What kind of emperor was Wei Wendi Cao Pi?

Speaking of Cao Pi, you will think of the story of Cao Zhi's seven-step poem. "Boil beans and burn beans, and the beans cry in the kettle. This is the same root, so the speculation is too urgent. " The eldest brother Cao Pi has no affection for his mother's younger brother Cao Zhi. His brother just expressed his anger by chanting poems. We don't care whether this poem is the original or not, and we don't care whether the fierce political struggle is reflected behind the Brother Wall. We just want to ask: Why is this poem so widely circulated that whenever we talk about Cao Pi, we will think of it? To answer this question, we must first know what kind of person Cao Pi is and how he behaved when he was in power.

Excellent literary talent and high martial arts.

Cao pi

As we all know, Cao Pi is a very outstanding literary critic, and he wrote a very profound literary theory work, Dian Lun. Even his poetry creation does not allow his younger brother Cao Zhi to specialize in beauty. Zhong Rong's Poems listed Cao Zhi as the top grade, Cao Pi as the middle grade and Cao Cao as the inferior grade. Many people can't agree and think it's unfair. For example, Guo Moruo objected to highly praising Cao Zhi in literature, but at the same time belittled Cao Pi's thought. 1942 wrote an article on Cao Zhi, which is quite an attempt to discuss the merits and demerits again. Of course, this also has the flavor of reversing the case. From the point of view that Jian 'an literature is lyrical and folk, Guo Moruo thinks that "(Cao Zhi) is good at imitation and decoration, which pioneered the beautiful writing in the Six Dynasties." It is not so much his job as his fault. "Relatively speaking, xelloss achievement is very obvious. He said: "(Cao Pi) is the originator of literary criticism. His poems always follow the folklore. Another example is his "Ge Yanxing", which uses only seven words and is a new form of creation. In particular, his clear temperament is really the forerunner of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry school. ..... (Zhong Rong) didn't attach importance to this school, so they (Cao Pi, Tao Yuanming) were listed as China products. Now it goes without saying that it should be * * *. In ancient times, there were people with only one eye. For example, Liu Zhifeng and Liu Xie, the author of Wen Xin Diao Long, said,' Wendy respects talents by position, and Zijian (Cao Zhi) benefits from potential', which is a fair evaluation. Wang Fuzhi also belittled Zijian and promoted Wendi. It is too exaggerated to call Cao Pi a' poet saint'. " Guo Moruo's main argument lies in the conclusion: "Seriously speaking, more than half of Cao Zijian's position in the history of literature is made up of feudal consciousness. People want to be loyal to the monarch, so they hate Cao Cao and Cao Pi and sympathize with Cao Zhi who has fallen out of favor. However, although the Taoist gentleman wanted to whitewash Cao Zhi, in the eyes of ordinary people, he was regarded as a genius, and the influence of his poems on later generations had long since become a thing of the past. "

Cao Pi's knowledge is also very good. It goes without saying that he can't write good works without good knowledge. Cao Pi himself said: When I was young, I read The Book of Songs and The Analects of Confucius. When I grew up, I made some efforts in the Five Classics and Four Books, Historical Records, Hanshu and a hundred schools of thought contend. In addition to reading, he also advocated learning, organized scholars, and wrote and sorted out various articles on the problems in the classics, reaching more than 1000 articles, called "Huang Lan".

Cao Pi is also a master of riding and shooting, which is beyond our imagination. He mentioned in Confessions of Canon that he could ride and shoot at the age of eight and often followed Cao Cao everywhere. It can be said that he was born in a turbulent world and grew up in war, so he liked to bow horses when he was young and became more skilled in adulthood. Once, Yu Xun said to him: I heard that you can shoot from left to right, which is not easy! Cao pi replied: it is not unusual to put an arrow target there and hit every arrow; Galloping in Ye Ping, hunting cunning beasts and shooting birds, you will learn something. It can be seen that he is famous for his good riding and shooting, and he is quite proud of it.

Cao Pi is also an excellent fencer. He studied hard under a famous teacher and gained a lot. On one occasion, he was drinking with several generals, one of whom was famous for his swordsmanship, claiming to be able to enter the white blade empty-handed; Cao Pi talked with him for a while, but he didn't believe what he said. The two decided to have a competition, picked up the sugar cane at hand respectively, and walked down to make a few strokes. However, after two or three rounds, Cao Pi hit the opponent's arm three times. The general refused to admit defeat, and the two men fought again. Xelloss saw that he was going to attack from the middle and deliberately retreated. When the other side went deep, xelloss raised his hand and hit the other side on the neck, and everyone watching shouted. Cao Pi said to the fencing master: You should forget what you learned in the past and learn better fencing. With that, they dropped their crutches and went back to their seats to continue drinking and having fun. Cao Pi also talked about some other skills in this self-report, and he was also very conceited. It seems an exaggeration to say that Cao Pi is versatile. Cao Pi's "self-narration" can be found in Pei Songzhi's note on the reflection of the three kingdoms, Shu Wei Wendy Ji.

