Administrative measures of Qin Shihuang

It was first called the emperor. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of all countries were called "kings" or "kings". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. The king of Qin, who once dominated the whole country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show respect for him, so he ordered his ministers to discuss titles. After some discussions, the Prime Minister Wang Wan, Yu Shi Feng Jie, Ting Si and others thought that the government of the King of Qin was "Xingyi soldiers, killing disabled thieves and leveling the world", and its achievement was "unprecedented since ancient times, which was beyond the reach of the five emperors". Quoting the traditional honorific words, it is said that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times", and it is suggested that the title of "Tai Huang" should be adopted by the King of Qin. However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it because of "three emperors and five emperors", creating a new title of "emperor" and awarding it to himself. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China feudal society.

The emergence of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of governing the country. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god. It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty.

Qin Shihuang became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will always be inherited by his family is "circulated endlessly". In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch":

1. Cancel the funeral ceremony. The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. However, Qin Shihuang thought that "discussing the father by the son and the monarch by the minister" was outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves.

2. The son of heaven calls himself "I". The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, ordinary people could use it, but Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I". The emperor's orders are called "system" or "imperial edict" (life is called system, order is called imperial edict, and cover has different effects).

The name of the emperor is not allowed to be mentioned in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written.

Only the jade carving seal used by the emperor can be called "seal".

The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation. Centralization In order to effectively manage the country and lay a foundation for future generations, Qin Shihuang learned the specific experience of setting up official positions during the Warring States period and established a fairly complete set of centralized and political institutions.

① Central organization

The central government has a premier, A Qiu, and an ancient adviser. The Prime Minister has two left and right members, and he is the head of a hundred officials, in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials.

Under the Prime Minister, Qiu, and imperial envoys, there are various ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs, including doctors in charge of the palace, guards stationed in the palace, deputy generals in charge of public security in Gyeonggi, Tingwei in charge of punishment, internal history of Ji Xia, taxes on mountains and seas and handicrafts supplied by the government to the royal family, those in charge of the palace, those in charge of domestic ethnic affairs and foreign affairs, and guest appearances. The prime minister, Qiu, Qiu, discussed the state affairs, and the emperor's father ruled.

In addition, there were some important official positions in the Qin dynasty, such as doctors, who were familiar with ancient and modern history for the emperor's consultation and were responsible for collecting books. Huagai State is in charge of ethnic affairs like Dianke, but the difference is that Dianke is in charge of communication with ethnic minorities who are friendly to Qin, while Huagai State is in charge of ethnic minorities who have surrendered to Qin. Zhan's-managing the affairs of the queen and the prince. The centralization of authority established in the Qin Dynasty was imitated by successive dynasties. Among them, the "three public officials and nine ministers" in the Han Dynasty basically copied the Qin system.

② Local institutions

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, he adopted Lisi's suggestion, abolished the enfeoffment system and switched to the county system. Local administrative agencies are divided into counties and counties. Principal officials of counties and counties are appointed and removed by the central authorities.

There are guards, governors and supervisors in the county. The sheriff is in charge of his county. The county commandant assisted the county magistrate and gave a military salute. The county supervisor is responsible for supervision. Qin Shihuang divided the whole country into 36 counties, and later it gradually increased to 4 1 county. They are:

Qindi: Ba County, Shu County, Longxi County and Beidi County;

Zhao Di: Taiyuan County, Yunzhong County, Handan County, Julu County, Yanmen County, Daixian County and Changshan County;

Di Wei: Shang Jun, Hedong County, Dong Jun, Dang County and Hanoi County;

Handi: Sanchuan County, Shangdang County and Yingchuan County;

The land of Chu and Yue: Hanzhong County, Nanjun County, Qianzhong County, Nanyang County, Chenjun County, Xue Jun County, surabaya county County, Jiujiang County, Huiji County, Changsha County and Hengshan County;

Tiqi: Donghai County, Qixian County, Langya County, Jiaodong County and Jibei County;

Yan Di: Yangguang County, Shanggu County, Yuyang County, Youbeiping County, Liaoxi County and Liaodong County;

Hometown of South Vietnam: Minzhong County, Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang Jun County;

Hometown of Xiongnu: Jiuyuan County.

