Geographical knowledge points of seventh grade in People's Education Edition

Chapter six, the continent where we live &; Mdash& ampmdash Asia

1. Location:

Hemisphere location: most of them are located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere;

Latitude position: the ground spans three zones of cold, temperature and heat; Most of them are located in the north temperate zone.

Location of land and sea: East Pacific Ocean, North Arctic Ocean, South Indian Ocean, West Europe, Southwest Africa and East North America.

The dividing line between Asia and other continents

Asia-Europe border: Urals-ural river-Caspian Sea-Great Caucasus Mountains-Black Sea-Turkish Strait.

The dividing line between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal.

The dividing line between Asia and North America: Bering Strait

2. Topographic features:

Topography: Plateau and mountainous areas are the main areas with higher average elevation.

(2) Terrain: high in the middle and low around.

3. Climate characteristics:

① The climate types are complex and diverse; ② The continental characteristics of climate are remarkable; ③ Typical monsoon climate.

Master: main climate types, distribution and climate characteristics (see textbook P7 1-7 for pictures).

The typical reason of monsoon climate: the difference between land and sea is significant.

Impact of monsoon on climate (see textbook P8 1-8, 1-9).

Climatic characteristics under the influence of birthplace nature and wind direction

In winter, Mongolia and Siberia are cold and dry, and the northwest and northeast are cold and dry.

The Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean are warm and humid in summer monsoon, and the southwest and southeast are hot and rainy.

4. River characteristics:

Characteristics of river flow direction: Most big rivers originate from the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially to the four Zhou Haiyang along the terrain.

Major rivers: Mekong River, called Lancang River in China, is the largest river flowing through Asian countries. The Yangtze River is the longest river in Asia.

Asia is the best in the world;

(1) Except Antarctica, the continent with the highest average altitude is the "roof of the world"-the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; "Top of the Earth"-Mount Everest; The lowest land surface in the world &; Mdash Dead Sea Lake.

(2) Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, the Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world.

Asia is the most populous continent in the world.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Section 1 Japan (capital: Tokyo, important ports: Yokohama and Kobe, national flower: cherry blossom)

I. Island countries with many volcanoes and earthquakes

1 location and scope

(1) Territorial composition: It consists of four big islands, namely Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, and thousands of small islands and their surrounding waters. The largest island is Honshu.

(2) Location:

Latitude: Northern Hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere, North Temperate Zone.

Geographical location of land and sea: Japan is an island country in the northwest Pacific Ocean, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Sea of Japan in the west, and facing the Eurasian continent across the sea.

(3) Causes of multi-volcanic earthquakes: It is located in the volcanic earthquake belt around the Pacific Ocean, at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate, with active crust and many volcanoes and earthquakes.

(4) The characteristics of coastline and its influence on economic development: The winding coastline and many excellent harbors are very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties.

2. Natural environment:

(1) Terrain: It is mainly mountainous and hilly, with narrow plains and mostly distributed along the coast. The largest plain is the Kanto Plain, and Mount Fuji, the highest peak, is a symbol of Japan and a famous active volcano. )

(2) Climate: subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate (maritime monsoon climate)

(3) River features: The river is short and swift.

Second, a developed processing trade economy.

1, resource characteristics: two more and one less, rich in hydropower resources and forest resources, and poor in mineral resources, so it is a small resource country.

2. Industrial development mode: the "import-processing-export" economy has formed an economy dominated by processing trade. It shows that Japan is poor in resources, narrow in domestic market and highly dependent on foreign countries. )

3. Advantages and disadvantages of Japan's economic development: advantages &; Mdash& ampmdash The coastline is tortuous, there are many excellent harbors, and the navigation industry is developed; Adequate labor resources; Advanced science and technology. Disadvantages: lack of resources and narrow domestic market.

4. Industrial distribution: Japanese industries are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast.

Reason: The coastal port has superior conditions, which is convenient for the ship to dock; Easy to import raw materials, fuels and export industrial products; The coastal cities with concentrated population are the largest consumption places in China. P23

5. Major industrial areas and their distribution: Kyushu Island &; Mdash& ampmdash Keihin Industrial Zone (Tokyo and Yokohama), Nagoya Industrial Zone (Nagoya) and Hanshin Industrial Zone (Osaka and Kobe); Seto Inland Sea Coast &; Mdash& ampmdash Setouchi Industrial Zone;

Kyushu Island &; Mdash& ampmdashP23 Kitakyushu Industrial Zone

6. Foreign investment targets: Japan's main investment targets are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Third, the eastern and western cultures are compatible.