Words and deeds disappointed officials.

Cao Cao

Cao * * *, Cao Pi succeeded to Wang Wei, and later became independent of Han Dynasty. How did the emperor behave at the beginning of his reign? Let's take a look at the records in Zi Zhi Tong Jian. Can be found in volume 69. In October of the first year of Chu in Huang Wendi (AD 220), Xian Di Zen was located in Wei, and Cao Pi wrote his resignation three times, and then he was promoted to the altar and sealed, that is, the position of emperor. At this time, ministers were praising the Cao family and criticizing the previous dynasty. Only Wei Zhen spoke of abdication and called it Meihan. Wei Zhen's words made xelloss quite unhappy. Cao Pi wanted to chase after the Queen Mother's parents, but Chen Qun objected, saying: Any decision made by Your Majesty will become a permanent system and must be carefully considered. According to ancient records, there is no system of women being blocked. The Book of Rites says that a woman has no title, and the title belongs to her husband. Qin violated the ancient law and Han continued, which did not conform to the concept of three generations of kings governing the country. Although Cao Pi refused to seal it, he made a system and hid it in Taige. One day, Cao Pi said to Minister Su Ze: Last time you opened the Western Regions, they presented a big bead with a diameter of one inch. Can you still get it? Su Ze said: If your Majesty manages China well and spreads his fame to the western regions, they will send it even if we don't ask for it. We asked them if it was good. One more thing, xelloss called Jiang Ji to the court, Jiang Ji went to Xia Houshang first, and Xia Houshang showed Jiang Ji xelloss's hand. Cao Pi's personal letter reads: You are my confidant general, and I have assigned you an important task. You can do whatever you want, kill if you want, and forgive if you want. When Jiang Ji arrived at the imperial court, Xelloss asked, What did you see? Hear what? Jiang Ji said: I have never seen or heard any good news; I only saw some words of national subjugation. Cao Pi's face fell and he asked angrily, What do you mean? Jiang Ji told the story of seeing the imperial edict written by the emperor in Xia Houshang, and then said, "Whatever." This is what Shangshu warned people and ministers. The son of heaven is not allowed to talk casually. The ancients were very cautious in this regard. Please be careful! "Xelloss had to send someone to get the imperial edict back.

Not long after, Cao Pi wanted to transfer 100,000 foot soldiers from Jizhou to Luoyang, Henan. At this time, it coincides with the drought, locust plague and poor people. All the officials thought it was not feasible, but Cao Pi insisted. Xin Pi, one of Cao Pi's main advisers, joined some ministers to meet the emperor. Xelloss knew their purpose. After meeting, he looked pale and angry, and everyone dared not speak. Xin Pi said, "What reason does your majesty have to move these scholars?" ? Cao Pi said: Do you think my idea is wrong? Xin Pi said: I really don't think it's right. Xelloss said, I won't talk to you. Xin Pi said, "Your Majesty thinks I'm not bad, so he put me beside you as a staff officer." . How can you not discuss it with me? I'm not talking about myself, but for the people of the world. How can your majesty be angry with me? Xelloss didn't answer, got up and went in. Xin Pi got up at this time, followed up, grabbed xelloss's clothes, and xelloss struggled to throw Xin Pi's hand off. After a while, he came out and said, Xin Pi, you have gone too far! Xin Pi said: People who migrate now will not only lose people's hearts, but also make food a problem, so I will fight hard! Cao Pi decided to emigrate, but the number was reduced by half. Once, Cao Pi wanted to go out and shoot pheasants, and said to the ministers that it was really interesting to shoot pheasants. Xin Pi said: Your Majesty is very interesting; But for us ministers, this is a hard job. Xelloss can't talk, and there are fewer things to go hunting in the future.