At the county level, there are orders (county orders) for more than 10 thousand households, and heads (county heads) for less than 10 thousand households. County magistrate, county magistrate has XianCheng, county commandant and other subordinates. The county magistrate and the county magistrate are mainly in charge of government affairs, the county commandant is in charge of military affairs, and the county magistrate is in charge of justice. Setting up villages and towns below the county level has four main functions: 1. Evaluate the corvee; 4. Collecting land tax; 3. Go to the defendant's hometown to verify the case; 4. Participate in national grain storage. There are three old men in charge of education, miser in charge of litigation and taxation, and vagabond in charge of public security. The village is the most basic administrative unit. There was Li Dian in the room, who was later called Li Zheng and Li Kui, with "Hao Shuai" as the powerful person. A strict household registration organization is set up in the village for tribal officers to collect taxes. It also provides for mutual supervision and prosecution of rape, where one person commits a crime and neighbors sit together. In addition, there is a special organization responsible for public security and thieves, called the pavilion, and there is a pavilion in the pavilion. In addition to managing public security, the pavilion is also responsible for receiving officials coming and going, and transporting, purchasing and delivering (documents) for the government. The two pavilions are about 10 miles apart.

(3) Qin captured Jiuding.

It is said that Jiuding was cast by Xia, symbolizing Kyushu and protected by many countries. It is made of bronze tributes from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (fifty-one and fifty-nine years in Qin Zhao), he attacked Qin Jun in Handan, attacked Zhao, and continued to attack North Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of Western Zhou also participated in this activity. Under the banner of Zhou Wang, the allied forces attacked Qin, and Zhou Wang was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC, Qin Jun attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Zhou Wang listened to the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty and gave the Qin Dynasty to 36 cities and 30,000 households in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang a monarch and the Duke of the Western Zhou a retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Kuai Wang Yi died in Liangcheng in January. After the country split, he set up Jiuding in Xianyang (according to legend, there were only 8 Ding on the way to Surabaya, so Qin had to call it Jiuding). From the following year (255 BC, 52 years in Zhao Haoqi), historians used the King of Qin to mark this year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States.

But the Eastern Zhou Dynasty still exists, and the Zhou Dynasty did not completely perish. In the first year of Xiang Wang in Qin Zhuang (249 BC), the king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty wanted to take advantage of Qin Lian's loss and filial piety to jointly attack Qin with the five countries. King Xiang of Qinzhuang took Lv Buwei as the general, took up a hundred thousand troops, returned to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and captured seven cities including Gongcheng. The Zhou dynasty was completely destroyed at this point.

Qin Shihuang destroyed six countries. It is true that Qin Shihuang destroyed the Six Kingdoms not by himself, but by the seven generations of monarchs of Qin (including Qin Shihuang). They all had their own historical missions, such as the Zhao Haoqi Item of Qin: weakening the power of the vassal states such as Zhao ... but Qin Shihuang achieved the greatest success. The national seal system "Guo Chuanyu", referred to as Xi, is based on "He". The seal handed down by the emperor after the Qin Dynasty was engraved on the order of Qin Shihuang. Its Fiona Fang is four inches, and it has five dragons in New Zealand. On the front, there are eight Chinese characters inscribed by Li Si, "Long live the order of heaven", as a token of "imperial power granted by God, orthodox and legal". Since then, emperors have used this seal as a symbol and regarded it as a rare treasure and a heavy weapon of the country. If you get it, it means that you are "ordered by heaven". If you lose it, it means that your luck is exhausted. Anyone who ascended the throne without this seal was ridiculed as "Bai Di", showing a lack of self-confidence and being despised by the world. As a result, people who want to seek big treasures compete with each other, leading to the repeated transfer of the country's decree and finally disappear. Unify the country and destroy South Korea.

The first target Qin Shihuang chose was South Korea. Because South Korea's strength is the weakest among the six countries, its geographical position is the biggest obstacle to the reunification of Qin. However, South Korea is not yet fragile. Qin Jun attacked South Korea many times and was repelled by South Korea. While attacking South Korea with the main force, Qin adopted the strategy of fostering pro-Qin forces and gradually dismembered South Korea. 23 1 years ago, Teng, a county magistrate in Nanyang, South Korea, pretended to be the chief, and gave his territory to the State of Qin. Teng was appointed as a literature and history by Qin, and was later sent to lead an army to attack South Korea. Teng knew Korea like the back of his hand, so it went smoothly. In 230 BC (the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty), Wang Han 'an fell and South Korea perished.

