History of social work development

I. Background of Social Work Development 265438+The new trend of social work development in China in the 20th century 265438+The 20th century is a century of "great civilization transformation".

2 1 century China society is changing: the social composition is becoming more and more complex, the social structure is readjusted, social interests are redistributed, and social life is changing rapidly. In the process of continuous transformation and improvement of social functions, social work is a major practice of modern society, which involves achieving harmony between people and society and promoting social progress in a wide range of fields such as material and spiritual life, medical care, education, service and adjustment.

Social work researchers and practitioners must understand, adapt and solve the new situations, changes and problems brought about by social changes. The New Development of Social Work Policy Research in China Since the emergence of social work with modern significance at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, social systems in various countries, such as social security systems, need specially trained people with specialized knowledge to implement, so that social welfare can develop in the direction of social work research.

In this process, social work-related policies have made great progress as a guide to activities and as a norm to mobilize and restrain people's behavior. The research of policy theory is gradually deepening in combination with the reality of various countries.

The development of social work in China, especially the policy research, has been explored by European and American scholars studying in China since the beginning of the 20th century. However, the coverage is partial and the development is slow.

Since the founding of New China, especially since the 1980s, social work policies, such as social welfare, social relief, social security, education, medical care, service and administration, have paid more attention to the individualization of policy provisions on the one hand, and the theoretical research in many aspects on the other. Development means improvement on the basis of reality.

With the deepening of social reforms at all levels, stability, peace, fairness and efficiency have become the pursuit of all members of society, including vulnerable groups, which promotes the inevitable improvement of social stability mechanism and also means the inevitable arrangement of social work as an effective mechanism of new policies and new systems. According to the distinctive characteristics and development law of social work, and in view of the fact that the present situation of social work in China is far from meeting the objective needs, drawing on the advanced experience model and policy research level of foreign countries, China's social work will surely have new development in policy in the 2 1 century.

First of all, according to different contents, establish a standardized and institutionalized job security system. For example, in the Ninth Five-Year Plan for national economic and social development and the outline of 20 10 long-term objectives, the social security system "during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, we should speed up the reform of the pension, unemployment and medical insurance systems, and initially form a multi-level social security system that combines social security, social relief, social welfare, preferential treatment and resettlement, social mutual assistance and personal savings accumulation security", and in the future 15.

The differential social assistance system between urban and rural areas will develop in the direction of legalization, institutionalization and standardization. 2 1 century, improve the policies and regulations of social mutual assistance, integrate working institutions and application systems, and form a standardized social mutual assistance system.

Strengthen the social work care and service evaluation system. Establish the professional orientation that social workers should have, carry out their work under the protection of laws (systems), and formulate planning rules for social workers' professional ethics education.

Second, in view of the reality of unbalanced development among regions, flexible policy formulation forms are adopted. From the east to the west, from the city to the island, to the countryside, to the mountainous area, the development of social work in China is very uneven.

However, China's policy is oriented by the rule of law, which is the development trend in 2 1 century. In the process of utilizing existing policy resources, introducing, digesting and localizing social work policies, relatively standardized laws and regulations can be formulated and implemented in the form promulgated by state administrative organs.

Social work policy can also be based on national laws and regulations, aiming at the differences of regional social and economic development level and structure, and formulate relevant policies with relatively limited implementation scope. Social work policies can also focus on the research and formulation of special policies. For example, combined with the resources and characteristics of social work, non-governmental organizations can formulate some rules, rules and instructions suitable for internal groups, transform them into operational requirements, methods and measures that meet the characteristics of social work objects, and improve them in practice.

For example, after several years of development and operation, it is necessary to institutionalize volunteer activities in China, improve the mechanism, and have clear rules and systems for the operation of volunteer services such as articles of association, volunteer service stations, poverty alleviation relays, and social recruitment. The third is to improve the implementation ability of social work policies.

Change the status quo of multi-head management and develop into a unified management organization. Change the current situation of weak implementation mechanism and supervision system of policy system, separate implementation from supervision, and strengthen the legal responsibility system.

Change the current tendency that the scope of policy implementation is mostly confined to cities, face the vast new rural world, and expand the effective coverage of policies. In the process of implementation, we should always accept the evaluation and test of social work practice, and modify, supplement and enrich the original policy in time.