What do we think of Wei Wendi's performance at the beginning of his reign? Let's think about it from two aspects. Let's think about Cao Pi's usurpation of the Han Dynasty as emperor. What kind of mentality does his behavior reflect? Did he think about the people? Has he thought of the reason for doing things? I don't think so. What's he thinking? Nothing more than being in power, you can do whatever you want. His attitude that there is no "serious" thing in his heart has actually been revealed very early. In AD 2 17, Cao Cao appointed Cao Pi as the Prince. This is after a rather fierce political struggle. Cao Cao had to accept that one side supporting Cao Pi suppressed the other side supporting Cao Zhi. Cao Pi was made a prince, and he was very happy. After the court, he put his arm around Xin Pi's neck and said, Lao Xin, guess if I'm happy or not. Xin Pi told her daughter Xin Xianying when she got home. Hyun-young sighed and said, The prince has a great responsibility. As a prince, you should feel cautious and afraid, for fear that you can't afford it. How can you only think about happiness? I think Wei's prospects are not optimistic! After this sentence in Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Hu Sansheng wrote this comment: "Women's wisdom and knowledge are beyond men's reach." Xin Xianying is extremely clever. Her deeds can be found in Shi Shuo Xin Yu Yuan Xian and Biography of Women in Jin Shu for our reference. Her words, to some extent, also reflected people of insight's cognition of Cao Pi. Second, we might as well think about it: Wei Zhen, Chen Qun, Su Ze, Xia Houshang, Jiang Ji and Xin Pi, what will they feel after they come into contact with the new emperor? They will think that the new emperor is not bad, and we can do something for him; Or is this new emperor really terrible? It's a mess, much worse than the versatile prince of Wei we used to know. I think the possibility of the latter is definitely much higher than the former.

Insist on cutting Wu and return in vain.

At the beginning of his reign, he did not perform well, which may be because he was a novice on the road, did not understand the situation and was not familiar with government affairs, so the situation was repeated. How did you perform afterwards? There seems to be no fundamental improvement. Perhaps a person's temperament determines his actions, and time can't help. In the second year of Cao Pi's accession to the throne, a great event happened between the three countries. Because of Guan Yu's death, Liu Bei decided to attack Wu. At this time, Wu felt extremely nervous. He was not afraid of the Shu army going down the river, but worried that Wei would take the opportunity to invade. So, he quickly sent someone to introduce Wei and pay tribute to Cao Pi, and also sent back the famous Wei who was captured by Guan Yu and imprisoned in Jingzhou to relieve the pressure from the north. Wei Chaoting certainly discussed this matter. Everyone congratulated xelloss, but Ye Liu objected. Ye Liu was Cao Cao's trusted and trusted minister. Ye Liu said: Today, the world is three-thirds, China is eight-tenths, Wu is one, and Shu is one. Small countries support each other according to the terrain, and both sides benefit. Today, Wu and Shu attack each other because God wants them to perish. We set out on a large scale to attack Wu, Shu attacked the periphery of Wu, and we attacked the heart of Wu. Wu was destroyed in ten days. Even if Wu dies, Shu can't last long. Besides, Shu got the periphery of Wu, and we got the center of Wu. Cao Pi said: If people come to surrender, we will still fight, so that no one will surrender in the future. It is better to accept Wu's surrender and send troops to attack Shu! Ye Liu said: Shu is far away from Wu. When Shu heard that China was going to attack him, he returned to the army. Today, Liu Bei was furious and sent troops to attack Wu. I heard that we will also fight Wu. Knowing that Wu will die, we must fight more actively. This is a good opportunity! Xelloss wouldn't listen. Under this passage, it reads: "If Wei uses Liu Ye's plan, Wuqi will be in danger."