1. Cultural characteristics: East and West are compatible, and tradition and modernity are combined.

2. National traditional costume: Yamato nationality is dominant, and traditional costume: kimono.

Section 2 Southeast Asia

I. Location of the intersection

Location and scope:

(1) Scope: Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago (Indochina Peninsula is named because it is located in the south of China. )

(2) Location:

Latitude position: tropical;

Land and sea location: geographical location is extremely important; Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Malacca Strait, located between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Known as the "lifeline of the sea" by the Japanese. The reason is that Japan imports oil from the Persian Gulf and exports industrial products to countries such as Western Europe, so it is called the Strait by Japan.

(3) Country: landlocked country: Laos; Coastal countries: Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar; Island countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, East Timor.

Second, tropical climate and agricultural production.

1, topography: Indochina Peninsula: mountains and rivers crisscross, showing columnar distribution.

Malay archipelago: rugged terrain, short rivers and many volcanoes.

2. Climate:

Climate type tropical monsoon climate tropical rain forest climate.

Distributed in Indochina Peninsula, northern Philippine Peninsula, most of Malay Peninsula and southern Malay Peninsula.

It is characterized by high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season.

Impact on agriculture: sowing in rainy season and harvesting in dry season.

3. The main food crop: rice, the main cash crop: P29, the world's largest producer of rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana.

Third, mountains and rivers and urban distribution

1. Distribution characteristics of mountains and rivers in Indochina Peninsula: Mountains and rivers mostly extend from north to south, with the characteristics of alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. The upper reaches of major rivers flow through mountainous areas, which are rich in hydropower resources, and the lower reaches mostly form alluvial plains. These plains and estuarine deltas have fertile soil, low terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation, and are densely populated and developed agricultural areas in Southeast Asia.

2. Major rivers: Irrawaddy River and salween (Nujiang River) flow into the Indian Ocean, and Chao Phraya River and Mekong River (Lancang River) and Red River (Yuanjiang River) flow into the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean).

3. Major cities and their distribution characteristics: Hanoi (capital of Vietnam), Phnom Penh (capital of Cambodia), Vientiane (capital of Laos), Bangkok (capital of Thailand) and Yangon (former capital of Myanmar). The main cities in Indochina Peninsula are mainly located along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta.

4. Race: Most residents in Southeast Asia are yellow.

Southeast Asia is the region with the largest concentration of overseas Chinese in the world. Singapore has the largest proportion.

6. Southeast Asia is rich in tourism resources, and Xinmatai is an important tourist route. The main tourist resources are: Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar, Porota in Indonesia, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Water Market in Bangkok, Thailand, Halong Bay in Vietnam and Garden City Singapore (Figure P33).

Remarks: read the map to master the main islands and peninsulas in Southeast Asia, the coastal waters of Indo-China Peninsula, neighboring countries and major countries, rivers and cities; The location of the Malacca Strait.

Section 3 India (capital: New Delhi)

I the second most populous country in the world

1, location

(1) Latitude: tropical and subtropical.

(2) Land and sea location: west of the Bay of Bengal, east of the Arabian Sea and south of the Indian Ocean. Located in the southwest of China, it belongs to South Asia and is also the largest country in South Asia.

2. Natural environment:

(1), terrain: north: mountain-south of Himalayas, middle: plain-Ganges plain, south: plateau-Deccan Plateau. (Impact on agriculture: The terrain is relatively flat and the soil is fertile, making it the country with the widest cultivated land area in Asia. )

(2) Climate: tropical monsoon climate (high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season). Northeast monsoon in dry season (10 to May of the following year) and southwest monsoon in rainy season (June to September)&; Rarr floods and droughts often occur.

(3) River: Ganges River-flows into the Bay of Bengal from the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh, and is called "Holy River" and "Mother of India" by Indians.

