Homo sapiens ate Neanderthals? Reveal the reasons for the disappearance of Neanderthals

Speaking of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, they are actually two interesting species. It is said that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens actually have many stories, all of which are intertwined types of love and hate, that is to say, the series of love and killing. It is said that Neanderthals all died in the end, so someone asked, how did this Neanderthal disappear? It seems to have been eaten by Homo sapiens. What was that? Did Homo sapiens really eat Neanderthals? Let's analyze and reveal these problems together!

Ancient DNA reveals that the ancestors of modern humans were "mixed" with Neanderthals. In the evolution of modern humans, there are not only struggles with other ancient humans, but also integrations-more and more evidence shows that modern humans are "mixed" with extinct ancient humans Neanderthals. Now, there is new evidence in this study: Fu Hede, American and Romanian researchers from the Institute of vertebrate paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences published an article in Nature on the 22nd, saying that the study of ancient DNA revealed that the great-great grandfather of an early modern European and Neanderthals were "half-blood".

In 2002, scientists discovered the mandible of modern people in a cave in Romania, named Oase 1. Carbon-14 dating shows that the owner of this mandible lived about 37,000 to 42,000 years ago. This is the earliest early modern skeleton with direct dating found in Europe.

Fu introduced that they conducted a purposeful large-area nuclear DNA enrichment experiment on this mandible. "The study found that this modern European about 40,000 years ago contained about 6% ~ 9% Neanderthal genes", which greatly exceeded people's initial understanding-in 2065,438+00, a study on Neanderthal genome sequencing showed that there were 1% ~ 4% Neanderthals in the genomes of early modern people and people currently living in Eurasia.

The study also shows that the "mixed blood" with Neanderthals occurred in the ancestors of 4 ~ 6 generations of Oase 1, which means that one of his great-great grandparents was Neanderthals. Fu Qiaomei said: "This date of gene exchange with Neanderthals can be traced back to less than 200 years before the existence of this European individual, which means that the gene exchange between modern ancestors and Neanderthals may not be limited to the Middle East, but may also occur in later Europe."

However, the relationship with modern people shows that compared with Africans, the group represented by Oase 1 is closer to the Eurasian group. But scientists can't find Oase 1 closer to a specific ancient group in Asia, Europe or North Asia. Scientists speculate that Oase 1 and Eurasia belong to the same ancestor. However, to some extent, Oase 1 seems to have no direct descendants in Europe. "His group was probably part of the early immigrants who interacted closely with Neanderthals in modern Europe, but it eventually became extinct."

Uncovering the mystery of Neanderthals The tragic failure of human evolution is an extremely important stage in the history of human evolution. They are very close to modern people and widely distributed in most parts of Europe and Asia. However, in the end, it failed to evolve into a modern man, but suddenly disappeared, becoming a great mystery of anthropology.

Not far from the hometown of German poet Heine, Dusseldorf, there is a canyon called Neanderthals. 1856 In August, a quarry worker excavated a human skeleton in a canyon cave. 1864, after studying these fossils, an Irish anatomist thought that these fossils represented a new race, and he called them Neanderthals for short.

Nigerians are an important stage in human history. 120,000 years ago, Nigerians lived in vast areas of Europe and Asia. It is said that French canyons, caves in Rome and valleys in China all left traces of Nigerians.

Neanderthals were much more advanced than Homo erectus. They developed a brain with a brain capacity of 1300ml. Nigerians can make more exquisite tools and learn to make artificial fires; Nigerians also learned to bury their companions. They carefully buried their dead companions with stone tools, which shows that Nigerians began to think about what to do after death.

However, about 70,000 years ago, Nigerians suddenly disappeared from the world stage, and emerging Homo sapiens stepped onto the stage of human history. The disappearance of Nigerians constitutes a great mystery in anthropology.

How did Nigerians disappear? Philip Lieberman, a linguist at Brown University in the United States, and Edmund Kling, an anatomist at Yale University School of Medicine, believe that the low language ability of Nigerians is the cause of extinction. They built a vocal tract model based on Nigerians, and then measured their pronunciation ability with a computer. The results show that the Nigerian vocal tract, like orangutans and babies, is a single-channel vocal system, and the voice can only be changed by changing the shape of C7 cavity, so the pronunciation ability is very limited. The backwardness of language affects the exchange of ideas and the development of society, so it gradually becomes extinct.

