It would be better if the history of pop music in Europe and America could start from the jazz period.

World music is sometimes called national pop music. World music in a broad sense can refer to all national music in the world. However, the world music we are going to introduce here mainly refers to a new form of music that is dominated by American pop music and integrates national music elements from all over the world since the end of World War II.

American pop music has occupied the whole world since the end of World War II. Blues, jazz, rock music, Sol music and other forms are everywhere in the world, which have brought great impact to pop music in various countries. In fact, all these forms of "America" are actually gene transfer of African descent, which is the beat of the spread of slavery to North America. When these rhythms were slightly processed and returned to their hometown in a new form, it affected their culture and gave birth to an exciting hybrid variety-world music. World music in 1980s had a great influence on the development of western pop music. Interestingly, this influence is a circular relationship: African black culture, as the source of pop music, has made it develop rapidly, which is obvious to all. However, when this American pop music returned to Africa, it promoted the birth of world music. In the 1980s, when the influence of world music was gradually expanding, musicians from all over the world (especially in Asia and Africa) fully embodied more avant-garde contemporary consciousness through various advanced means, thus returning to promote the development of pop music. Therefore, we can clearly see that world music does not exist in isolation. It combines pop music, folk music and even traditional music.

First, reggae music

1, overview

Reggae music (also translated by Hong Kong and Taiwan as "Reggae Music") originated in Jamaica in the mid-1960s, with a moderate speed, and its notable feature is to emphasize the backhand stress.

Reggae music evolved from rock music, and rock music is the continuation of ska music. The roots of these three kinds of music are African music tradition in the Caribbean, sacred revivalism and American rhythm and blues.

In the mid-1950s, American rhythm and blues was introduced to Jamaica through radio stations in Miami, New Orleans, Memphis and other places. Later, some local musicians merged it with Jamaican folk music Manto, and gradually formed ska music. Scala music is faster, and the rhythm emphasizes the stress of backhand. In addition to the traditional Mantu instruments (such as acoustic guitar and various Latin American percussion instruments), the band also added brass pipes, electric guitars, electric bass and keyboards, and highlighted the gorgeous colors of brass pipes. Scala music was popular between 1960 and 1965, and gradually evolved into roxidi music in the mid-1960s. Compared with ska music, Loksidi music obviously slows down, and its rhythm and texture are more delicate and rich. Its band completely adopts the combination of rhythm and blues, takes guitar as the rhythmic instrument, and uses syncopation technique to play a relaxed and rhythmic rhythm mode; The melody of the bass voice is also more independent, which is in opposition to the gorgeous lead voice. Sixty years later, Roysty's music developed into more international reggae music. In fact, it is difficult to draw a clear line between Roxbetti's and Reggae's music, but Reggae is more delicate than Roxbetti's. It uses more electro-acoustic instruments and is more international and commercial.

The content of reggae music is closely related to Rastafarianism believed by the local poor. This sect worships former Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie, and regards him as the savior of God and black people. It was named after being called Prince Tafari before he ascended the throne. Reggae music often expresses the political thoughts of Rastafarianism and the psychology of the oppressed people in Jamaica, dreaming of being rescued one day and returning to their hometown in Africa-their paradise on earth. The representative of reggae music is bob marley, who made reggae music widely spread and became a popular music form with world influence.

2. bob marley (1945- 198 1)

Bob marley, 1945 was born in Jamaica, the son of a white officer and a black maid in the British navy. He grew up in a slum. As a teenager, bob marley not only believed in Rastafarianism, but also was influenced by the theory of "black power" in the United States in 1960s. In music, bob marley also likes black rock music, Nat King Cole (19 15- 1965) style "white" jazz and Sol music. Of course, Skanska's music was an important foundation for his later music development.