3. Human environment

(1) Ethnic group: mainly white and black.

(2) Population: The second most populous country in the world, with a rapid population growth. The large population has put great pressure on India's resources, environment and economic development. )

(3) Official language: English.

Second, frequent floods and droughts.

1. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, with a tropical monsoon climate (high temperature throughout the year, divided into two seasons, namely drought and rain, rainy season from June to September, and dry season from June to May). Due to the influence of southwest monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable, and floods and droughts occur frequently. Kilapanchi is the place with the most precipitation in the world.

2. Main food crops: rice and wheat. Main cash crops: jute, cotton and tea.

The relationship between the distribution of rice and wheat and natural conditions: rice is mainly distributed in the northeast plain and the coastal plains on both sides of the peninsula, with abundant precipitation; Wheat is mainly distributed in the northwest of Deccan Plateau and the upper reaches of Ganges River.

3. Green Revolution: After the 1960s, the green revolution was implemented, and the grain was not only self-sufficient, but also some surplus grain was exported.

Third, the developing industry.

1. Main mineral resources: coal, iron and manganese.

2. Relationship between industrial distribution and raw material production area: The distribution of industrial centers is close to the raw material production area, which can save freight and reduce costs.

3. Major cities and characteristics: New Delhi, the capital; Kolkata-India's largest linen textile center, the largest city-Mumbai (India's largest cotton textile industry center, the largest port).

Section 4 Russia (capital: Moscow)

First, the territory is vast.

1, location range

(1) Scope: It is a traditional European country, consisting of Eastern Europe Plain and North Asia, spanning Asia and Europe.

(2) location: latitude location; Eastern and western hemispheres; Located in the north temperate zone and the north cold zone.

Geographical location of land and sea: located in the northern part of Eurasia, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Baltic Sea (Atlantic Ocean) in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in the southwest.

2. Natural environment &; Mdash& ampmdash Topography, climate, rivers and lakes

(1) Terrain: mainly plains and plateaus.

(Distribution of main topographic areas: Eastern Europe Plain/Ural Mountain/Western Siberia Plain/Yenisei River/Central Siberia Plateau/Lena River/Eastern Siberia Mountain. )P42

(2) Topographic features: high in the south and low in the north, high in the east and low in the west.

(3) Climate: temperate continental climate is dominant. Climate characteristics: winter is long and cold, summer is short and warm, with less precipitation and more summer. Oymyakon is the cold pole in the northern hemisphere. Influenced by latitude, land and sea location and topography, the climate in eastern and western Russia is quite different, with the temperature higher in the south and lower in the north, higher in the west and lower in the east. Precipitation is more in the south and less in the north, and more in the west and less in the east.

(4) Rivers and lakes: ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River all flow into the Arctic Ocean from south to north; The Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea from north to south, and is praised by Russians as the "mother river" (the longest river in Europe).

Lake Baikal, located in the south of the central plateau of Siberia, is the largest and deepest lake in the world.

Second, rich in natural resources and developed in heavy industry.

1 Features of Russian natural resources: complete species, abundant reserves but uneven distribution, few things.

2. Distribution area of main mineral resources: iron ore&; Mdash& ampmdash Kursk; Oil mdash& ampmdash Second Baku Oilfield and Tyumen Oilfield.

Coal Mine: Kuzbas Coal Mine.

3. Main industrial zones and their characteristics: St. Petersburg Industrial Zone (the most developed area of Russian food and textile industry)

Moscow Industrial Zone (the most developed industrial zone), Urals Industrial Zone and Novosibirsk Industrial Zone;

4. Distribution characteristics of industrial zones: more in the west and less in the east, and industries are mainly distributed in Europe.

5. Industrial characteristics: heavy industry is developed and light industry is backward.

Third, developed transportation:

1. traffic characteristics: the traffic department is complete and developed, but it is not balanced. Europe is dense, radiating from Moscow, and Asia is sparse, but there is a Eurasian continental bridge (trans-Siberian railway: Vladivostok &; Mdash Moscow)

2. Main modes of transportation: railway and pipeline transportation. (1) Main modes of passenger transport: railway and highway; (2) The main modes of cargo transportation: railways and pipelines.

