Historical tabloids about the rise of great powers

I have a commentary on every episode of The Rise of Great Powers. You can sum it up ... (You can add me QQ29 1940457 if necessary, and I will pass it on to you). This will give you the final summary of the rise of great powers:194565438+1October, the Soviet Red Army liberated Warsaw, the capital of Poland, from the rule of German fascism. People began to go home one after another. The old town square is in ruins. People who came home one after another came here to feed the pigeons who survived the war. The war is coming to an end, and people believe that peace has arrived. Half a month later, Stalin of the Soviet Union, Roosevelt of the United States and Churchill of Britain discussed post-war matters in Yalta, Crimea. A new world political pattern has emerged. However, this political map was quickly marked with new marks. A year later, Churchill famously said, "The Iron Curtain has been lowered all over Europe." The dove of peace can't cross this iron curtain, and the world is divided into east and west. Sixty years have passed. The world pattern has once again undergone profound changes. To commemorate the 60th anniversary of the victory of the anti-fascist war, Russia held a grand celebration. Unlike the world order secretly arranged by the three great powers in Yalta 60 years ago, this time, Moscow invited heads of state and government of more than 60 countries. But the real protagonist is 2600 World War II veterans who arrived in Soviet military trucks 60 years ago. Russian President Vladimir Putin: During the whole war, tens of millions of Soviet citizens lost their lives. Heads of state who are active on the world stage have entered people's sight together with veterans. At this moment, history is no longer far away from us and is no longer the burden of memory. A person who ignores the past is just a passer-by who lacks psychological preparation in the future journey. Ignoring the past countries, there will be no mature choices in the face of world changes, and there is even the risk of getting lost. 60 years later, looking back 500 years, we have to do one thing-let history illuminate the future journey. The Mystery of Great Powers1492 65438+1October 12 On this day, the strong trade winds in the Atlantic sent Columbus' fleet to the new continent that he dreamed of, thus blowing open the invisible barrier separating the continents. From this day on, navigators from Europe connected a complete "world" with new routes. It is they who, with passion, cut through the deep blue and calm sea, loaded with trade goods and artillery weapons, and with the ambition of pursuing wealth, began the journey of a great country. From then on, the rise and fall of big countries and powerful countries will no longer be a story of self-interpretation on a closed stage. Mutual gaze, fusion and conflict affect the direction of all plots. A world power has emerged. Those countries with strong cohesion are the first to seize the opportunity. Qian Chengdan, a professor of history in Peking University, said: Portugal and Spain were the first to form a nation-state, which is very important for national development. Because it was very scattered in medieval Europe. Political, economic and social aspects are divided. However, after the formation of the nation-state, it has formed a unified force. With the support of this unified force, the country can develop and become strong soon. Paul kennedy, a professor at Yale University, USA: Just as you put your hands together, you will become stronger. This is power, which other countries do not have. Because they lost some fingers. When the ocean is destined to be the cradle of great powers, history first remembers Prince Enrique of Portugal and Queen Isabel of Spain. It was Prince Enrique who supported navigators' exploration of the unknown world in the name of the country, which made the voyage discovery in Portugal no longer an isolated adventure of individuals, but a planned and organized national strategy. When Columbus, who had a sailing plan, negotiated with the Spanish royal family, Queen Isabel accepted the interests of ordinary people in the negotiations. In order to finance Columbus' voyage, the queen even sold the jewels in her crown. However, she won back a more brilliant crown, which is the crown of the world hegemon. In this way, the curtain of modern world history opened from the ocean. However, are nation-states and maritime advantages decisive factors for the rise of great powers? After Portugal and Spain, why did the Netherlands, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States become world powers? Can people solve the mystery of a big country with a long history? Paul kennedy, a professor at Yale University, USA: A single factor must be wrong, and a combination of multiple factors must lead to the rise of a great power. Alexei Voskresenski, Moscow State Institute of International Relations: It must occupy an important position in the world economy. Obviously, a country with a fragile economy cannot become a big country. Jeffrey Howe, former British Foreign Secretary: A strong country must have developed economic and political stability, especially mutual trust and respect between people and leaders. Pierre Rosavalon, a researcher at the French Institute of Advanced Social Sciences: A strong country should not only have material strength, but also be attractive. Immanuel wallerstein, a professor at Yale University, USA: You must have a certain scale, a certain ability, a certain military strength and a certain internal cohesion. Zheng Yongnian, a professor at the University of Nottingham, UK: The former countries and the rising powers are all due to the sound internal state system. The so-called external rise of a country is actually an extension of its internal strength. In the interview, we found that until today, the mystery of great powers is still a difficult topic, and the answers provided by scholars from various countries are also different. An interesting phenomenon is that hundreds of domestic and foreign experts interviewed attach great importance to the influence of ideology and culture and its role in the rise of great powers when talking about this topic. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill famously said: I would rather lose an India than a Shakespeare. In the process of becoming a great country, the playwright Shakespeare's works carried forward the British humanistic spirit, the scientist Newton's laws of mechanics opened the door to the British industrial revolution, and the economist Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations provided a new economic order for Britain. Their names are strikingly written on the road of great countries that Britain has traveled. In the Panthé on, the holy land of French thought and spirit, the main entrance is engraved with the following words: "To the great men, the motherland thanks them." There are 72 French historical figures buried here, of which only 1 1 is a politician, and most of the rest are thinkers, writers, artists and scientists. For many years, France and the United States have been making their voices known to the world with their outstanding cultural influence, which may be the fundamental reason. Wu Jianmin, Dean of Foreign Affairs University: If a country wants to rise, it must innovate, right? If the mind is full of old ideas, can the country rise? Can't get up. Can you innovate when your mind is bound? Cannot innovate. So the role of culture appears here. Joseph Yaning, Executive Deputy Director of the Center for Applied Political Studies in Munich, Germany: We can say that cultural factors are very important, such as a good level of national education, which is very important. Marianne Basti, Academician of the School of Humanities and Politics, French Academy of Sciences: The influence of a culture on the world depends on the powerful economy that produces this culture. Of course, there is another answer to the mystery of great powers, and that is institutional innovation. /kloc-In the 7th century, the Netherlands, with an area only two and a half times that of Beijing, created a global business empire with the establishment of a series of modern financial and commercial systems. They set up the earliest joint-stock company in the world to gather capital and monopolized half of the global trade at that time; They established the first stock exchange in the world, 300 years earlier than the new york Stock Exchange, and the capital market was born. They also took the lead in establishing modern banks and invented the credit system that we still use today. After the Netherlands, Britain established a global market by promoting free trade and gradually established a free market economy model; When the disadvantages of this model triggered a social crisis, the United States joined the means of government intervention in the 1930s. Since then, the interaction between "visible hand" and "invisible hand" has changed people's understanding of the traditional market economy model. Some historians believe that in the past 500 years, only three countries really had world hegemony: the Netherlands, Britain and the United States. All three countries have carried out baton-style market economy innovation and development. Scholars also believe that Britain and the United States provide corresponding institutional guarantees for economic development. Qian Chengdan, Professor of History Department of Peking University: Britain was the first country to establish a modern state system. For example, the cabinet system, constitutional monarchy, two-party system and the government's accountability to parliament, which we are familiar with now, were first established in Britain. Such a political system can keep the country stable for a long time, so it is conducive to economic development. Wang Jisi, Dean of Peking University Institute of International Relations, China: European immigration to the United States is equivalent to establishing a brand-new country in the New World. Such a country has a supreme constitution and a complete legal system under it. Relatively speaking, this balance of power promotes the development of social productive forces. The mystery of great powers is difficult to solve because the development models of various countries can never be simply copied and imitated, but they must find a path that suits them. What is the answer for developing countries to become big countries? 1697, a group of Russian youths came to a shipyard in Zandan, the Netherlands as apprentices. The most outstanding apprentice is a man who calls himself Peter mikhailov. He is two meters tall. His master and workmates recommended him as an "excellent craftsman". This man is Russian czar Peter. This move by Peter the Great opened the curtain for Russia to become a powerful country. The ambitious czar moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg. He wanted to shorten not only the space distance with Europe, but also the national strength gap. Broadening our horizons and learning from developed countries is undoubtedly the beginning of the road to prosperity for late-developing countries. The purpose of study is to catch up. Historically, Germany and Japan are the same late-developing countries as Russia in implementing the catch-up strategy. The social system they established, the road to modernization and the countries that took the lead in realizing industrialization are obviously different.