From 65438 to 0965, bob marley organized mourners. The lyrics of their early works are "immature", which reflects their "childhood in the slums of Jamaica and their life as unemployed teenagers". Soon, Marley turned to simple, politically more radical Jamaican street language, such as the lyrics of Getup and Stand up: "Stand up, stand up for your rights. Get up, stand up, and never give up fighting. " "I shot" and "Sheriff" tell the story of a black man who was unjustly persecuted. Both songs are from the album Burning, and the theme of the album is "Fire Related to Revolution". Another album, Uprising, later became the rallying cry of rioters in Jamaica, London and South Africa. Therefore, a pop music friend in Oxford wrote: "Before reggae was commercialized, it was a rebellious music". From 65438 to 0972, "Mourners" signed a contract with London's "Island" record company and began to build their international reputation. From 65438 to 0977, bob marley toured the United States and Europe and was warmly welcomed. His hairstyle (popular in the Caribbean, with his hair braided like a rope) was imitated by many reggae fans, and his music influenced many white and black singers and bands in Europe and America. 198 1 year, bob marley died of cancer at the age of 36.

Besides bob marley, famous reggae musicians and bands include Peter Tosh, Blake Uhuru, Aswad and the Third World. 3. Other reggae bands

In the late 1970s, when reggae music found a broad market in Europe and America, many musicians began to follow suit. Among them, "UB40" band and "Police" band in Britain are the most famous.

"UB40" was founded in 1977 and has a huge band with eight members from Birmingham, England. UB40 is the code name of the British relief and welfare organization. Because most of the members were unemployed when the team was built, they needed to fill in UB40 social welfare relief form, so they took it as the name of the band. 1983, the band reached its peak, and their singing "Red Wine" topped the charts. In this classic work, people fully feel the unique beauty brought by "Reggae Music" with its Zhang Chi rhythm and fresh and smooth melody. To this day, the band UB40 still enjoys it.

The police were established in 1977. The three members are lead singer and bassist Sting, guitarist Andy Summer and drummer Steffat Copland. They organically combine reggae music with pop music to make it more popular. Sting is the core figure of the band, formerly known as Gordon Matthew sumner (born in 195 1). The band's most famous masterpiece, Every Breath You Take (1983, Case 43), was composed by Sting during his vacation in Jamaica. 1984 The band broke up, and Sting began his solo career, which was brilliant all the way. Newday, the album brand released by 1999, is a perfect combination of various styles, jazz, world music and pop music, which fully embodies Sting's musical talent.

Second, Latin music.

The so-called Latin music in this section refers to the Latin American pop music from the Rio Grande River on the border between the United States and Mexico to the southernmost Cape Horn.

Latin America is a multi-ethnic group, so Latin music is a diversified mixed music formed by the fusion of many kinds of music. Both white music in Europe, black music in Africa, Indian music in America and even Asian music in the East have made different contributions to Latin music. After a long period of precipitation, on the basis of European culture, they also absorbed a lot of factors from Indian culture and African black culture, and gradually formed a colorful, vibrant and energetic Latin culture. Then, among many countries in Latin America, Latin music, led by Brazil and Cuba, is at the forefront of world pop music. 1, the origin and development of Latin music

(1) Indian culture

Indians are the masters of the American continent, and their national traditional culture is an important part of modern Latin music. Indian music culture, according to different regional conditions, is difficult to generalize, but it can be roughly summarized as follows:

First of all, it is closely related to life, combined with religion, labor and dance. Therefore, their melodies are simple and full of unique expressions. This feature is particularly obvious in some local folk songs, and the pentatonic scale without semitone has formed a unique style and interest. In addition, there is no harmony in the European sense in traditional Indian music. Thirdly, in terms of musical instruments, the absence of stringed instruments is a major feature of Indian musical instruments. Although stringed instruments such as guitar, violin and harp are often used in Indian music today, they were later brought by Europeans.

