Shenzhen dialect

Before the reform and opening up in Shenzhen, most of the aborigines spoke Hakka, Cantonese or Dapeng dialect. According to the statistics of Baoan county government, the number of people who used the original dialect in Shenzhen before 1979 was 333,579, and 758 16 households. Among them, the agricultural population is 270,838, accounting for 8 1.2 1% of the total population, and the non-agricultural population is 62,759, accounting for 18.79%. At 1979, it dropped to 24 1, 7 1 1. At the end of 20 17, the resident population exceeded12.5 million. According to the data of the seventh census, as of 0: 00 1 1 on June 2020, the permanent population of Shenzhen was 1756006 1.

The native language of Shenzhen is about 340,000 indigenous people. According to the statistics of 1985, about 1 1000 people in Baoan speak Cantonese, accounting for 44% of the registered population in the county at that time. The Hakka population in Longgang is about 6.5438+0.4 million, accounting for 56% of the registered population in the county. According to 1990 statistics, the population of Dapeng dialect is 30633, accounting for 9% of the county's population. Because the local government classified Dapeng dialect as Baoan Cantonese at that time, the actual population of Baoan Cantonese should be around 80,000, accounting for 35% of the registered population in the county. )。 We believe that after the reform and opening up, a large number of migrants moved in, so the actual number of people who use Cantonese, Hakka and Dapeng dialect in Shenzhen should be low, but there are also many immigrants who moved from Shenzhen to Hong Kong and abroad. Therefore, these figures are generally credible.

Distribution of Shenzhen Hakka dialect, Shenzhen Hakka dialect is mainly distributed in eight towns in Longgang District: Kengzi, Pingshan, Pingdi, Longgang, Kwai Chung, Henggang, Buji and Pinghu. Guanlan, Longhua and Shiyan towns in Baoan District; Most natural villages in Sha Tau Kok, Yantian, Dameisha and xiaomeisha in Yantian District. There are also Hakka dialects in Luohu, Futian and Nanshan districts, which are mainly distributed in the southern foothills of the mountains in the north of the three districts. It starts from Changling Village in the east and connects Li Antang, Xilingxia, Luofang, Wu Tongshan (most natural villages), Dawang, Shuiku New Village, Buxin, Caopu, Nigang, Shangmeilin (part), Xiameilin, Shahe (most) and Xili (most natural villages) to Le Tong Village in the west, forming a strip distribution. This distribution shows that the Hakkas in these three districts are all latecomers. 1994, about 200,000 of the original residents in Shenzhen spoke Hakka. The Chinese Dialect Volume B 1- 17 in the Atlas of Chinese Language (Second Edition) of 20 12 divides the Hakka dialect in Shenzhen into Hui Mei patches in Guangdong and Taiwan Province. The pronunciation of Hakka dialects in Shenzhen is very different, so Henggang dialect, which is located in the distribution center of Hakka dialects in Shenzhen, is selected as the representative in Shenzhen Annals. Shenzhen Hakka dialect has 17 initials (including zero initials), 40 finals and 6 tones. The Hakka dialect area in Shenzhen is estimated to be 136 1.06 square kilometers, accounting for 68% of the city's total area.

Cantonese in Shenzhen is mainly distributed in Xixiang, Fuyong, Gong Ming, Shajing and Songgang in Baoan District. Pinghu 1 Town, Longgang District (most natural villages); Luohu, Futian and Nanshan natural villages in the south-central area. There are also aborigines in bright farm who also speak Cantonese. 1994, about170,000 of the original residents in Shenzhen spoke Cantonese. Chinese Dialect Volume B 1- 17 of Atlas of Chinese Language (Second Edition) on 20 12 divides Shenzhen Cantonese into Guangfu films. The pronunciation of Guangzhou dialect in Shenzhen is quite different, so Xixiang dialect, which is located in the distribution center of Guangzhou dialect, is selected as the representative in Shenzhen Annals. Shenzhen Cantonese has 18 initial * * (including zero initial), 48 finals and 8 tones. The Hakka dialect area in Shenzhen is estimated to be 636.4 1 km2, accounting for 32% of the city's total area.

