westward on a large scale, defeated the Xiongnu, and then came to the grassland area in central and southern Inner Mongolia from the Daxinganling area of Hulunbeier League in Inner Mongolia. The military alliance established by Tan, the leader of Xianbei nationality in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was formed in "Handan Mountain", which should be the southern foot of Daqing Mountain in the south-central part of Xinghe County. Pet-name ruby At the end of 4th century AD, Tuoba Tuo was restored and became king, and the first capital city of Northern Wei Dynasty, Le Shengcheng (now Tuchengzi Ancient City in Linger County), was established. Influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains, the Northern Wei Dynasty quickly established the policy of "educating farmers" and later "giving farmland by mouth". 6? 1 Biography of Tuoba Yi: "(Taizu) lives in Hebei (referring to the Hetao area north of the Yellow River) and is very popular in Wuyuan to Guyang." Chahar area is one of the areas where Xianbei remains are concentrated. Xianbei Tomb in Sandaowan, Honggetu Township, Chayouhouqi? Attending an agricultural production tool shovel unearthed in Shihuozi Village, Dakulun Township, Shangdu County (1 1)? Five pieces of iron plough mirrors and three pieces of iron plough birch were found in Northern Wei Kiln, 1 piece of iron plough share was found in Chengguan Town of Zhuozi County, and similar remains were found in Zhenglanqi. After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Tuoba Hong) moved his capital to Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province), he built the Great Wall of the Northern Wei Dynasty-the Great Wall beyond the Great Wall, and set up six famous towns in the Northern Wei Dynasty (including Fuming and Rouxuan towns in Siziwangqi and Chayouhouqi respectively). In the twenty years of Emperor Gaozu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, "six towns and six counties in the cloud, Hexi Hanguan, paddy fields in winter, canal irrigation" (Shu Wei? 6? 1 Gao Zuji). After immigrants moved into six towns and settled in fields, agricultural production in Chahar region reached a new climax. ?

During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, this area was occupied by Turks. Due to the lack of literature and archaeological discoveries about agriculture and animal husbandry, the production structure of agriculture and animal husbandry is still unclear

At the beginning of the founding of Liao Dynasty, animal husbandry was still the first important production department. 6? 1 shihuozhi "contains:" The old customs of Qidan are rich in soldiers and stronger than soldiers. Riding in the wild, riding in the people. Fight for something, Gong Guangqi, Mao Qiji. Horses chase grass, people admire fish and cheese, and they are strong and shoot raw for daily use. "Because the residents of Xijing Road in Chahar area are mainly Han people, with the passage of time, Han culture has also had a certain important impact on the agricultural development in this area. The importance of agriculture has been greatly strengthened, and together with animal husbandry, it has become an important pillar of the local economy, which can be said to be a period of simultaneous development of agriculture and animal husbandry. In particular, Xijing Road, where Chahar is located, is an important base for agricultural production in Liao Dynasty. 1997, a brick carving buried in Shou Chang's three-year tomb (12) in Yaoyao, Yan County, Liangcheng County, was the land purchase contract of Liu, Yulin Village, Fumin County, Fengzhou (the old city of Fumin County is in Liangcheng County), indicating that the land at that time had been placed under personal management and could be bought and sold freely. ?

During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the western part of Chahar was mainly the territory of Wang Jiabu, and its territory included "Shajing, Jining, Jingzhou and Yandabaozi". In the year of Renzi, the original family loved to spend no money, attached a horse, and revealed that the original family was still expelled "("Yuan Volume 17 "). It governs the vast northern and southern areas of Yinshan Mountain in central Inner Mongolia, which is related to the royal family of Yuan Dynasty and has great influence. Before Bosom Maria in Jin Dynasty, Wang Jiabu's economic life was mainly animal husbandry. Boso Maria led many people to migrate to "Jingzhou after Tianshan Mountain" (within Siziwangqi), and at the same time turned to agriculture and animal husbandry, gradually focusing on agriculture. Shajing, Jingzhou, and even Wang Guren, who lived in the middle of Inner Mongolia, were mostly engaged in agriculture, which was called "Bai Dada" at that time. Site of Hengzhou City in Northern Jin Dynasty in Dundahaote Town, Zhenglan Blue Nationality in eastern Chahar (13)? The unearthed cultural relics also reflect the agricultural production situation in this area. ?