(2) Destroy Zhao.

In 229 BC, Qin took advantage of the earthquake and famine in Zhao, and sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist, and the two sides remained at loggerheads for a year. At a critical juncture, Qin used its killer weapon-deviance.

Wang Jian bribed Guo Kai, the favorite of Zhao Wang, with a large sum of money to spread rumors of rebellion between Li Mu and Sima Shang. The prince of Zhao listened to rumors and sent Zhao Cong and Yan Ju instead of Li Mu. Under the current enemy situation, Li Mu refused to give up the relieving. Zhao secretly sent someone to capture Li Mu and kill him, and at the same time killed Sima Shang. Killing Li Mu undoubtedly cleared the way for killing Zhao. From then on, like nobody's business, attack the city and attack Zhao. In 228 BC (the 19th year of Qin), Qin Jun attacked Handan, and this famous city fell into the hands of Qin. Soon, the fugitive Zhao was forced to give the map of Zhao to Qin. Zhao actually perished. However, Gong Zijia fled to Dai Jun (Yuxian County, Hebei Province) with a group of people and became king on his own. In 222 BC, after Qin Jun destroyed Yan State, it occupied Yan State. At this point, Qin unified the north.

③ Destroy the State of Wei.

In 23 1 year BC, under the powerful influence of Qin State, King Wei Jingcong presented Li Yi to Qin State to slow down the troops. At this time, the king of Qin was mobilizing troops to launch a general attack on Zhao. He didn't want to disperse his troops to attack Wei, so he accepted the land proposal. This enabled Wei to maintain the endgame for several years. In 225 BC (twenty-two years of Qin Dynasty), just as the main force was going south to attack Chu, Wang Ben, a general of Qin School, led an army to besiege the girders (Kaifeng, Henan). Wei Jun shut the gate, don't hold on. Because the girder Yugoslav capital has been built for many years and is extremely strong, Qin Jun cannot storm it. Wang Ben came up with a way to attack by water. A large number of foot soldiers in Qin Jun were arranged to dig ditches, take water from the Yellow River and canyons and pour it into girders. Three months later, the wall barriers of the girders all collapsed, and Wei had to surrender. The state of Wei perished.

(4) Destroy Chu.

Chu, a big country in the south, has a vast territory, dense forests and rich products, and is known as a million soldiers. However, the internal affairs of Chu have been sluggish, and the nobles always struggle for power and profit, which is particularly serious at the end of the Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu Youwang died and the ruling group split. Wang You's half-brother Jude ascended the throne and became king of mourning, but only two months later, he was killed by his half-brother's humble disciples. I became the king of Chu. The Chu royal family is even more divided. In 226 BC, civil strife broke out in Chu, and the King of Qin lost no time in transferring Qin Jun from the front line of cutting Yan in the north to attack Chu in the south, and successively captured several cities in Chu 10. In 224 BC, the decisive battle of Qin Chu was about to begin. Li Xin, the young general of the King of Qin, led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack the State of Chu and was defeated by the Chu army. Then he sent general Wang Jian to lead 600,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu. After Wang Jian entered Chu, he did not immediately launch an offensive. He summed up the lesson that Li Xin underestimated the enemy's aggressiveness, and adopted the strategy of stationing troops to practice martial arts, guarding the city wall, paralyzing the enemy and waiting for death. In this way, after more than a year, Qin Jun basically adapted to the situation of Chu, with high morale and abundant physical strength. At the same time, the Chu army, which was called to fight against Qin Jun, was gradually demoralized due to the lack of food and grass, and was ready to retreat eastward. When Chu Jun retreated, Wang Jian seized the opportunity and ordered the whole army to attack. Qin Jun defeated the main force of Chu army in one fell swoop, marched into the mainland and killed Xiang Yan, commander-in-chief of Chu army. Then, Qin Jun captured Shouchun (Shouxian County, Anhui Province), the capital of the State of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. The State of Chu perished in 223 BC (the 24th year of Qin Dynasty). In 222 BC (twenty-five years of King Qin), the army that just destroyed Chu in the south conquered the Vietnamese army and established Huiji County. As a result, all the Yangtze River basins were incorporated into the territory of Qin State.

⑤ Destroy Yan State.

