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Leaves grow into branches, which are called new buds or vegetative branches. Branches can be divided into long branches, common branches, slender branches and leafy branches according to their growth. The flower buds of apples are mixed buds. Axillary flower buds are buds formed in the axils of leaves of branches of the same year, and those that can blossom and bear fruit in the next year are called axillary flower buds. The flower bud differentiation of most apple varieties began in early June and ended before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. 5-7 flowers per inflorescence.

bloom and bear fruit—yield positive results

Flowering: The flowering period of apples varies greatly due to different climates. Usually from April to May,

Apple (4)

There are 3 ~ 7 flowers in each bud, and the central flower blooms first. Apple is a cross-pollinated plant, and most varieties cannot bear fruit by themselves. The proportion of various fruiting branches varies with the age and species of trees. Usually, young trees have more long fruit branches and middle fruit branches. With the increase of tree age, the proportion of short fruit branches increased rapidly, reaching more than 70% in the full fruit period, and almost all of them were short fruit branches in the aging period. From the variety point of view, Jin Shuai and other varieties have more long fruit branches and medium fruit branches, and varieties such as Starkrimson and Red Fuji have a large proportion of short fruit branches, and varieties such as Liaofu are easy to form axillary buds.

Fruit setting: the normal fruit of apple, each fruit has 5 ventricles, and each ventricle has 2 seeds. During fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate pulp growth, so pollination is good, seeds are full and full, fruit shape is correct, and pulp is full; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect. [ 1]

Fruit quality

Apple fruit is a fake fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage.

Apple (4)

The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65 ~ 87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90 ~ 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137 ~ 168 days for late-maturing varieties. Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones.

Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity and spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring.

From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5 ~ 20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. 7 ~ 14 days after the third and second fruit drop, the fruit has reached the size of thumb nail, which has a great influence on the yield, so it is called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, which occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop".

The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop. The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than that of young fruits. Therefore, in addition to pinching and pruning branches to inhibit the growth of new shoots, it is necessary to apply huafei to supplement nutrients in time. [ 1]

Fruit development

Apple peel color can be divided into background color and surface color. When the fruit is immature, the background color of the peel is generally dark green, and there are three situations when the fruit is mature:

1. Green fades or even disappears completely, and the background color is red.

2. Green will not fade completely, resulting in yellow-green or yellow-green background color.

3. Green doesn't fade at all, it is still dark green.

When the fruit is ripe, the surface color of the peel is generally red, green and Huang San, and there are other colors, but they are rare.

The main pigments that determine the color of fruits are chlorophyll, carotene, anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanin is an extremely unstable water-soluble pigment, which mainly exists in cell fluid or cytoplasm. It is red at low pH, lavender at neutral and blue at alkaline. When it is combined with different metal ions, it will also show various colors, so fruits can show various complex colors.

Factors affecting the formation of anthocyanins

In addition to the heredity of varieties, the sugar content in fruits is the main factor affecting the formation of anthocyanins in apples. Anthocyanins are proanthocyanidins formed when pentose breathes violently. In addition, anthocyanins often combine with sugar to form anthocyanins in fruits. Therefore, the development of anthocyanins is closely related to the sugar content. Any factors that affect the synthesis and accumulation of sugar will affect the development of anthocyanins. Higher tree nutrition level, reasonable load, suitable ratio of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen fertilizer and proper water control are all beneficial to the red development of fruit.

The effect of temperature on coloring is also related to the accumulation of sugar. When the temperature of mid-late mature apple varieties is above 20℃ at night, it is not conducive to coloring.

The firmness of pulp is also one of the important indexes of fruit quality. The hardness of pulp not only affects the taste of fresh food, but also relates to the storage and processing characteristics of fruit. The hardness of apple pulp is closely related to the cellulose content in the cell wall, the kind and quantity of pectin in the glue layer in the cell wall and the swelling pressure of pulp cells. [ 1]

Production cultivation

edit

Climatic requirements

temperature

Apple pictures (2)

Apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that likes low temperature and dryness. It requires no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9 ~ 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April ~ 10) is about 5000℃. It is generally believed that apples can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5 ~ 14℃. The natural dormancy period of apples is very long. If the temperature in winter is too high to reach the low temperature required for winter dormancy, the germination in spring will be uneven.

Judging from the areas with the most apples in the world, the average temperature in Leng Yue in winter (65438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere and July in the southern hemisphere) is between-10 ~ 10℃, which can meet the requirements of low temperature for apples. The average temperature of the main apple producing areas in China 1 month is within this range. The average temperature 12 ~ 18℃ in the growing period (4 ~ 65438+ 10 month) and 18 ~ 24℃ in the summer (June ~ August) are the most suitable for apple growth. In autumn, the temperature is high during the day and low at night, and the fruit has high sugar content, good coloring, thick peel, more fruit powder and storage resistance. [ 1]

deposit

The precipitation per mu during the apple growing period is about 180mm. Generally, natural precipitation can actually be absorbed by fruit trees, which is about 1/3, so it is enough to have a precipitation of 540 mm during the growing period. Areas with rainfall below 450 mm from April to September need irrigation. The distribution of precipitation in northern China is uneven, with 70-80% concentrated in July and August, and the amount of water is insufficient in spring. There is little precipitation and water shortage in inland areas, so irrigation conditions and soil and water conservation measures must be considered when building gardens and selecting land, and drainage measures should also be paid attention to in rainy season.