3. Russia has a large number of pipelines, which is related to the abundant oil and gas reserves and production.

4. The southern part of Russia is mountainous, but trans-siberian railway is built along the southern mountainous area.

(1) South China is rich in mineral resources; The temperature in the south is higher and the climate is more pleasant;

(2) There is frozen soil in the north, so it is difficult to construct and the safety factor is low;

(3) Being close to neighboring countries is more convenient for economic development.

5. Sailing five seas: The Volga River is the longest river in Europe, with a total length of 3,600 meters. It is the river with the highest shipping value in Russia. It is connected with the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea through canals, which is called "Navigation to Five Seas".

6. Major cities and their characteristics: Moscow (the capital of Russia) is the largest city and the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country; St Petersburg is the second largest city and an important port; Murmansk is a port along the Arctic Ocean, and it is an all-year-round ice-free port.

Russian culture: Russians have a special interest in symphony and ballet.

(Remarks: Fill in the drawings with Russian waters, countries, terrain areas, mountains and rivers, etc.; Major mineral resources distribution areas, major industrial areas and major cities; The "Five Seas" where the main railways are connected with the Volga River.

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

Section 1 Middle East

1. Scope: Bisilliat in the Middle East has one more Egyptian and one less Afghan.

I. World hotspots

Hot spot 1: geographical location; One Bay: Persian Gulf; Two oceans: Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean; Three continents: the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe; Five seas: Caspian Sea (the largest saltwater lake in the world), Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea; The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and the Turkish Strait connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, which has a very important strategic position.

Hot spot 2: rich in oil; 1. Status: The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest oil production and export volume in the world. 2. Distribution and main oil-producing countries: It is distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, and the main oil-producing countries are the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Egypt and other countries; 3. Oil export route: the Cape of Good Hope with the largest traffic volume.

Hot spot 3: scarcity of water resources: climate; Tropical desert climate is dominant, with few rivers. The main rivers are Euphrates River, Tigris River and Jordan River.

Hot spot 4: religious disputes; Race: Caucasians, mainly Arabs, most residents believe in Islam, and a few believe in Judaism and other religions. Jerusalem is regarded as the holy city by Islam and Christianity.

Section 2 Western Europe

First, the natural environment.

1. Terrain: mainly plain, with low terrain. Northern mountains: Scandinavian mountains, central plains, southern mountains: Alps.

2. Climate: temperate maritime climate, warm in winter and cool in summer, with large annual precipitation and even seasonal distribution.

3. Relationship among topography, climate and agriculture: P6 1.

Second, the human environment.

1. Areas where developed countries are concentrated: Western Europe accounts for about half of Europe, with dense population and many countries, most of which are developed countries. In order to further strengthen ties, regional international organizations in this region, namely the European Union (EU).

2. Developed industries, mainly processing and manufacturing industries. The proportion of people engaged in manufacturing in western Europe is very high. There are many industrial centers, which are densely distributed in a cross shape. P6 1。

3. Prosperous tourism: P65 famous school P38 3 (main picture)

Section III Sub-Saharan Africa

I. Scope and location:

1, range: sub-Saharan;

2. location; Latitude, between the tropic of cancer and the south, across the equator, tropical.

Location of land and sea: Indian Ocean in the east and Atlantic Ocean in the west. (Gulf 1: Gulf of Guinea; Peninsula: Somali Peninsula; An island: Madagascar)

Second, the natural environment

1. Topography: Plateau is dominant. Terrain: high in the southeast and low in the northwest.

2. Climate; Rainforest climate (high temperature and rainy all year round), savanna climate (high temperature all year round, divided into dry and wet seasons). Distribution characteristics of climate types: (1) with the equator as the center, which is roughly symmetrical in north and south; (2) The tropical climate is dominant, and the tropical grassland has the widest climate area.

3. River: Nile (the longest in the world); 4. resources; Rich in mineral resources, such as diamonds and copper.

Third, the human environment.

1, race: the hometown of blacks;

2. Economy; Characteristics; Single commodity economy: ① export: primary products such as mineral products, timber, livestock products or tropical cash crops; Imports: machinery, automobiles and other manufactured goods; Disadvantages: the low price of primary products and the high price of industrial finished products restrict the development of domestic handling economy; ③ Reasons: the long-term rule and control of colonialists; Way out: develop national industries and diversified agriculture.