In the process of destroying Zhao, the army of Qin reached the border of Yan. The prince is in a state of panic. Seeing that Qin destroyed Sanjin, he wanted to commit suicide, but there was nothing he could do. Yan Taizi Dan finally came up with a desperate assassination, that is, the famous Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin in history, which was in 227 BC. The assassination failed, but the king of Qin almost died under Jing Ke's dagger. He hated Yan deeply and immediately sent more troops to attack. In the first 226 years, Qin Jun captured Yan Dou Ji (Beijing), and Yan and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong County. Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, led thousands of people to pursue Taizi Dan to Yanshui in Qin Jun. Prince Taizi Dan survived because he was lurking in the water. Later, after weighing the interests, Wang Xi of Yan sent someone to kill Taizi Dan and dedicate his head to Qin, hoping to get a truce and keep Yan. After Prince Xi fled to Liaodong, Qin Jun's main force was transferred to the downtown to attack Chu. In 222 BC, Wang Ben was ordered to attack the remnants of the Yan State in Liaodong, and captured Wang Xi, the Yan State, which was completely destroyed.

⑥ Destroy gas.

In 22 1 year BC (the 26th year of Qin dynasty), the Qin dynasty ordered Wang Ben to go south and attack the last Qi state in the six eastern countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, Qi was one of the most powerful countries in Shandong. However, in 284 BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Chu successively conquered Qi, especially Yan's sweeping, which almost destroyed Qi. Since then, Qi has been devastated. Moreover, at this time, Qi is an incompetent person.

He relied on his mother when she was alive; Before his mother died, he stubbornly asked her to write down the names of ministers who could help him. In 249 BC (the 16th year of Qi Dynasty), the unyielding king died and became prime minister. The state of Qin soon launched a campaign to buy off insiders and gave a large number of gold and jade articles to Housheng. After gaining the benefits of Qin, they sent a large number of guests to Qin one after another. Qin also bribed them, gave them money and treasure, and sent them back to Qi to be spies. After returning from the state of Qin, these people actively created pro-Qin public opinion. They said that Qi Wang Jian should go to the western Qin Dynasty to show his submission. He also said that Chyi Chin was in-laws, so he didn't need to prepare for the war against Qin, nor should he help Sanjin and Yanchu attack Qin. It is in this case that Wang Ben went south to cut Qi, hardly meeting any resistance. Wang Ben led the army into Linzi, and Qi and Hou Sheng immediately surrendered to Qin. The state of Qi perished. At this point, the state of Qin completed the last journey of wiping out the heroes and unifying the six countries. Open up territory (1) and March south.

In 22 1 BC, after Qin Shihuang wiped out the six countries and unified the Central Plains, he set out to formulate the strategy of finding Xiongnu in the north and Baiyue in Nanping. After a series of preparations, in 2 18 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered generals Tu Youyou and Zhao Tuo to lead a 500,000-strong army and launched a war to conquer the Vietnamese in Lingnan. Qin Junbing was divided into five roads, passing through Yuechengling in the north of Guangxi, Jiuyi Mountain in the south of Hunan, Nankang and Yugan in Jiangxi, and marched into Yue State in Guangdong and Guangxi today. Among them, Qin Jun, which captured Panyu, was the fastest. They passed through Jiuben Fortress, went down the Beijiang River, went straight to the Pearl River Delta and occupied Panyu. Today, the two armies attacking Guiyue people are familiar with the terrain, good at climbing mountains and wading, and attack Qin Jun at night, which makes Qin Jun miserable. Once the Vietnamese won, Qin Jun's grain route was cut off and supplies were insufficient, and Tu Youyou, one of the commanders, was also killed. Due to lack of food, the Commander-in-Chief was killed, Qin Jun suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties, and the war fell into a confrontational stage, which lasted for three years.

In order to reverse the shortage of troops and the difficult supply of grain and grass, in 2 17 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered Yu Shilu, a military supervisor, to dig a Lingqu connecting Hunan and Lishui in Xing 'an, Guangxi. As the total length of Lingqu is only 34 kilometers, the engineering quantity is not large, and Qin Jun was completed soon. Lingqu connects the Xiangjiang River and the Pearl River system, and Qin Jun's wages can be continuously transported to Lingnan, providing a reliable material guarantee for Qin Shihuang to complete the great cause of Lingnan reunification.