Pay attention to the timely matching and connection with social policies. The first new expansion of the regional study of social work in China is the study of new growth points, new fields and new horizons of urban social work.

At present, the academic circles generally believe that China has entered the middle stage of industrialization, but the urbanization level of China has not reached the initial stage of industrialization. Adjusting the social structure is a top priority and a trend.

The state should also increase its efforts and adopt appropriate policies to speed up urban construction. In the process of urbanization, with the continuous strengthening of industrialization, the individual's mind is increasingly closed, and the demand for space that can produce * * * sounds is increasingly strong.

Everyone can't keep their original self in life. They increase the identity between "person" and "person", and the correspondence between "person" and "domain", which puts forward new requirements for the research and practice of social work. 2 1 century, as the basic cell of the city, with the improvement of its functions, people are increasingly dependent on the community.

No matter what modes are adopted, such as "combining the old with the new", "modern community", "high-rise building" and "enterprise closed community", communities are inseparable from regional conditions, which are different due to differences in geographical environment (nature, culture and economy) and personnel structure. Community work should be normalized, healthy and lasting. This is a new growth point of social work.

Ii. Origin, Background and Development of Social Work in China Professional social work was introduced to China before 1950s, and the departmental adjustment of 1952 was cancelled.

From 65438 to 0987, the Ministry of Civil Affairs signed a joint school-running agreement with Peking University, and decided to set up a major of social work and management in the Department of Sociology of Peking University, which marked the beginning of the restoration of social work education in Chinese mainland. Around 2000, Shanghai Pudong New Area began to set up social workstations in hospitals, schools and communities, which became an important symbol of social work practice in Chinese mainland.

In March 2003, Shanghai promulgated the Interim Measures for the Demonstration of Social Workers' Professional Qualification in Shanghai, and in the same year 1 1 began the social worker qualification examination, which marked the beginning of the implementation of social worker qualification in China. In June, 2004, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security issued "National Professional Standard-Social Workers (Trial)", which became an important symbol of the professionalization of social work in China, and marked that after nearly 20 years of development, social work in China has gradually developed from the field of education to the field of practice, and began to be popularized at the national level and nationwide.

On July 20th, 2006, the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Civil Affairs jointly issued the Interim Provisions on the Evaluation of Professional Level of Social Work and the Implementation Measures for the Professional Level Examination of Assistant Social Workers and Social Workers (No.7/KLOC-0 [2006] issued by the Ministry of State), which was held on June 6th, 2006. On August 20th, 2007, Shenzhen adopted the document "1+7" for social workers, and the specialization of social work developed rapidly in Shenzhen.

In June 2007, 5438+ 10, the Ministry of Civil Affairs identified 75 regions and 90 civil affairs institutions as pilot units for the construction of social work talent team of the Ministry of Civil Affairs. In June 2008, the first national professional level examination for social workers was held.

133000 candidates took the exam, obtained the professional level certificate of assistant social worker in 20086, and obtained the underwater professional certificate of social worker in April-0/05. At present, there are 400,000 people engaged in civil affairs and social work in public institutions, more than 400,000 community employees nationwide, and 50,000 civil affairs assistants and civil affairs cadres at the grassroots level.

There are more than 200 colleges and universities in China offering social work majors, and the number of social workers trained each year is about 1 10,000. Although these people are far from enough according to social needs, in fact, only 10%-30% students have chosen the corresponding social work, and a considerable number of them have entered institutions, enterprises and other units to engage in "inappropriate" work. Many students majoring in social work feel that the employment prospects are too pessimistic. Experts believe that the main reason for this "pessimism" is that our specialization is ahead of professionalism.

Third, judging from the history and present situation of social work development in various countries, the understanding of social work, including the following aims of social welfare system reform, is to overcome the inherent defects of the traditional welfare system, correct the alienated occupational welfare, and social welfare can adapt to the changed social reality and realize benign self-development along the road of system standardization, high-level community implementation and multi-level development.