(2) European (Iberian) culture

On the one hand, Spanish and Portuguese music in Iberian Peninsula in Europe is similar to that in Western Europe; On the other hand, it is unique under the influence of national music. Whether it is scales, melodies or rhythms, harmony, singing and vocalization, it shows factors that are not found in other parts of Europe in many aspects. Especially its rhythm, there is a lot of triple-beat music, but it is not as monotonous as waltz, but more delicate and dynamic. In addition, the complex and energetic rhythm like the alternation of 3/4 and 6/8 beats is also liked by Spaniards and Portuguese. This Iberian rhythm has been handed down in Latin America, and then combined with Indian rhythm, especially with African black rhythm, it has produced a richer and more subtle sense of rhythm.

Musical instruments, such as the guitar called "Spanish national instrument", are very popular in Latin American countries. In singing, because the lyrics are Spanish or Portuguese, we can feel the obvious difference from English songs.

(3) African black culture

Latin America absorbed a large number of African blacks and their music in the slavery system from the beginning of16th century to the second half of19th century. The traditional music culture brought by African blacks, such as American blues, soul music, jazz and Sol music, also shows strong subjectivity in Latin music.

In the music of African blacks, there is both a combination of religion and a simple secular side. No matter what aspect, its melody, rhythm and singing method all show remarkable characteristics. In terms of melody, the melody has a unique trend, including natural glide and decorative sound, and the scale is more colorful (because of the use of glide in singing, the notes change more). In terms of timbre, blacks have a very unique timbre, and the emotions they express often leave a deep impression on people. In the aspect of singing, solo, chorus and chorus are usually performed alternately, which is characterized by the form of one response at a time.

The greatest feature of African black music is its natural good and rich sense of rhythm. They use various percussion instruments to produce complex and rich rhythms and beats. The rhythm of African-American music in these branches is basically based on double beats, but it is not as simple and rigid as March. Usually, two, three or even more rhythms overlap at the same time, and segments are constantly added to produce a mixed rhythm of dynamic rhythms.

To sum up, Latin music is mainly composed of the above three cultures. From the perspective of melody and rhythm, the combination of these three cultures: in melody, Indians provided the basic pentatonic mode, while the influence of European music was manifested in expanding scales and adding chords, while blacks added more changes and modifications; In terms of beat and rhythm, Indians insist on short sentences and long pauses, accompanied by monotonous drums. The rhythm of Europeans is mainly the typical double beat of 3/4 and 6/8 beats in Spain, and the influence of African blacks is mainly to add syncopation to the almost constant 2/4 beat.

As can be seen from the above, the development of Latin music can be roughly divided into four stages: ① pure Indian tone, pentatonic scale; (2) The "mixing" of Indian music has produced Indo-European mixed-race varieties similar to European major and minor tones; (3) "Mix-and-Mix" is a further development with African black decorative sounds and changing decorative sounds; (4) The "three-time mixing" is based on the above-mentioned integration of modern musical instruments and production, making it more international.

1979, the Grammy Awards Gala presented the best Latin record award, followed by various Latin music awards. Since then, Latin music has spread all over the world, making it truly move towards the international stage.

2. Latin rhythm

From the source of Latin music, we can clearly see that Latin music is a kind of rhythm-centered pop music. Its rhythm is not only a simple law of dynamics, but as the soul of music, it has risen to a dominant position. So in the process of understanding Latin music, the first thing to understand is its rhythm. The following focuses on several representative Latin rhythms and styles.

(1) samba

Samba, which originated in Brazil, is a dance music form based on the American rhythm of black people and drawing lessons from European melodies. Characterized by 2/4 beats, the notes briefly roll the rhythm. Traditional samba can be divided into rural samba and urban samba. Rural samba is more divided than urban samba, and the rhythm of urban samba changes less, but it is fast and dexterous. Samba, popular in modern Europe and America, was formed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil around 1920.

(2) rumba (rumba; Ruenba)

Rumba originated in Africa, appeared in Cuba in the early19th century, and developed and became popular in the early 20th century. In the early 1930s, rumba was introduced to the United States and European countries, and at the same time it was all the rage with jazz elements. The basic rhythm of rumba is "××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

(3) Mambo Dance

Mambo is a combination of rumba and swing music in jazz. It was formed around 1940 and became popular all over the world in the 1940s and 1950s. The bands that play mambo music are generally larger. The band includes brass, saxophone, piano, bass and other common instruments in rock bands, as well as Latin American percussion instruments such as sand ball, sound stick and conga drum. Music creation is often based on fixed bass and chord sequences.