In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo to attack Baiyue tribe again. Qin Jun was on a roll, and soon defeated the resistance of Xi 'ou people in Guangxi and Luoyue people in central and northern Vietnam, and the whole Lingnan area was incorporated into the territory of the Qin Dynasty.

In order to maintain the stability of Lingnan, Qin Shihuang ordered the soldiers who marched into Lingnan to stay in the local "garrison". In addition, there are a large number of Central Plains immigrants to Lingnan area. The remaining soldiers and immigrants, except a few who married migrant women from the Central Plains, mostly married Yue Nv. They brought advanced culture, agriculture and handicraft technology to Lingnan area, and made great contributions to the development of Lingnan. The war at the southern foot of Qinling Mountains was an important part of Qin Shihuang's war to unify China. For the first time in history, Lingnan was formally incorporated into Chinese territory, making the Yue nationality a member of the Chinese nation. It has played an important role in promoting the integration of Han and Vietnamese nationalities and the social, political, economic and cultural development of Lingnan.

(2) attack the Huns in the north.

In the thirty-three to thirty-four years of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC-2 13 BC), Qin Shihuang sent general Meng Tian to attack the Huns in the north.

During the Warring States Period, Huns living in the north of China had entered the slave society. It occupies the vast grassland areas in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia today. At that time, the Central Plains countries had no time to look north, and the Huns often raided the northern border areas of Qin, Zhao and Yan bordering them. After Qin Shihuang annexed six countries, Meng Tian ordered 300,000 troops to attack the Xiongnu in the north in order to relieve the Xiongnu's threat to Qin. In the spring of thirty-three years, the main force of Meng Tian's unification attacked its east from Shang Jun (the county for treating skin, now south of Yulin City, Shaanxi Province). Yang Wengzi led a team from Xiaoguan (southeast of Guyuan, Ningxia) to the Great Wall and attacked its west. Xiongnu fled after defeat. Qin then seized the land in Henan (south of the Inner Mongolia River and the land in Yike). There are 44 counties along the river, and immigrants will be cultivated. Due to the continuous attack of Xiongnu, the following autumn, Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tianjun to cross the Yellow River north, take Gaoque (Jilan Pass in the middle of Langshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia), capture Yangshan Mountain (Langshan Mountain and Yinshan Mountain in the north of Wu Jia, Inner Mongolia), and take a vacation to the north (Jiashan River area in the south of Wu Jia). The Huns were defeated and moved north. In order to consolidate the Henan area, Qin established Jiuyuan County (the county governs Jiuyuan, northwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia). In order to prevent Xiongnu from going south, Meng Tian was ordered to recruit a large number of migrant workers to build the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao (Min County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east, which played an important role in consolidating the northern border of Qin. The Qin Dynasty's victory over Xiongnu was the first and heaviest blow to the invading army of Xiongnu nobles. Because Tou Man was invincible in Qin State, Xiongnu Khan was forced to "move northward" for more than ten years.

Therefore, Jia Yi, a famous political commentator in the early Han Dynasty, called it "more than 700 miles away from the Xiongnu, the Hu people dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow down." Sang Hongyang also said: After Meng Tian's counter-offensive, "Huns were too strong and looked south for more than ten years". This counterattack relieved the intrusion and destruction of the Xiongnu slave owners and nobles, "took over the land of Henan", and freed the vast areas inside and outside the Hetao and north and south of the river from the long-term disaster of war.

③ Develop northern Xinjiang.

At the same time, the court moved a large number of criminals, "the beginning of the real county." In the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), the number of people migrating to the border was further increased. In addition to criminals emigrating, ordinary people are also encouraged to emigrate to border areas. For example, in the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang (265,438+065,438+0 BC), 30,000 mainland immigrants settled in Beihe and Yuzhong at one time, all of them were "first-class". While cultivating land and guarding the border, these immigrants and criminals played an important role in developing the northern border and enriching military equipment.

This is of positive significance to the formation of a unified multi-ethnic country in ancient China, the promotion of economic and cultural development in these remote areas, and the protection of the lives and property of people of all ethnic groups, including the Huns.

④ Explore the southwest.