Are Neanderthals really extinct? In some remote mountainous areas now, is it possible that their descendants are scattered alone? This possibility seems to have nothing to do with the absurd Himalayan snowman and the legend of bigfoot in North America. Because the views of Neanderthals and survivors are mostly based on the research of scholars in the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. In the 1970s, professors of the former Soviet Union, Pokhris and Pakhinev, published some papers on this issue, which caused repeated reports on the existence of savages in Asia and caused endless debates.

In the 1950s, the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union reported that a group of savages called "Ciuciulla" (abandoned people or vagrants) were found in the cold and remote areas of eastern Siberia. It is said that these people have a narrow range of speech. This may be the result of gene mutation, or it may be a sign that they are descendants of Neanderthals.

However, most of the places where savages are found are in Central Asia, from the Caucasus mountains to the Gobi desert. Since15th century, local tribes and explorers have continuously reported the discovery of these mysterious and inaccessible creatures. At the beginning of the 20th century, a Red Army officer stationed in Pamirs during the Russian Revolution claimed that his soldiers chased such a creature and shot it. When describing this creature, he often uses these same words: "The forehead is tilted, the eyebrows are very thick, the nose is extremely flat, and the collar is wide, protruding to a medium height." These characteristics are very consistent with our understanding of Neanderthals. Therefore, those soldiers probably killed the last Neanderthals in the world.

In the long process of human evolution, Homo erectus may have appeared about 1.5 million years ago, and Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus about 500,000 years ago. Most anthropologists classify Neanderthals as a subspecies of Homo sapiens and call them "Neanderthals". They lived in groups about 1 to 30000 years ago. 1856 a part of skulls and other bones were found in the archaeological site of Neanderthal valley in the suburb of Rhineland, Germany. Subsequently, in Europe, North America and the Middle East, many Neanderthal bones were excavated one after another.

According to the unearthed skulls, Neanderthals look a bit like apes, but their brain capacity is equivalent to that of modern people, or even larger. Their body shape and height are similar to those of modern Eskimos, and their bodies are stout and strong. Some Neanderthals lived in caves, some camped, and most people lived near animal migration routes to ensure adequate meat supply. Besides, they catch birds and fish. They have learned how to make clothes for fire and animals, and they have aesthetics. They know how to take care of the sick and the weak and how to bury the dead. Therefore, they may have some form of religious belief.

According to the information provided by Overseas Digest in August 2000, a research team composed of French and American scientists found that Neanderthals lived in Western Europe 654.38+million years ago. The team reached this conclusion after analyzing the ancient human remains excavated on the Rhone River in southeastern France. According to the excavated fossils, Neanderthals were short and strong, with towering eyebrows.

French and American scientists said they found that Neanderthals who were good at hunting often slaughtered their own people by killing animals. Traces of human and animal bones excavated in caves clearly show that Neanderthals regularly slaughtered at least six people, including adults, teenagers and children. One of them had his tongue cut off, and the leg bone of another adult was broken to take out the bone marrow.

French archaeologist Deckler said that by observing and studying human bones and bone fossils excavated in caves, it can be clearly seen that the joints connected with human bones are cut, which is the same as animal bones.

Professor Smith, an anthropologist at the University of Michigan in the United States, believes that Neanderthals' cannibalism motives need to be verified. The preliminary speculation is that prehistoric people may regard human flesh as the same food as animal meat, or regard human flesh as a sacrifice to their ancestors.

It turns out that Neanderthals did have their own beliefs-such as offering sacrifices to their ancestors and so on. However, despite their skills and social structure, Neanderthals have become extinct. Can they not adapt to the environmental changes caused by the end of M period about 40,000 years ago? Or is it replaced by a race with more advanced skills? Or cross with more modern races and be assimilated in the process of continuous evolution. Some experts believe that Neanderthals' skulls are getting bigger and bigger, making it more and more difficult for babies to be born. Perhaps the above reasons caused the extinction of Neanderthals.

In their book The Future of Mankind, China anthropologists Li Bingwen and Paul Hu believed that the extinction of Nigerians was caused by strict inbreeding. They pointed out that consanguineous marriage has degraded the ethnic group of Nigerians and reduced the population. Neanderthals' brow bone bulged, frontal bone contracted, their upright posture was not as good as that of apes, and they staggered, which was the result of close relatives' marriage. Nigerians move slowly and their upright posture deteriorates, which puts them at a disadvantage in foraging and defending the enemy, and eventually becomes extinct, becoming a sideline on the road of human development.