1, the goal of building the system, the new social welfare system should meet the needs of social groups, social welfare and development members with China characteristics, have a harmonious, open and transparent relationship, get rid of the traditional plate model, have a closed and peculiar mixed structure, and have a complete system structure. It should be a community-based service for various social welfare (including disability allowance, elderly welfare, child welfare, women's welfare, housing, welfare, education, welfare, social assistance, etc.). ) as a supplement to the main occupational benefits. Compared with the traditional welfare system, the new system will have the following changes: first, the three levels of substitution are not divided; The second is to set up welfare projects that abandon the traditional welfare plan and consider the division of labor and inherent regularity to meet the needs of target groups, such as incorporating into the new social welfare system, educational benefits provided by enterprises or independent employers with the definition of occupational welfare, and setting up welfare projects for social groups such as the elderly, children and women to meet the needs of the elderly, children, women and social welfare, which embodies a series of standardized welfare plans. The third is a rational welfare plan that wags its tail, that is, the occupational welfare plan is strictly defined by independent startups or employers, and community members will mainly rely on seven social welfare plans and community services to obtain social welfare and security. In the future, it is quite necessary for social members to assume the responsibility of providing welfare by the state and society, enterprises or employers. Fourthly, some concrete projects have been completed from the incomplete project system, which belongs to the complete system of social welfare subsystem composed of three levels of socialism and China characteristics. Therefore, only by innovating the social welfare structure, making it the fundamental basis of standardized and stereotyped development, and finally making it develop healthily, can the social welfare system be promoted and developed in harmony as a whole.

2. In terms of protecting goals, social welfare should constantly improve and improve the quality of life of social members who pursue goals. In other words, distinguish social security subsystems such as social welfare, social assistance and social insurance to ensure that society does not provide survival and development for its members, nor does it provide a safe basic living standard, but focuses on meeting the social security needs of social members at a higher level or at a higher level, including other service needs and spiritual and cultural needs; Therefore, social welfare should not only be provided free of charge, but also paid services should include low-cost services. Of course, you can't make a profit by paying.

3. In embodiment, social welfare should be social. First of all, different social welfare facilities should be self-enclosed and open to the whole society, and realize socialization through the development model of social welfare; Second, social welfare institutions should not arrange social welfare officials, nor can they be arranged by companies or employers, but must be implemented through a wide range of social public organizations or associations. Therefore, the scale of welfare and occupational welfare run by * * * should be gradually reduced, and the construction, standardized management and operation of various social public institutions (or organizations) should be accelerated, so that they can bear the main responsibilities and implement various social welfare affairs. Non-profit organizations and non-technology should be the development direction of China's social welfare implementation plan.

4. In terms of service hierarchy, social welfare should be multi-layered. It is necessary to meet the multi-faceted and multi-level needs of social welfare people at different levels according to the standard of social life and the different needs of different members in the multi-level hierarchical structure of social welfare. There is still room for families and communities to fully develop China's traditional virtues. At present, there are some safeguards, such as the old people's pension affordability, and even the hope of entering an orphanage is often stopped because of the poor existing welfare conditions. This requires changing traditional ideas and establishing welfare facilities according to the different needs and affordability of the elderly. Otherwise, the orphanage run by * * * will only be deprived forever, and there is no source of income for the welfare of the elderly, rather than the real socialization of the orphanage, which determines the actual situation in China. In the process of establishing a new social welfare system, some social welfare systems in China should be combined with the traditional characteristics of professors and people, such as physical safety and safety services, to help the country jointly provide disaster relief and develop the combination of production and life, and to develop family safety through the combination of social welfare and integration.

Four. History of Social Work in Hong Kong Social work in Hong Kong began after World War II and has gone through three stages of development:

1. After the war, all walks of life in Hong Kong were dying. Due to the arrival of a large number of new immigrants, the population of Hong Kong has increased dramatically, and social problems such as poverty, employment, housing and crime are very serious. Driven by social organizations, Hong Kong began to adopt social work to solve these social problems.

2. In 1970s, Hong Kong's economy took off gradually, and its prosperity created conditions for accelerating the establishment of social security system and developing social welfare undertakings. In order to understand residents' service needs in a deeper and timely manner, coordinate the service work of social work institutions, integrate and utilize service resources, and improve service quality. In the 1980s, Hong Kong and Britain vigorously developed service hotlines and social worker referral agencies. After entering the 1990s, the social workers in Hong Kong further proposed "developing comprehensive care and providing quality services".