After Qin Shihuang annexed six countries, in order to open up the southwest, the people of all ethnic groups in the southwest decided to open up the southwest in order to have long-term contacts with the mainland. The first emperor faction often communicated with southwest yi. Because of the traffic jam, Chang Li dug a plank road from Yibin, Sichuan to Dianchi, Yunnan. Because of its "strategic location" and "the road is only five feet wide", it is named five-foot road. After the plank road was opened, Daqin forces directly arrived in Galand, Yelang, Du Qiong, Kunming and other places, and set up officials and governments here. At the same time, Qin passed through Shu county, strengthened the contact with, Ruo and Ran Zhe, and brought them into the administrative system of county system. Therefore, Han said, "Joan, Ruo, and Ran are close to Shu, and Lu Yitong. Qin often passed through counties and counties until Han Xing. " Since then, the southwest minority areas have not only strengthened their ties with the mainland, but also become a part of a unified multi-ethnic country.

Qin Shihuang conquered South Vietnam and incorporated Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong into Chinese territory. Attack the Huns in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making this area the territory of China forever. East to the sea and Korea, west to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, south to the south of the Tropic of Cancer, north to Sai, and Yinshan to Liaodong. In addition, Qin Shihuang also opened Wuchi Road to the southwest, roughly from Yibin, Sichuan to Qujing, Yunnan, controlling the local tribal countries and extending his regime to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

Qin Shihuang's exploration of remote areas such as southeast, south-east, southwest and north has great and far-reaching significance both in the history of China and in the history of the world. The Qin Dynasty is so famous that "Qin people" have long been synonymous with China. In ancient Indian Sanskrit, China was called "zhina", and the geography book of Greek geographer Ptolemy included "Chinni" country. Even today, Europeans still call China China. These all come from the pronunciation of the word "Qin".

So far, the basic pattern of China's unified multi-ethnic centralized state has been established.

Qin Shihuang wanted to save his strength to continue to expand the territory and unify the world, but unfortunately he died at the age of 49. After the Great Wall was built and the Six Kingdoms perished, it was built in the north.

At that time, the Central Plains had just been unified, and the original aristocratic forces in various places were still very strong. If the traffic and links between the central areas are not maintained, the country will be divided again at any time. Therefore, we must improve the traffic and contact between the central area and other counties as soon as possible, so we must build roads as soon as possible.

Due to years of war, the agricultural facilities in the first few countries have been greatly damaged, or they have been in disrepair for a long time because of war; Agricultural production must be resumed as soon as possible after reunification; Therefore, it takes considerable manpower to dredge rivers and repair canals, which is beneficial to waterway transportation and agricultural irrigation.

The Great Wall was built to protect people's lives and property on the northern border, and its purpose was to reduce people's burden. Because the Huns are nomadic people, their cavalry activities are very extensive. Without the Great Wall, many troops will be needed to defend them, which will add a great burden to the people. He didn't build the Great Wall in Wan Li. He just connected the Great Wall in the north of Qin, Zhao and Yan. During the Warring States period, the systems of weights and measures and monetary systems in different countries were very different. After the reunification of Qin dynasty, it was stipulated that the currency could be divided into gold and copper: gold was the upper currency and yi was the unit; Copper coins are called coins, which are unified into circular square holes, with half two as the unit. Gold coins are mainly for the emperor, and copper coins are the main circulation media.

Qin Shihuang took the degree, quantity and balance of the former Qin State as the unit standard and eliminated the system that did not match this. Qin Ting engraved the original standard documents promulgated by Shang Yang, or made the same standard documents with inscriptions and sent them to the whole country. It is forbidden to use the degree, quantity and balance different from that of standard instruments. In the field system, the Qin dynasty stipulated that 6 steps (now 230 cm) were feet and 240 steps were acres. This system of dividing land into three parts per mu will remain unchanged for thousands of years. Qin Shihuang unified the currency mainly in two ways: first, the state unified the coinage, severely punished private coinage, and held the right to manufacture the currency in the hands of the state. The second is to unify the two currencies, namely, the upper currency gold and the lower currency copper. The change of gold is based on "Iraq", and one Iraq is 22 Liang. Copper coins take "half Liang" as the unit, and the word "half Liang" is obviously cast in gold coins. Copper coins are shaped like square holes, commonly known as "Qin Banliang". Pearl jade, tortoise shell, silver and tin, which were once popular in six countries, can no longer be used as currency. Speaking of the Qin Dynasty, China's currency was second-class; Gold is named after Yan, and it is a coin; Copper coins, commonly known as half a tael, are as heavy as the text, and are the next coins. Jade beads, tortoise shells, silver and tin are ornaments, not coins. The whole traffic began in 222 BC, and Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale chidao with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Chidao and the implementation of "cars on the same track" are both 50 steps wide. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road.