3. Population, food and environment: This area has the highest natural population growth rate in the world. The population is growing too fast and needs more food and meat, so people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand the cultivated land area, or overgrazing, which leads to the decline of soil fertility, grassland degradation, land desertification and gradual deterioration of the ecological environment. School case P42

Solution: control population; Improve the production level of agriculture and animal husbandry; Protect the natural environment. P72 Activity 3

Section 4 Australia (capital: Canberra)

Location; Latitude: south of the equator, the Tropic of Capricorn passes through &; Rarr tropical, south temperate zone; Southern hemisphere, Eastern hemisphere. Location of land and sea: it faces the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and Asia across the sea in the north.

First, the natural environment:

1, terrain: east: mountain &; The great watershed of mdash& ampmdash; Central China: Plain &; Mdash& ampmdash great artesian basin; West: Plateau

2. Climate P76

3. River: murray river (the largest river)-originated from the great watershed; From northeast to southwest, into the Indian Ocean.

Second, three reputations:

1, World Museum of Living Fossils: Tens of millions of years ago, Australia separated from other continents. For a long time, the natural conditions are relatively simple, the evolution of animals is slow, and there is no intrusion by large carnivores. Many strange primitive animals were born and multiplied to this day.

Endemic animals are kangaroos, emus, koalas, platypus and so on.

2. The country riding on the back of sheep: Australia has the most sheep and exported wool in the world.

(1), topography and agriculture and animal husbandry: the western part is a vast low plateau with an altitude of less than 1000 meters, and the central part is a large plain with abundant groundwater and excellent grassland, and there are no large carnivores, so it is suitable for grazing in an open fence.

(2) Climate and agriculture and animal husbandry: The central, western and northern parts of Australia have a vast tropical desert climate and a hot grassland climate, which is relatively dry and suitable for livestock wintering and breeding. The southeast is hot and rainy in summer and mild and humid in winter; Southwest China is mild and humid in winter and hot and dry in summer, which is suitable for both animal husbandry and agriculture. Therefore, mixed agriculture has been developed in these areas. P76 Activity 1, (2), 2, (3).

3. Country by car: Australia is rich in mineral resources, with a variety of mineral reserves in the forefront of the world (iron ore) and developed mining industry.

City, population distribution; Concentrated on the southeast coast.

Reason: the climate in the southeast is warm and humid, which is suitable for human habitation; There are many good ports in the southeast with convenient external transportation; The southeast is economically developed; Southeast is the place where immigrants landed the earliest and developed earlier.

Capital: Canberra Industrial Center, the largest port: Melbourne, the second largest city in Sydney.

Chapter IX Countries in the Western Hemisphere

Section 1 America (capital: Washington, the fourth largest city in the world)

I. Scope and location

1, continental United States+Alaska+Hawaiian Islands

2. Location: Latitude Location: continental United States &; Mdash& ampmdash North temperate zone and subtropical zone, Alaska

& ampmdash& ampmdash; frigid zone and sub-frigid zone, Hawaii &; Mdash& ampmdash Tropical. (The Tropic of Cancer passes through Hawaii and the Arctic Circle passes through Alaska, which is the only country in the world that passes through the three zones of heat, temperature and cold), located in the northern hemisphere and the western hemisphere;

Land and sea location: the United States is surrounded by the sea on three sides, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Gulf of Mexico in the southeast, Canada in the north, Mexico in the southwest, Alaska in the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.

Second, the natural environment

1. Terrain: divided into three longitudinal zones: north and south; East: Mountain &; Mdash& ampmdash Central Appalachian Mountains: Plain & Mdash& ampmdash Central Plain, West: Mountains & Mdash& ampmdash Rocky Mountains, Cordillera Mountains. Plains account for more than half of the total area.

2. Climate: mainly temperate continental climate; Precipitation decreases from east to west. (Affected by Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean) P84

3. Rivers and lakes: the largest river: Mississippi River (the fourth longest in the world) The largest freshwater lake group in the world: the Great Lakes (the largest freshwater lake in the world, Lake Superior, Lake Michigan and Lake America)

Third, the human environment.