Liu Bei's army went to war and was defeated by Lu Xun, the general of Wu State. When Cao Pi heard that the Shu army had a battalion of 700 Li, he said, Liu Bei doesn't know the art of war. How can a battalion of 700 Li win? Everyone may have heard of this story, and it also left the impression that Cao Pi was familiar with the art of war. But you know, after the Wu crisis was lifted, the attitude towards Wei changed and he refused to send the prince as a hostage. Cao Pi was very angry. He refused to listen to the dissuasion of many ministers and was bent on punishing Wu. Jia Yi made it very clear: Liu Bei has great talent, Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country, Sun Quan has knowledge, and Lu Xun can use troops; At present, among the ministers, Liu Bei and Sun Quan are equal, and even if they use personal expedition, they may not be able to win the battle. Xelloss didn't listen, he sent his troops to point to Jiangdong. And the result? In four years (A.D. 223), the generals of Wei were impetuous and reckless, which made some old ministers tremble with fear, saying that Cao Cao was cautious in using troops in those years and dared not be so bold. As a result, a series of tactical mistakes appeared, and it was inevitable that the generals would stop them and quit in vain. The following year, Cao Pi still didn't listen to the ministers' advice, and the dragon boat was caught in a storm in the river, which was extremely thrilling and almost capsized. Another year, Cao Pi once again made a personal expedition and entered the old town of Guangling mainly with the water army. (Hu Sansheng's Note: Guangling was formerly called Wuhu City, but its place is not available today. ) by the river, more than 100 thousand foot soldiers, hundreds of miles with flags, are ready to cross the river; The people of Wu hold fast to Yan Bing on the south bank and never give in. At this time, it is freezing, and ships can't enter the river. Cao pi can only sigh: the north and south of the great river, this is the north-south boundary of God! So, ordered the withdrawal. Wu Pai 500 death squads ambushed Cao Pi on his way back. Cao Pi's auxiliary car and feather cover were snatched away by Wu, which scared Cao Pi half to death. Without Jiang Ji's plan along the way, it would be difficult for the fleet to use the water of Jinghu Lake to return to the north. From these things, we can see that Cao Pi's military accomplishment may not be much different from that of Zhao Kuo during the Warring States Period, and it is all an armchair strategist.

If you are narrow-minded and narrow-minded, you must pay for it.

Although Cao Pi is versatile and conceited, his performance in governing the country is really lacking, mainly because he is very narrow-minded. As long as the courtiers offend him, he will take revenge for an excuse. Even though many ministers took it hard and asked him again and again, he still stubbornly refused to stop. There are some examples in Volume 70 of Zi Zhi Tong Jian: When Cao Pi was a prince, his wife and brother were guilty, Bao Xun tried according to law, Cao Pi defended himself, Bao Xun ignored him, and Cao Pi hated Bao Xun's guts. Xelloss acceded to the throne, Bao Xun remonstrated several times, and Xelloss hated him even more. When Cao Pi attacked Wu Liu, the satrap met Bao Xun, instead of taking the right path, he took the right path. Some people want to punish the satrap, but Bauson thinks that the camp has not been built and there is no need to be so strict. After Cao Pi knew it, he rebuked Bao Xun for calling a deer a horse and sentenced him severely. Many ministers, such as Zhong You, Hua Xin, Chen Qun, Xin Pi, Ruan Gao and Wei Zhen. He spoke for Bao Xun one after another, and even mentioned that Bao Xun's father Bao Xin had made contributions to Cao Cao, hoping not to impose a heavy sentence, and Xelloss refused. Therefore, Cao Pi invited Gao Rou, who was in charge of criminal law and refused to carry out imperial edicts, to Taige and sent people directly to the prison to execute Bao Xun. One more thing, it was also caused by Cao Pi when he was a prince. On one occasion, Xelloss borrowed a hundred silks from Cao Hong. Cao Hong was a rich and stingy general in ancient times. Cao Hong was angry at the poor quality of the silk he lent him. Later, on the grounds that Cao Hong's guests broke the law, Cao Hong was put into prison and sentenced to death. The minister tried to save him, but Cao Pi ignored him. At this moment, Empress Bian, xelloss's mother, became angry, called xelloss and scolded him, saying that Cao Hong did a good job when he was with your father. Without him, we would not be here today! He also called Queen Guo and said, "Today Cao Hong dies, and tomorrow I will waste you!" ! Only under the crying and persuasion of Queen Guo can Cao Hong save his life. After reading this, we might as well close the book and think about it: What kind of emperor is Cao Pi in the minds of Zhong You and others? Zhong You and others talk privately. When it comes to xelloss, what kind of expression will it be? These things will not be recorded in history books, but as long as we readers think about it, the answer is not difficult to emerge.