(4) Salsa dance

Salsa, a dance music that combines Cuban black music, American jazz and South American folk music. It originated in the United States in the 1940s, developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and reached its peak in the mid-1970s. Sasha's rhythm instruments are still mainly Latin American percussion instruments, such as sand ball, sound stick, conga drum and bongo drum. The basic rhythm pattern is similar to mambo and mambo, but a two-bar rhythm pattern in salsa is unique: 4/4 beat, ×××××| 0××× 00 |. Traditional salsa music is usually composed of a mambo section, which is composed of a fixed motivation that is repeated repeatedly.

(5) Chen Wenjing (cha-cha)

Following Latin dance music such as rumba and mambo, it was popular in Europe and America in the middle and late 1950s. On the contrary, the folk music from Cuba is Charangas. Its basic rhythm is ×××× |, and the last three stresses are strengthened by Latin American percussion instruments such as sand balls and sound sticks.

tango

Tango is a Habanella dance that originated in Cuba and is widely spread as a representative of Argentine music. It is characterized by a swing rhythm of 2/4 beats, which usually consists of two sections, the first section is minor and the second section is major. Tango is also sung with guitar accompaniment. The general tango band consists of violin, accordion, piano, double bass and other instruments, and the button accordion is an indispensable instrument in the tango band. Its basic rhythm type is: ××××× |/|.

The six styles introduced above, together with Bossanova introduced into jazz, as the representative of Latin music, have caused a Latin craze around the world, but in addition to these seven popular categories, there are also the following styles of Latin music that are also very individual, such as Bolero, Guaracha, Habanera, Son and Gua. These styles all come from Cuba. Together with Mambo and Rumba, Cuba is known as the "treasure house of Latin rhythm". Here are several Latin-style band modes for your reference (Example 44).

3. Santana car

In 1960s and 1970s, a musician made great contributions to the spread and development of Latin music. This is Carlos Santana.

Santana was born in Mexico, 1947. As an excellent guitarist, he built a bridge between Latin music and pop music (especially rock music). He absorbed the essence of blues and rock music, and at the same time showed his rebellion against them with his unique expression and guitar solo full of Latin charm.

1966, their band was founded in San Francisco with Santana as the core and named "Santana Blues Band". 1967, they began to develop Latin music style, and soon renamed the band "Santana". 1969, they appeared at Woodstock Rock Music Festival, and their novel Latin rock sounds were fully displayed, which also attracted many audiences. In the early 1970s, "Santana" band created a new rhythm and melody of Latin music and incorporated it into rock music. Drums and Latin American percussion instruments form the core of this sound, and as drummers provide more complex rhythms, their music becomes more popular.

In the next 25 years, 17 musicians will go or go, but Santana is an eternal advocate, guiding the development direction of the band. In those years, Santana kept looking for new elements and influences, so that their style was not limited by Latin music. In the early 1970s, they became interested in jazz and infiltrated it into the band's works. 1973, Santana and John Cortland, a famous jazz saxophonist, recorded the album "Love Devotes to Surrender". Since then, Santana has continuously combined rock music, jazz music and Latin music to make the band's style more colorful.

Whether recording and playing in a band or as a guitarist, Santana has always pursued her own musical interest and personality, and her idealistic style has never given up. In the late 1970s, he temporarily returned to more primitive rock music, and in the 1980s, he became interested in jazz again. In the late 1980s, he was as keen on the blues style as john lee hooker. But in any case, Santana's music has never left the roots of Latin music, and his music evolution has continuously expanded his musical vision and interest.