1, population: over 300 million; Race: white, black, yellow (the cities with the largest number of overseas Chinese are San Francisco, Los Angeles and new york); Country: American country

2. Economy:

Agriculture:

(1) Agriculture: American agriculture has two characteristics: mechanization and specialization.

(2) Favorable conditions for agricultural development in the United States: ① Geographical location: the United States has a vast territory, most of which are located in temperate and subtropical zones, and Hawaii is located in the tropics, with sufficient heat, which is conducive to the development of agricultural production.

(2) Topography: The United States is dominated by plains, which account for more than12 of the country's total area, and the cultivated land is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land. Fertile soil is conducive to agricultural development.

③ Climate: Good water conditions.

There are many rivers and lakes in America, and the Mississippi River is the fourth longest river in the world. It runs through the central part of the United States, with a large amount of water and a wide basin. The Great Lakes are the largest freshwater lakes in the world. The Mississippi River and the Great Lakes provide good conditions for agricultural irrigation.

With superior natural conditions, the United States has vigorously developed agriculture and become a world agricultural power. The output and export volume of many products are among the highest in the world. (page 83)

(3) The relationship between the distribution of agricultural belts in the United States and topography and climate p85

industry

The most developed industrial country in the world. High-tech industries are developed.

Motown &; Mdash& ampmdash Detroit Silicon Valley &; Mdash& ampmdash San Francisco

3. Resource-consuming country: The United States is the largest resource-consuming country and waste-emitting country in the world, and should bear the main responsibility for the sustainable development of world resources and environment.

Section 2 Brazil (capital: Brasilia)

I. Place

1, latitude position: most of them are located between the equator and the tropic of Capricorn, belonging to the tropics;

Land and sea location: East of Latin America, east of the Atlantic Ocean, with many neighboring countries and vast territory.

Second, the natural environment

1, terrain; North: Plain &; Mdash& ampmdash Amazon Plain (the largest plain in the world); South: Plateau &; Mdash& ampmdash Brazil Plateau (the largest plateau in the world)

2. Climate: rainforest climate (Amazon Plain), savanna climate (Brazil Plateau)

3. River: Amazon River (the second longest river with the largest water volume and the widest drainage area in the world).

4. Resources: rich in wood and water resources, but lacking in energy minerals (coal, oil).

Third, the human environment.

1, race: white, black, yellow, mixed-race &; Mdash& ampmdash Great ethnic integration.

2. Economy: Industry: distributed in the southeast coast, close to the mineral producing areas.

Agriculture: distributed in the eastern coast (analysis reasons: natural conditions and human conditions). The main crops are tropical cash crops, and the output of coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world.

3. Urbanization: Cities are distributed along the eastern coast, especially in the southeast. (Analysis of reasons: natural and human conditions). Capital: Brasilia, the largest city and industrial center: Sao Paulo. (Grasp the location on the map)

Fourth, the tropical rain forest:

1. Environmental benefits: (provide wood, adjust global climate, provide fresh air, conserve water, protect fresh water resources, protect soil, prevent soil erosion, provide good habitat and maintain biodiversity. )

2. Reasons for the decrease: foreign companies cut down trees and reclaim land.

3. The harm caused by the reduction of rainforest; Forests are destroyed, soil erosion is serious, precious wild animals are robbed, and global warming is accelerating.

4.2 1 Century Agenda takes sustainable development as the core to protect rainforests.

Chapter 10 Polar Climate

The arctic region of antarctica

Land and marine conditions; Mdash& ampmdash Antarctic Ocean &; Mdash& ampmdash Arctic Ocean

Latitude: the area south of the Antarctic Circle and the area north of the Arctic Circle.

Land and sea are mainly located in Antarctica, surrounded by parts of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, mainly in the Arctic Ocean, and surrounded by parts of Europe, Asia and North America.

The climate is extremely cold, with strong winds and little rain. The weather is extremely cold and dry.

Resources: fresh water, coal, iron, petroleum, natural gas, petroleum, natural gas, metals and nonmetals.

The main animal penguin polar bear

Checkpoint Changcheng Station Zhongshan Station Huanghe Station

There are no Inuit among the residents.

The direction from south to north