Some scholars in the west believe that Nigerians were wiped out or assimilated by Homo sapiens. They believe that Homo sapiens with more advanced physique and wisdom appeared in the later stage of Nepal's development. Homo sapiens wiped out Nepalis in the struggle with Nepalis, and the remaining Nepalis also married Homo sapiens and were assimilated by Homo sapiens. Nepali fossils often have traces of injuries, which may have been left by Homo sapiens. However, most taxonomists disagree with this view, and think that Nigerians must live on vast land, and the number must be considerable. Homo sapiens cannot destroy them or assimilate them.

In the west, Nigerians have always been one of the hot spots in the archaeological field to study the origin of human beings. Apart from their facial features, they are quite close to modern people. What is even more puzzling is that they seem to suddenly disappear from the earth. In the European and American archaeological circles, some people say that they gradually evolved into Neon people living in the Paleolithic Age in Kroma, that is, Croats, others say that they are Almas, a Mongolian savage, and others say that they have mixed with modern people, and they are mixed-blooded ... Scientists prefer Nepalese who suddenly disappeared thousands of years ago. What is the truth? Let's take a look at the research process of Nepalese in the scientific community.

Dr. Marcelin Bull of the Paris Museum of Natural History came to the following conclusion: "The brain capacity is similar to that of modern people, but it is intellectually naive, and its shape is rough. It can't walk upright, and it can only bend its knees like an ape. However, in 1957, two professors of physiological anatomy in the United States, through the study of this Nepalese fossil, thought that this set of Nepalese remains belonged to an old Nepalese with mild brain atrophy and severe arthritis. As for saying that he is naive and walks like an ape, there is no basis-Nigerians are no different from modern people in form.

1984, a fairly complete Nepali remains was unearthed in the cave of Kaipala, Israel, which restored the true face of the Nepali for us: the Nepali is about 1.70 meters tall and weighs about 69 kilograms. His hyoid bone is similar to that of modern people, but unlike modern people, his brow bone and eye socket protrude upward. Compared with Homo erectus, the ancestor of modern people, Nigerians have wide cheeks and nose, high cheekbones and little tremor, and their appearance is close to that of modern people, but their heads are much larger than that of modern people, and their left and right brains have been divided. Most Nigerians are left-handed.

What surprises scientists most is that Nigerians can make and play flutes made of animal femurs. The earliest time for humans to use musical instruments can be traced back to 4000 BC. Are Nigerians who lived 4,000 years ago more progressive than modern people? What's even more amazing is that Nepalese people use big stones to chisel into stoves and mammoth bones to make stove feet, which are shaped like today's honeycomb stoves. However, the Nepalese houses 3 1400 years ago have already used column feet on the foundation, and the houses are much more advanced than Banpo site in Shaanxi, China. Moreover, Nigerians only eat cooked food, and their nutritional level is already quite high. All these show that Nigerians are smarter than modern people and have the ability to overcome natural disasters. But why is it eliminated by time?

Therefore, scientists put forward the hypothesis that Nigerians evolved into new humans. However, in the cave at the foot of Mount Carmel in Israel, there are both Nepalese remains and new human remains, and these new humans existed at least 65,438+001,65,438+065,438+000 years ago, which indicates that new humans were born long before Nepalese. Then it is impossible for new humans to evolve from Nepalese. Nigerians and newcomers have been living in the Paleolithic Age. Do people think they are married? 4/kloc-A new human skeleton was found in Tabang Cave on Mount Carmel 0/000 years ago. Once found, it is a Nepalese. So people naturally ask, what is the relationship between Nigerians and modern people?

1987, DNA experts analyze DNA. The ancestors of Nigerians and modern people should have parted ways 600,000 years ago. Is that really the case? "1993 The remains of a 2-year-old Nepalese dug up in Syria were collaged and repaired, and a child exactly like modern people appeared!

Let's not speculate on these confusing mysteries, just ask, how can a Nepalese who has evolved to such an extent or is more advanced than our ancestors disappear from the earth? Our ancestors can survive, why not?