Latin music attracts the attention of the world music circle with its unique rhythm and long cultural background, and Latin musicians emerge one after another. In recent years, Ricky Martin, marc anthony, enrique iglesias and other stars who have appeared in the pop music world are all representatives of a new generation of Latin music with great personality.

Third, new era music.

1, overview

In the 1980s, when pop music presented a complicated and diverse situation, various genres of jazz returned to the stage. Rich and varied styles of rock music; Sol's music broke through all lines of defense and continued to spread. At this time, a quiet and gentle emotional music-new era music appeared.

Music in the new era often adopts the "Jian Yuepai" technique in serious music and repeats the same tune. Sometimes it is combined with nature and other sounds. The early New Age music was characterized by electronic musical instruments and high-tech recording methods, and later, various folk musical instruments with strange timbre were added continuously, which blended the folk music elements from all over the world (especially in Asia and Africa). From the morphological point of view, this kind of music does not deliberately emphasize a certain point in music (such as melody line and sense of rhythm), but pays more attention to the overall effect of music (such as the change of timbre and the layout of texture). Although the new era music sometimes uses some rock music techniques, it is actually opposite to rock, especially heavy metal, punk and stronger mainstream rock. It is the "antidote" to loud, screaming and strong-beat rock music, and it is also a reflection of people seeking to relieve their tension under the pressure of life. After the 1990s, the category of New Age Music has been generalized by many record companies, and all kinds of relatively simple electronic light music have been given this title, and some music with similar styles, such as Irish singer Enya, have also been included in this category. In addition, Billboard in the United States also created a new era music chart to promote the development of this kind of music.

2. "mystery"

Enigma (also translated as Enigma) is an American hymn expressed through the rhythm of western pop music. Here, you can feel the distant and mysterious African tribes and the sacred and solemn religious echoes. Many people only hear mysterious voices, but seldom know the story behind "Ingmar". So, what kind of form is it?

Enigma is not only a simple combination of music categories, it has become a representative of music, a conceptual and highly personalized world music. Its "soul" figure is Michael Cretu, a talented musician and producer. Critto,1May 195718th was born in Bucharest. 1965, entered a local music primary school, majoring in piano. 1975, Critto and his family immigrated to Hamburg, the former West Germany, and were admitted to Frankfurt Conservatory of Music. 1979 joined Polaroid Records Company and started his music creation and production. 1985 signed a contract with Virgin Germany and began to cooperate with some famous singers, the most successful of which was to help Sandra (a famous German female singer) make a very successful album. 1988 In February, Critto married Sandra, and then they moved to Ibiza. 1989, he began to make his own music in his home recording studio.

Another protagonist in Ingmar is Crito's wife Sandra. She performed all the female voices in the "Enigma" record. Sandra, whose full name is Sandra Raul, was born in May 1962. She released a solo album at the age of 12, and formed a singing group called "Arabic Style" at the age of 16, which was very popular in Japan at that time. From 65438 to 0985, Sandra began to cooperate with Critto and successfully established her position in the music world.

Critto broke away from convention, freed himself from European pop music and began to make his favorite music. He perfectly combined two completely different sounds-the flute in Peru and the melody of the monastery hymn, and made it unique with a free and easy disco rhythm. 1990 10 The first single of Enigma, Sadness, Part 1, was released for the first time and became their most famous hit single. The album "2000 BC" (MCMXC.a.D) is the best-selling album in Germany's history, with a sales volume of120,000, ranking first in the album charts of 4 1 countries. When pop music progressed steadily in the 1990s, Enigma did not follow the standard rules of success, but used flute and medieval hymns with modern musical instruments such as electric guitar and brass music to convey the breath and feelings of modern people. The classic songs in this album, such as My Mistake, The Principle of Desire and The River of Faith, are excellent. BC 199 1, in 2000, a limited edition was released, adding four tracks, but all of them were mixed and expanded on the basis of the original album songs. The cover design of the limited edition record is almost the same as the original, except that the black of the original is replaced with a gloomy green background. Generally speaking, 2000 BC is Jason's work in the history of pop music in the 1990s.