In order to solve the problem of food shortage in Wangjiabu territory and Lingbei province, the Yuan Dynasty adopted Wang Yun's policy of "planting extensively and harvesting sparingly, so as to receive far-reaching support". Wang Yun said in "Thirty-five things to facilitate life": "New city, manhole, Jingzhou warehouse, etc. There is a heavy salary and huge grain, so it is appropriate to plow the fields nearby, fix the sand and be quiet. The general manager's office of Shajing and Jingzhou Road here are located in Honggatu Township and Jiji Ecological Township of Siziwangqi. A certain number of relics related to agricultural production, such as iron plows, iron carvings, iron hoes, iron hooks, stone wheels, stone mills and stone mortars, have been unearthed in ancient cities and tombs in Chahar and nearby areas. Used for grain processing can be seen around ancient cities and village sites in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which is enough to see the scale and development of agricultural production. At the same time, the Yuan Dynasty also sent troops to open up wasteland in this area. According to Yuan Shi? 6? 1 The military system said, "Zhong Yi's guards settled fields, and in November of the 29th year of Yuan Dynasty, they sealed the house of ten thousand households, and selected 4,000 soldiers from Datong, Longxing, Taiyuan and Pingming. On the ground of Hongzhen Town, Yanzhige, they moved and settled in fields and reclaimed 2000 hectares of wasteland. They still ordered Xijing to express their comfort and take care of it on their behalf. Later, they set up Wanhu House in Datong and other places to take care of it on their behalf. The reclamation area mentioned in this paper should be in Helinger County, south of Hohhot, and south of Wulanchabu City. In recent years, Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has carried out a large-scale archaeological investigation, excavation and research on the capital and its surrounding areas. Judging from the cultural relics unearthed in Yuan Shangdu and its nearby cemetery (14), Yuan Shangdu and its surrounding areas were regarded as "non-rice-producing areas" because of the cold climate, and its residents and officials who came to accompany the emperor mainly relied on grain allocation from other areas. However, there are also Han farmers engaged in farming, but the planting scale is small. In order to solve the food problem of the garrison and reduce the number of foreign shipments, the Yuan government also implemented barracks in Shangdu area. "Yuan history? 6? 1 military system 3? 6? 1 "Reclaiming Land" contains: "Where there are 34 villages, there are 3,000 troops and 79 tenants in Shangdu, covering an area of 4,222 hectares and 79 mu". The grain it produces is generally only used by the army. Found in Chahar area of Wulanchabu City, the first-year system was "Seal of loyalty and loyalty" (15)? It is a good example of the Yuan Dynasty army reclaiming farmland. In Chahar area, the number of agricultural production tools such as iron plowshare and plough mirror in Jin and Yuan Dynasties was more than before, which was found in almost every ethnic county. 1990 A large number of round caves were found in the Wayaogou site from the late Liao Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (16) excavated in Xindianzi Township, Helinger County, ulanqab museum. These caves have neat walls and fine processing. In particular, H63 painted a certain thickness of braised soil and lime soil on the pit wall and bottom, which is obviously used to store grain for moisture protection. This also shows that the grain production at that time not only met the local consumption, but also had a certain amount of storage. Therefore, the agricultural production in this area appeared a new climax in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. It is precisely because of the development of agriculture and commerce that it has brought unprecedented prosperity to Chahar region and increased the accumulation of wealth. Because of this, it destroyed the natural pastures in this area, made the ecology out of balance, and some grasslands gradually began to desert. ?

During the Yuan Dynasty, the development of agriculture in Chahar area did not mark the decline of animal husbandry. During this period, animal husbandry is still a very important economic sector. Chahar area, especially to the north of Yinshan Mountain, has vast land, rich aquatic plants and excellent natural pastures. There are a lot of cattle and sheep bones in the ruins of this period. 199 1 year, in the excavation of Yuan Dynasty village site No.8, Jubaozhuang Township, fengzhen city (17), the unearthed animal bones far exceeded the proportion of other cultural remains, which shows that animal husbandry occupies a large proportion in the whole production and life. The importance of animal husbandry in this area can be seen from two historical materials. "Yuan history? 6? 1 Transfer: "There was a snowstorm in Yanchou (A.D. 13 14- 1370), and all sheep, horses, camels and livestock died; The people are scattered and their children are slaves. " "Tao TuXue? 6? 1 Jia Gong tombstone: "In the ninth year of Dade (AD 1350), there was a snowstorm in Canglu, Shuofang, and the grazing was exhausted, and the people lacked food." It shows that animal husbandry still plays a very important role in people's life in this area. ?

After Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan regime and established the Ming Dynasty, Mongolians continued to maintain political power after returning to Mobei grassland, which was called "Northern Yuan" in history. The Ming Dynasty built the Great Wall of Wan Li from Sanguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, and the two regimes lasted for about 250 years. For more than 250 years, most of Chahar was not included in the compound territory. The war between the "Northern Yuan" regime and the Ming Dynasty was intermittent and did not stop completely, becoming an unmanned war zone, and the population began to move south to the north. Therefore, the production of agriculture and animal husbandry in this area has been destroyed to a considerable extent. During this period, many cities and villages were abandoned and the land was barren. ?

In the early Qing Dynasty, as the Mongolians were the main ethnic groups in this area, their economy was still dominated by animal husbandry, and the main livestock were camels, horses, cattle and sheep. The animal husbandry economy in this period is not only the means of production, but also the means of subsistence, which is the main embodiment of social material wealth. What needs to be explained here is that the level of animal husbandry production in Mongolia in the early Qing Dynasty was in a primitive nomadic state, and the level of productivity was very low. However, with the herdsmen gradually accumulating certain production experience in production practice, the production technology and feeding level have been improved to a certain extent, and some areas have begun to drill wells, set up sheds, build fences and store winter forage. At the same time, the Qing government set up official animal husbandry in Mongolia to raise a large number of livestock for the royal family and the army, which objectively promoted the development of animal husbandry production and improved the production technology and management level of animal husbandry. ?

In the early years of Qing Dynasty, although the Chahar area was dominated by animal husbandry, agricultural production was retained in some places suitable for agricultural production in this area. With the change of domestic and international situation and the repeated use of troops by the Qing government in Junggar, it is urgent to open up land nearby to solve the problem of military food supply. In this situation, the Qing government gradually relaxed the restrictions on the export of mainland Chinese to foreign countries for farming. According to historical records, the Qing government carried out two large-scale reclamation in Chahar Department in Wumeng in the second year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1724) and in Siziwangbu and Xuantong in the third year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1864). During this period, a large number of Han people moved in, and a large area of land was reclaimed, with unprecedented development of agriculture, improved farming techniques and increased grain output. Its varieties are mainly oats, millet, millet and beans. Its agricultural products can not only be supplied to Mongolia, but also be transported to other regions. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, there were "many foreigners" who ate rice in Beijing (A Record of the Holy Father of Qing Dynasty). With the development of agricultural production, the production mode of animal husbandry economy in this area has gradually developed into semi-agriculture and semi-grazing. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the agricultural economy of Chahar had surpassed the animal husbandry economy and occupied a very important position. Now the specific location is Mingde North Street.