The dialect distribution described above is only a rough division. In fact, many villages and towns have both Hakka and Cantonese. For example, the original inhabitants of Pinghu Town basically speak Cantonese, but Mu Xin and Shangmugu Village speak Hakka. Shiyan Town speaks almost Hakka, and the only Langxin Village speaks Cantonese. Dapeng and Nan 'ao are areas where Hakka dialect and Dapeng dialect live together.

In addition, there are sporadic Minnan dialects in Shenzhen, such as Sheli Neighborhood Committee in Nanshan District, Fuxin Neighborhood Committee in Futian District, Longweifang in Cuizhu Street in Luohu District, Lixin Neighborhood Committee and Nantang Neighborhood Committee in Xin Ganghong Community and Dongmen Old Street, and individual natural villages in Nan 'ao Town.

According to Tang Zhixiang (20 15), the geographical distribution of Shenzhen dialect is shown in the figure.

As mentioned above, except Nanshan District, Futian District, Luohu District and Yantian District, other areas are mainly streets, which is roughly consistent with the scope of villages and towns in the 1980s and 1990s. The dark background is Cantonese, the light background is Hakka and the striped background is Dapeng dialect. Dapeng dialect is a mixed dialect of Cantonese and Hakka, and some scholars think it is military dialect. The topic of "Military Dialect" is included in the Atlas of Endangered Chinese Dialects and Languages, a Class A key scientific research project of China Academy of Social Sciences. Qiu, the person in charge of it, denied this view after investigation, and (20 15) did not classify it as Cantonese or Hakka. However, Liu (20 10) thinks that Cantonese is influenced by Hakka contact.

It should be noted that there are also Hakka villages in Cantonese, residents in Hakka dialect and residents in Dapeng dialect. In addition, the influx of foreign population into Shenzhen far exceeds the local population in Shenzhen, which brings difficulties to the learning of pure "native" languages and the drawing of dialect maps. The situation is more complicated, but it can be roughly drawn according to the records of Shenzhen, as shown in Figure 2.

In addition to these dialects, there is Tujia dialect (Tang Zhixiang, 20 15) used by fishermen who have lived in rivers, lakes and seas for a long time, also known as "Jiwei dialect" or "Fisherman dialect". There are two kinds of Jiadan dialects in Shenzhen. The first one is "Cantonese Dialect" close to Guangzhou Cantonese, which was brought by Tujia people to the east of the Pearl River Estuary. The second category is "Min Dialect", which is brought by fishermen in Hailufeng area, and its language system is close to Hailufeng Dialect, a min dialect in eastern Guangdong. These Tujia dialects are scattered in Hakka, Cantonese and Dapeng dialect areas in the form of dialect islands (villages as a unit), and the number is very small.

The geographical characteristics of Hakka distribution in Shenzhen are: the terrain in this area is mainly hills and mountains. Longgang Hakka is connected to Zhangmutou and Qingxi Hakka in the south of Dongguan in the northeast, Huiyang Hakka in the north and east, Sha Tin, Tai Po, Sai Kung, Tuen Mun, Tsuen Wan, Kwai Tsing and Sha Tau Kok in the south of New Territories in Hong Kong in the southeast, and Baxiang in Yuen Long District is connected to Tung Chung Township, Tai O Township, Mui Wo Township and Nandao Township on outlying islands. This geographical distribution fully shows that Hakka dialects in northern and eastern Shenzhen have long been inseparable from Hakka dialects in Meizhou, northern Guangdong. Longgang Hakka dialect is a branch of Huiyang Hakka dialect extending westward. Longgang Hakka dialect, Huiyang Hakka dialect and Hong Kong New Territories Hakka dialect form a continuous Hakka dialect continuum from west to east and from north to south.