3. 1 July 19971day, Hong Kong returned to the embrace of the motherland, and social work in Hong Kong entered a new historical development period. After the reunification, the HKSAR has formulated a series of new laws and policies, vigorously promoted the all-round development and reform of social work in Hong Kong, implemented a registration system for professional social workers, and strived to promote cooperation and exchanges between Hong Kong and the Mainland in social work.

In order to improve the service quality of social workers and the efficiency of the use of funds, Hong Kong is currently trying to reform the service quality evaluation and funding system of non-social workers.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) What is the history of social work in Britain? Britain has a huge professional team of social work, which plays a central role in social welfare services.

Understanding the situation of social work in Britain can provide some enlightenment for discussing the development of social work in China. British social welfare services are divided into four parts in structure: first, accommodation services, including various old people's homes, children's welfare homes, disabled welfare homes and so on. ; The second is day care, where beneficiaries live at home and go to institutions located in the community to get services during the day; Third, family assistance or community care, the beneficiaries can get on-site service without leaving home; Fourth, there is no specific service place for door-to-door work, only a team called "door-to-door working group" to provide various services for communities, residents' institutions, day service institutions and individual residents.

For more information, please refer to the social work station. Professional social workers mainly participate in the on-site working group. The size of the on-site working group is generally 6-9 people, and the members are mainly professional social workers and social worker assistants, sometimes including professional rehabilitation teachers, training instructors, and occasionally community workers or community liaison officers.

1985 There are 300,000 social welfare service personnel in Britain, including nearly 30,000 social workers. There are two main responsibilities of social workers: one is to act as an intermediary between beneficiaries and service providers, so as to establish contact between them and let beneficiaries get appropriate services.

They are not only responsible for arranging beneficiaries to enter welfare institutions, but also for arranging them to establish contacts with voluntary organizations. Second, as a service provider, directly serve the beneficiaries.

Beneficiaries can be individuals or groups. Serving the group is mainly technical, such as participating in the activities of some welfare institutions.

Personal services are largely psychological counseling and treatment, which are carried out through case work. In the use of personnel, there is an obvious division of labor in Britain, and the work and responsibilities undertaken by social workers are completely different from those of administrators, managers and unskilled personnel.

Social workers mainly undertake information and technical services and play an organizing and coordinating role in the whole social welfare service. In recent years, China's community service has developed greatly, and institutions such as nursing homes have developed rapidly, and the number of employees has increased dramatically. Professional social workers are needed to do some technical work.

The state should formulate a training plan for social work professionals to adapt to the development of social welfare services. Social workers in Britain account for about 10% of the total number of social welfare service personnel, while the number of employees in civil affairs departments and institutions in China is 1.96 million. According to the same composition, there should be nearly 20 thousand social workers.

Considering the low technical content of social welfare services in China and the lack of professional education, we can start from a low starting point. For example, we can first require social work professionals to reach 2% of all social welfare service personnel, and then gradually improve them. Social work is a big topic in foreign higher education. Many schools have social work departments and even specialized social work colleges.

Social work education in colleges and universities in China has just started, and the number of students is limited. It is impossible to train a large number of social workers in a short time only by formal university education. A few years ago, China encountered similar problems in the training of lawyers, auditors and other professionals. Later, the method of combining college training with social personnel qualification examination was adopted. * * * Relevant departments set up institutions to preside over national professional examinations, and those who pass them are awarded professional qualifications.

Social work can also adopt a similar method. It can be considered to be hosted by the Ministry of Civil Affairs to attract scholars to participate and set up a national examination institution. Civil affairs system staff and other social welfare service staff who meet certain conditions can take the exam, and those who pass the exam are granted professional qualifications. Social workers in Britain, like doctors, accountants, lawyers and other groups, are highly professional jobs, and people often need to receive professional education in colleges and universities before they can obtain professional qualifications.

In terms of management, there are corresponding professional qualification accreditation institutions in China, which are very similar to the management of other occupations. Since the reform and opening up, China has attached great importance to professional and technical work, but not enough attention to social work. It should be incorporated into the professional and technical series formulated by the state in time, and the corresponding professional titles should be determined, so that it can obtain the same status as other professional and technical work.

Considering the reality of professional management in China, social workers can also set three levels of professional titles: primary, intermediate and advanced.