Experts blame the sudden disappearance of species on the catastrophe of nature, but when we investigated the earth 30,000-40,000 years ago, we didn't find enough disaster evidence to lead to mass extinction, and the giant earth people are still alive, which shows that the disaster is not global. Are Nigerians really extinct because of this?

Various studies have given signals that Neanderthals are still alive. Then where are they? Dr coffman of the former Soviet Union said, "They are Almas, and they have been doing research for almost 40 years. First of all, coffman copied their images according to the information provided by witnesses about Almas; High cheekbones, big nostrils, big mouth and small jaw. Almost like Nigerians.

It is said that Almas has been seen in the Caucasus. They are quite friendly to human beings and greet each other when they meet. Witnesses said that some Alma were not afraid of people, and even went to corn fields to gnaw green corn and sneaked into local residents' homes to find leftovers to satisfy their hunger. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, a woman's "Almas" was captured in Zadan Mountain in gogas. The man took her to the village of Te Cousinat where she lived, raised her as an animal and named her Sana. Three years ago, the man asked her to live in a cabin and work as a helper at home. Many people have seen Sana, with gray-black muscles and reddish hair. She can't speak, but she can express her wishes in a moaning voice. Her master ordered her to work with simple words or gestures, which she could understand and do. As a slave, Sana later gave birth to three children for her master. The three children have dark skin and strong physique, and their language ability is no different from that of human beings. When they grew up, they all got married and had children, while their mother Sana died on 1880.

After Sana 'a's third son died at the age of 65-70, his skull was collected by Darwin Museum in Moscow in the early 1980s. According to his anthropologist, the orbit has the characteristics of Neanderthal skull in terms of the shape of the upper and rear heads.

Nevertheless, it is still difficult to determine whether Almas is of Nepalese descent and whether Nepalese are still alive without the brain of Almas's living specimen.

Homoneanderthalensis, the last mystery of the disappearance of Neanderthals, is referred to as Neanderthals for short, and is also translated as Neanderthals. It is often used as a general term for the representative population in the middle stage of human evolutionary history. Named after its fossils were found in Neanderthal caves in Germany. Neanderthals are close relatives of modern European ancestors. They ruled Europe, West Asia and North Africa from 65438+200,000 years ago, but these ancient humans disappeared 24,000 years ago.

The height of Neanderthals is 1. 5~ 1。 6 meters. Skull volume 1200 ~ 1750 cm? . Modern people's 1400 ~ 1600 cm? . The figure is characterized by a flat forehead (that is, the distance from the eyebrow arch to the hairline is much shorter than that of modern people). The mandibular angle is smooth, and the chin does not protrude forward like modern people. Strong bones and cold-resistant physique, especially the ratio of humerus to ulnar flexion, and the ratio of femur to tibia and fibula is greater than that of modern people, which is a typical anatomical feature to adapt to cold climate. They live in Europe, and their skin color should be light.

Neanderthals after computer recovery

10.5 million years ago, Neanderthals lived in the lush valleys of Europe. However, 40 thousand years ago, modern humans began to migrate from east to west from their birthplace in East Africa, sweeping across the European continent. Archaeologists found that after modern humans occupied Europe, Neanderthals began to retreat in an all-round way and entered "shelters" in southern Europe, such as Spain and Portugal, where they became extinct.

Neanderthal skull

Many anthropologists believe that the disappearance of Neanderthals was caused by the ancestors of modern people, but MichaelBarton, a professor of C., believes that Neanderthals did not actually disappear, but in the late Pleistocene, due to the pressure of culture and climate, the ancestors of Neanderthals and modern people gathered together, and the genes of Neanderthals were also integrated into the gene pool of modern people.

The researchers tracked the changes of ancient human culture and social form in western Eurasia in the past10.2 million years through archaeological data. In the last ice age, the land use patterns of Neanderthals and modern ancestors changed, and they began to communicate and mate with each other. During this period, they not only exchanged genes, but also influenced each other culturally, and because Neanderthals only lived in the western part of Eurasia, they became extinct as a small population. However, the Neanderthal genes carried by some hybrids did not disappear, but were preserved.

Riel-Salvatore also said: "Recent research on the DNA sequence of ancient Neanderthals shows that 1 ~ 4% of our modern human genes originated from Neanderthals, especially the descendants of Europeans. Although Neanderthals have disappeared as an independent race, they still "live" in our genes. "