The geographical features of Cantonese distribution in Shenzhen are: the terrain in this area is mainly along the lowlands of the Yangtze River and the main road connecting Hong Kong. Including the old city of Bao 'an County (the old Luohu market), the old city (the old city of Xin 'an) and the traffic arteries from Guangzhou in the north to Hong Kong in the south. The topography of this area is mainly that Baoan Cantonese (Shajing, Gong Ming, Songgang and Pinghu) is connected with Cantonese Chang 'an Dialect and Dalingshan Dialect in the southwest of Dongguan in the northwest along the Yangtze River and coastal lowlands, and the southern part (Luohu and Futian) is connected with Cantonese (Weitou Dialect) in the New Territories of Hong Kong. This forms a continuous Cantonese dialect continuum from north to south. This geographical distribution fully shows that the southern and western parts of Shenzhen have long been closely linked with the Pearl River Delta, which is dominated by Cantonese people. These places have long been the political, economic and cultural active areas of the Pearl River Delta. Gong Ming dialect, Songgang dialect and Shajing dialect in the northwest of Baoan Cantonese are connected with Dongguan, Pinghu dialect in the north is connected with Tangxia dialect and Fenggang dialect in Dongguan, and Weitou dialect in Futian and Luohu in the south belongs to the same dialect as Weitou dialect in the New Territories in the north of Hong Kong.

The geographical feature of Dapeng dialect in Shenzhen is that this area is an independent peninsula area. It is surrounded by water in the east, west and south, Dapeng Bay in the east, Daya Bay in the west and the South China Sea in the south. The area is mainly mountainous, and only a few coastal areas have been razed to the ground. Dapeng dialect is distributed in Dapeng Suo city and its surrounding areas, passing through Dapeng Peninsula in the easternmost part of the southeastern tip of Shenzhen, including Dapeng Town and Nan 'ao Town. Dapeng area once belonged to Old Baoan County for a long time, and was once called Old Baoan Area 3. That is, it belongs to the traditional jurisdiction of Baoan County in history. Dapeng and Nan 'ao Town are connected to Kwai Chung Town in the north, so Dapeng dialect seems to be connected to a Hakka area in the north, and echoes Weitou dialect and Hakka dialect in the New Territories of Hong Kong in the south. Long-term communication with northern and southern regions in farming, fishing, personnel and other life and economic activities has made Dapeng dialect show the language characteristics of Hakka and Cantonese mixed dialects.

Judging from the actual situation of language distribution and language use, Shenzhen has certain particularity. So discuss it from the perspective of Shenzhen's language life mode. This has to start with the dialect of Baoan County, the predecessor of Shenzhen, the so-called local dialect. According to Tang Zhixiang's "Geographical Distribution Characteristics of Shenzhen Local Dialects" (20 15), Baoan County was originally a multi-dialect storage area, just at the junction of Cantonese, Hakka and Minnan dialects, among which Hakka and Cantonese are the most widely distributed. 1985, the population using Hakka in Shenzhen was about140,000, accounting for 56% of the county's total population. There are about 80,000 people who use Cantonese, accounting for 35% of the county's total population. There are about 30,000 people using Dapeng dialect, accounting for about 9% of the county's total population. It can be seen that Hakka dialect has certain advantages in Shenzhen local dialect, and Cantonese is also quite competitive. It took only 40 years for Shenzhen to develop from a county-level region into a central city with a population of over 10 million and a highly developed economy. During this period, the population of Shenzhen expanded greatly, and a large number of people gathered from Guangdong and even all over the country. The surrounding areas of Shenzhen, especially Guangzhou and Hong Kong, are all areas where Cantonese is dominant, and new residents from the Pearl River Delta region also account for a large number, which has enhanced the competitiveness of Cantonese in Shenzhen's language society to some extent. At the same time, young people gathered all over the country to participate in the construction of Shenzhen in the 1980s began to thrive in this new immigrant city, and the "second generation" (generally referring to the descendants of the builders of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone) grew with the development of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. They preferred Mandarin as their communication language in school and social communication, which further solidified the users and competitive advantages of Mandarin in language life and gradually formed a language life mode of "Mandarin-Cantonese-Other Dialects" in Shenzhen. The pattern of this model is "Cantonese is the main language, and many languages coexist". Its characteristics are: (1) Putonghua is the primary social communication; (2) Cantonese (Cantonese) is a secondary social communication lingua franca in urban life; (3) Various dialects are popular in urban life; (4) The local Hakka dialect and Weitou dialect are gradually becoming weak and endangered dialects. The change of language life in Shenzhen is a typical example of the change of urban language.