1993, Enigma released its second album, The Cross of Change. Due to the success of the first album, the second album received a pre-order of 6.5438+0.4 million before it was officially published. This album not only has the temperament of the last album, but also is an evolution. Its cover design is very unique: a black circle and a robot with human characteristics walk in front, and the lines are blurred. There are 9 songs in "Ten Changing Houses", and the beginning of each song is similar to the last album, but there are obviously different male voices in various backgrounds. However, this album did not surpass the previous one. At the crossroads of change, two popular songs were born: Eye of Truth and Return to Innocence. In particular, Eye of Truth involves more symphony elements, and obviously tends to have the song structure of Lapp hymns with modern rhythm (referring to residents living in Norway, Sweden, Finland and northern Russia). As a chorus, this song makes people feel very comfortable. One of the reasons is that "Enigma" extended its interest to the ancient Nordic music culture. 1994 "the cross of transformation" also published a "special edition", adding three songs, and each song added a mixing part. Because it is not released in the United States, it is difficult to find a "special edition" in some record stores around the world. Quot this record.

1996165438+1October 25th, the third album "Mystery", Le Roiest mort, vive Le Roi! )。 Compared with the previous album, the new album not only has a different atmosphere, but also has a more peaceful tone and more minority voices, which is praised by critics as the most unified album of "Ingmar" so far. This album conveys many natural and philosophical concepts, and the theme of this concept is "Why". Beyond the invisible is a classic single in the album, which is paved with overwhelming power and powerful melody through Critto's voice.

1999, Enigma released her fourth album Screen in the Mirror. Because the audience is used to the personalized features of the first three albums, the style of this album is slightly dull. In 2000, Enigma aimed at the mysterious oriental culture and released its fifth album Limited Power. Today, with the rapid development of pop music, many people have different opinions on this album, but no matter what attitude the critics hold, the "mystery" voice, as the representative of world music, has been permanently recorded in the history of pop music.

3. Other New Age Music

As mentioned above, the category of music in the new era has gradually generalized since the 1990s. Music with a certain nationality produced by modern recording technology falls into this category, such as the music of Irish female singer Enya, Indian church music and China Tibetan music (such as Sister Drum produced by He Xuntian). Therefore, the concept of new era music is becoming less and less important, and the modernity and originality of music have become the core of this kind of music. The following focuses on three representative musicians. Enya

Enya created a new era music with Irish style through folk melody, synthetic effect and classical background.

Eitneni Bhraonain (196 1) was born on March 17, 2007 in a musical family in Guido, county donegal. Both parents work in music. But Enya was most influenced by the Clannad band formed by her brothers and sisters at 1976. 1979, Enya joined the band as a keyboard player and created a large number of TV soundtracks for the band. 1982, Enya left the "family" because she was tired of the pop style of the band. From then on, she began to devote herself wholeheartedly to her favorite music creation. 1986, she released the original music album "Celts" of BBC TV and signed a contract with WEA Records.

From 65438 to 0988, Enya's second album Watermark achieved excellent results. 199 1 year, Enya released "The Shepherd's Moon", which ranked 17 in the US album sales list for four consecutive years, and the global sales exceeded100000. At the end of 1992, the WEA record was reissued to the Celtics. 1995, Enya released the album Memory of Trees, which took her four years to record. The style of this album is not much different from her previous works, just adding some joyful music elements. This album ranked ninth in the American charts, with more than 2 million copies released and sold that year.

Kitaro (Kitaro)

Kitaro's style is a combination of high-tech electronic music synthesizer and his meditation. In 1960s, inspired by rhythm and blues, this famous Japanese musician taught himself electric guitar in high school.

In the early 1970s, Kitaro formed the Far East Family Band and published two progressive rock albums. 1972, he made his first electronic synthesizer, and used it to simulate various natural sounds. His first album was published on 1978, and it immediately achieved remarkable results. Two years later, he made a set of music records for the TV series Silk Road. Since then, his music has attracted international attention.