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed in the 20th to 23rd year of Qin Shihuang (2 19-2 15). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units. During the Warring States period, vehicles in different countries had different shapes. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, the width of the car was set at six feet, and one car could pass through the whole country. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established an autocratic monarchy that unified the whole country. Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he noticed the rule of ethnic minorities in southwest, southeast and northwest, thus strengthening the political and cultural ties of a multi-ethnic unified country dominated by the Chinese nation. After reunification, officials were set up in the southwest minority areas, making them a part of Qin State. In order to strengthen the connection between the Central Plains and southwest China, a five-foot-wide plank road (called "Five-foot Road") was opened under the auspices of Chang Yi, running through the north and south. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed Chu, it further unified the southeast Yue nationality area, and established Minzhong County (now Fuzhou, Fujian) in the land of Dongou and Minyue.

Subsequently, Qin Shihuang ordered Tu Youyou to lead a 500,000-strong army south in five ways, going deep into today's Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other places. In order to transport rations, Qin Shihuang ordered the army to dig a canal to connect the traffic between Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River, a tributary of Gui Jiang. At the same time, poor people and indebted couples were sent to support the war, and finally South Vietnam and Xi 'ou were unified, and Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang Jun County were built. Since then, these areas have become the territory of Qin. In the late Warring States period, there was a powerful nomadic tribe from west to north-Xiongnu, which rose in anger and lived in Toumancheng, north of Yinshan Mountain (now the northern foot of Yinshan Mountain in the northeast of Wuyuan, Inner Mongolia). Its leader, Tou Man Khan, often used fast cavalry to plunder food and people in the Central Plains and burned farmhouses. King Wuling of Zhao therefore took defensive measures and immigrated to reclaim land. But still can't stop the Huns from going south, and Jiuyuan Henan (referring to the south of the Yellow River) was occupied by them. In the first 22 1 year, 30,000 households moved to Yuzhong, Hebei Province for reclamation. At the same time, on the basis of the Northern Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan, a 5,000-mile Great Wall was built. Shu Tongwen

Since the Shang Dynasty, writing has gradually become popular. As an official language, bronze inscriptions are relatively consistent in form. However, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were regional differences in folk characters, such as weapons, Wen Tao, silk books and bamboo slips. This situation has hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, and also affected the effective implementation of policies and decrees of the central government. So, after Qin unified the Central Plains, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to sort out the unified characters.

On the basis of the big seal script widely used by Qin people in the Warring States Period, Lisi absorbed the advantages of the stick figure of Tadpole script popular in Qilu and other places, and created a new character with uniform shape and simple strokes, called "Qin Zhuan", also known as "Xiao seal script", as the official standard character, and abolished other variant characters. In addition, an official named Cheng Miao was detained in Yunyang for committing a crime. During his 10 years in prison, he summarized a change in font evolution at that time (later called "official change"). This move was appreciated by Qin Shihuang, so he was released, promoted to an imperial history, and ordered him to "set up a book" and develop a new font, that is, "official script." Official script broke the tradition of ancient Chinese characters, laid the foundation of regular script and improved the writing efficiency.

Qin Shihuang ordered the unification and simplification of scripts, which is a summary of the development and evolution of ancient scripts in China, and also a major script reform, which played an important role in the cultural development of China. homotopy

To "do the same thing" is to change customs and establish a unified moral code and code of conduct. In this respect, the Qin Dynasty also attached great importance to it. For example, in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Qin Shihuang came to the foot of Mount Tai. It used to be the hometown of Qi, and it was called "the state of etiquette". Qin Shihuang asked people to write on the carved stone of Mount Tai that "men and women should be polite and obedient, observe their duties, separate their internal and external parts, and treat their unclean bodies to their descendants" (meaning: men and women should be treated with courtesy, and women should be treated internally and men should be treated externally, setting a good example for future generations). In the thirty-seventh year of the First Emperor (265,438+00 BC), the inscription left by Huiji Stone severely lashed out at the prevailing local lewd wind, and corrected the custom of lax prevention for men and women in wuyue by killing adulterers.