Some narrow-minded things about Cao Pi are not recorded in the annals of the Three Kingdoms. Here's an example to summarize the rest. In the year of Huang San (AD 222), Cao Pi briefly introduced that when Cao Pi attacked Wu and went to Wancheng, officials were not allowed to interfere in counties. The knights of Wancheng cannot understand the will of the imperial edict. When xelloss arrived, the city gate was not open. Xelloss was furious, ordered an investigation, and took Wan Ling and the satrap Yang Jun into custody. Yang Jun used to have a good relationship with Cao Zhi. When Cao Cao decided to be a prince, he made an unannounced visit to the group company. Yang Jun praised Cao Zhi, which made Cao Pi very dissatisfied. There's no reason not to kill Yang Jun this time. Sima Yi, Xun Wei, Wang Xiang and others all begged for mercy, but it was useless. Yang Jun said: I know what crime I have committed. He committed suicide, and everyone was very sad. This passage is found in the Biography of the Three Kingdoms Yang Junchuan, and Pei Songzhi added the story of Wang Xiang, which is also worth reading. Wang Xiang was promoted by Yang Jun, and together with Xun Wei, he was a subordinate of Prince Xelloss. Cao Pi ascended the throne, and Wang Xiang was ordered to compile the Yellow Orchid Classic, which has been compiled for several years, with more than 40 volumes and more than 8 million words. Wang Xiang has a gentle personality and elegant language, and is highly respected by the people in Beijing. He followed xelloss to the south and heard that Yang Jun was occupied. Emperor Wen asked again: How many local officials did Emperor Han Ming kill? Knowing the danger, the elephant king immediately ran to see Emperor Wen, kowtowing and bleeding, begging not to be executed ... Cao Pi didn't answer, but turned and left. The elephant stepped forward and grabbed Wendy's clothes. Xelloss turned to Elephant King and said, I know your relationship with Yang Jun. If I listen to you today, there will be no me. Would you rather not have me or Yang Jun? The elephant king had to stop when he heard Wendy say such a heavy thing. Wang Xiang failed to save Yang Jun. It is conceivable that he was depressed and resentful, and soon died of illness. When we read this, we might as well ask: Yang Jun said he knew what crime he had committed. What crime does he mean? It must not be that the market is closed, but that Cao Cao made an unannounced visit to Qunsi. I have to ask again: Why did Wang Xiang die of illness? That must be his resentment to the extreme. What does he resent? Think about it and you'll get the answer.

Talent is not bad, performance is not good.

What kind of emperor is Cao Pi? Ask him who the ancient emperor admired? He would say that Emperor Wendi was kind, generous and kind, and devoted himself to inspiring the people with truth, much like a monarch like a saint. Xuan Mo, who is kind and generous, wants to educate people by virtue. ) This is his own words. But he criticized Emperor Wendi from three aspects: first, he forced his uncle Zhao Bo to death; Second, he preferred courtier Deng Tong; Third, he likes Mrs. Shen, who is too thrifty to mop the floor. It seems that xelloss is still not satisfied with China Wendi!

Sun quan

What do people think of him except Cao Wei? Sun Quan said that Cao Pi was far inferior to his father, Cao Cao, for the following reasons: Cao Cao killed more people, ignored human feelings and treated others harshly, which was a shortcoming; As for commanding generals and commanding operations, few people can compare with him since ancient times. "Pi is going to fuck, it is not as good as it is." Sun Quan has met their father and son many times and knows them very well. In short, the meaning of "not as good as" is very rich. In Sun Quan's view, Cao Cao is worse than Cao Pi. "Today, Cao Cao is not as good as Pi, and Jude Pi is not as good as Cao Cao", which is even more disgusting. This passage is recorded in the biography of the reflection of Zhu Gejin. Pei Songzhi thinks that Sun Quan thinks Cao Cao is too low, but he doesn't agree. The evaluation of Cao Pi seems to be approved, because he did not raise his objection.

What do historians think of Cao Pi, the founding emperor of Wei? Chen Shou, the author of "The History of the Three Kingdoms", commented on Wei Wendi as follows: Wendi's literary talent is high, he can write good articles with a pen, his knowledge is wide, and his talents in other fields are also outstanding; If you are open-minded, sincere and fair to others, ambitious and ambitious, even the ancient sages are just so! (Wendi is brilliant, literary talent is flying, writing a chapter, knowledgeable, talented and beautiful; If we add magnanimity to it, encourage it with fairness and sincerity, and keep the Tao in mind, then the ancient saints will be far away! ) "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" selected Chen Shou's paper and expressed his strong approval.

We say that Cao Pi is versatile and knowledgeable, but he never considers serious matters and is narrow-minded. In fact, these views have long been said by ancient historians. Compared with our words, they are beautifully worded and have profound implications. It can be seen that the wonderful exposition of ancient history books is irreplaceable by modern people. After teaching, why don't we pick up the classics and use Zhu's reading method to read slowly, swim modestly, read quietly and slowly. In this way, some ancient emperors and ministers, their own policies, can be clearly presented in our minds, so that we can learn some truth in the world from their treatment of people and the management of the country.

In my opinion, understanding these secular truths should be one of our important goals in studying history; Explaining this course and making students understand these truths is one of the main tasks of our history teacher.