Introduction to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Qin Shihuang, Emperor Xiaowen, etc.

The emergence of national integration

1. The great integration of northern ethnic groups

① The "Five Hu" and other northern ethnic minorities who moved to the Central Plains after the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after intermarriage and intermingling with the Han people, learned from each other and complemented each other in production. By the end of the Northern Dynasty , the differences between Hu and Han gradually disappeared, and great national integration was achieved.

② The acceptance of Hanization by ethnic minorities is essentially promoting their feudalization, and feudalization is conducive to the integration of ethnic groups.

③The realization of national integration prepared the conditions for the unification and prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

2. The integration of ethnic groups in the north and south, southwest and northwest

① Zhuge Liang of Shu State paid attention to improving relations with ethnic minorities in the southwest region, encouraged ethnic minorities to actively develop the local economy

, and accelerated the development of the southwest region Feudalization of ethnic minorities.

② The State of Wu conquered, surrendered and won over the Yue people. Together with the Han people, the Yue people jointly developed the south of the Yangtze River and promoted national integration.

③Due to the war in the north, a large number of people from the Central Plains moved southward, which objectively promoted the process of ethnic integration.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

1. Weakened the local separatist forces and strengthened the centralized unity of the central government

Promulgated the "Tian En Order" and "Zuoguan Law". In 127 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhufu Yan's suggestion and issued the "Tianfa Order": after the death of the princes, except for the eldest son who inherited the throne, other children could divide part of the kingdom's land into princes, and the princes would be under the jurisdiction of the county governor. . In this way, the territory of the kingdom can be reduced from large to small to disperse its power. "A big country can only be more than ten cities, and a small prince can only be dozens of miles away." The princes "everyone got what they wanted" and supported the central government, further strengthening the central power. At the same time, he took advantage of the rebellion plotted by King Liu An of Huainan and King Liu Ci of Hengshan and ordered the arrest of the two kings. The two kings committed suicide out of fear of crime, implicating tens of thousands of princes, officials and guests who were killed. Emperor Wu therefore formulated the "Law of Zuoguan" and the "Law of Additional Benefits". The former ordered Wang Guanguan to be "Zuoguan" to show discrimination, and the latter restricted seven people from interacting with the princes and kings. The princes and kings are not allowed to invite guests. Some princely states were also abolished by using gold to win titles. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, among the 143 people who were granted the title of marquis in the early Han Dynasty, only 5 remained; among the 75 people who were granted the title of marquis by Emperor Wu for meritorious service, 68 people lost their title; among the 175 people who were granted the title of marquis by grace, 113 people lost their title. . At this point, the problem of separatist forces formed by the enfeoffment in the early Han Dynasty was fundamentally solved.

Secondly, use cruel officials to crack down on local tyrants. While weakening the princes and princes, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attacked the local tyrants who dominated one side and hindered the unification of political orders. He ordered them to be moved to Guanzhong and monitored nearby, so as to achieve the goal of "strengthening the capital at home and selling treachery abroad" and "not punishing them". The purpose of "removal of harm" ("Book of Han·The Biography of Yan Zhu Wuqiu Master Xu Yanzhong Wang Jia").

2. Reform the political system and strengthen the imperial power

Mainly include the establishment of the "Sino-Korean System" to weaken the power of the prime minister; the establishment of the Thirteen Prefectures to suppress local powerful forces , strengthen the central government's control over local officials; establish an army of retainers and imperial guards to strengthen the emperor's protection and military defense; implement an inspection and promotion system to select officials through inspection and recommendation.

3. Reform the finance and strengthen the central power

Unify the currency, return the power to mint money to the central government, mint five baht coins as the unified legal tender of the country; specialize in salt, iron and all exports Equilibrium method. The official operation of salt and iron and the adjustment of transportation played an important role in stabilizing prices and stabilizing the economy; Ji Min and Gao Min played an important role in cracking down on wealthy businessmen and strengthening centralization.

4. Only respect Confucianism and implement cultural autocracy

“Depose hundreds of schools of thought and only respect Confucianism.” After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he accepted Dong Zhongshu’s suggestion: “Everything is not within the six arts. , Confucius's art should be rejected by all those who follow it, and should not be allowed to advance at the same time." ("Hanshu Biography of Dong Zhongshu") means "depose hundreds of schools of thought and only respect Confucianism." From then on, Confucianism transformed by Dong Zhongshu became the ruling ideology. Dong Zhongshu of the Gongyang School of Confucianism mainly focused on Confucianism, mixed with Yin-Yang, Five Elements and some elements of Legalism, and developed New Confucianism into an objective idealist ideological system. Dong Zhongshu's thoughts provided a theoretical basis for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization of power. Dong Zhongshu also actively advocated that to respect heaven, one must respect the king, and put the feudal imperial power under the cloak of "divine right of kings". Dong Zhongshu advocated "taking education as a major task" and also advocated "the appropriateness of correct legal regulations", which in essence was "external Confucianism and internal law". Dong Zhongshu advocated the "Three Cardinal Guidelines and Five Constant Rules" and emphasized the need to "use both virtue and punishment" to govern the country. Therefore, he was praised by Emperor Wu and issued an edict throughout the country. This kind of kingly, domineering and miscellaneous ruling ideology has been pursued by successive feudal rulers since then.

In order to cultivate ruling talents according to Confucianism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion: "Promote Taixue and appoint famous teachers to educate the world's scholars." ("Hanshu Biography of Dong Zhongshu") So, in the central government The Imperial Academy was established, and doctors of the Five Classics were established to teach Confucian classics. In addition, schools were also established in counties and counties, and students were taught using the "Five Classics" as teaching materials.

The establishment of Taixue and county schools to "depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" was a major measure taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization in the ideological and cultural fields.