sunlight

Apples (2)

Apple tree is a light-loving tree, and it can grow normally only when there is enough light. According to the measurement of Shandong Agricultural University, the light compensation point of Jinguan and emerging areas in Tai 'an is 600 ~ 800 m candle, and the saturation point is 3500 ~ 4500 m candle. In this range, the light intensity increases and photosynthesis is also strengthened. Insufficient sunshine will cause a series of reactions such as excessive growth of branches and leaves, weakness, poor resistance to pests and diseases, less differentiation of flower buds, less nutrient storage, low flowering and fruit setting rate, affected root growth, low sugar content of fruits, and chromatic aberration. [ 1]

land

Soil has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of apples. The main factors are soil layer, soil ventilation and soil quality. In a word, apples need fertile and deep soil, good drainage, rich organic matter, slightly acidic to slightly alkaline.

wind

Strong winds often bring many adverse effects to the growth and development of apples, such as causing crown deflection, affecting flowering, pollination, destroying leaf organs, fruit dropping and so on. Therefore, windbreaks must be built to establish apple orchards in windy areas.

Winter (65438+February-February) is the dormant period of apple trees. The focus of orchard management is pruning in winter, combining with pruning in winter to cut off diseased branches and insect branches, and scrape off coarse old bark to reduce or eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

First, winter pruning

1. Young trees should be pruned according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to modeling and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2)5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.

2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield". The key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total branches account for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.

Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.

Third, scraping the rough old bark In the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests. [5]

Cultivation status quo

Current situation of apple cultivation in the world

Apple varieties (7)

The annual output of apples in the world is about 32 million tons. In most parts of Europe, most apples are used to make cider and brandy. Apples used to brew cider account for 1/4 of the world output. The United States, China, France, Italy and Turkey are the largest producers, while France, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporters. There are more than 80 countries producing apples in the world, and the main producing countries are 12, and the annual output exceeds or approaches10 million tons. According to the output, China (46%), the United States (9%), Turkey (6%), Italy (5%), France (5%) and Poland (5%) respectively. Besides China, Yuan Shuai and Jinguan are two main cultivated varieties in the world. If China is included, Fuji will become the largest cultivated variety in the world. The newly developed orchards in the United States, Italy, France, Chile and South Africa account for more than 50% of Red Fuji, and the cultivated area of Red Fuji in China accounts for 49.6% of the total apple area.

Main varieties planted in various countries:

China: Hua Niu, Red Star, Glory, Marshal Department, Red General, etc.

Korean: Gan Hong, Lu Hong, Shuguang, Qiu Guang, Huahong;

United States: Jonathan, Enpai, New Red Star, Gallas, Briburn;

Australia: imported marble, Australian green apples, Murray gems, etc.

New Zealand: Gallas, Pacific Rose, Brisbane, Gorgeous;

Japan: Fuji, Guoguang, Tsutsugaru, Wang Lin, Jonathan, Lu Ao, Shanshan, etc.

The industry has made great progress and achieved great results. In 2005, the cultivated area was 6.5438+0.89 million hectares, and the output reached 24 million tons, accounting for 2/5 and 654.38+0/3 of the total output of apples in the world respectively. China has become the largest apple producer in the world. The output per unit area increased from 4.7 tons/hectare in 1995 to average 12 tons/hectare.

After nearly 10 years of regional layout adjustment, the proportion of apple area in China's total orchard area decreased from 65438+34.9% in 0996 to 18.8% in 2005, but the apple output still kept growing, accounting for 27.2% of the national fruit output in 2005. Bohai Bay and Northwest Loess Plateau are the two dominant apple producing areas, accounting for 40% and 39% of the total apple area and 45% and 35% of the total apple output, respectively. The planting area of excellent varieties such as Red Fuji is over 80%, and the proportion of exported apples and concentrated apple juice is over 90%. The storage and fresh-keeping capacity of apples increased from less than 654.38+10,000 tons in the 1970s to more than 5 million tons, accounting for about 25% of the total output of apples. The post-harvest commercial processing level of fresh apples has gradually improved, forming a number of apple production, sales and processing enterprises. China has become the largest producer of concentrated apple juice in the world. There are more than 35 concentrated apple juice manufacturers in China, with a processing capacity of 10 ton/hour; The processing capacity of fresh apples is increased from 5% of the output of 1996 apples to more than 20%; The production capacity soared from less than 1000 tons in the mid-1980s to 1 10,000 tons.

With the rapid development of apple industry, there are also some problems, such as the increasing constraints of variety resources and land resources; The overall quality of products needs to be improved; Pre-production is out of touch with mid-production and post-production. Therefore, the apple industry should further implement the sustainable development strategy.

Apple contains more potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium salt in human body and excreted.

When the human body ingests too much sodium salt, eating some apples is beneficial to balance the electrolytes in the body. The phosphorus, iron and other elements contained in apples are easily absorbed by the intestinal wall, which has the functions of nourishing the brain, calming the nerves and helping sleep. Clinical application has proved that patients with depression have greatly improved their mood and relaxed spirit. After smelling the fragrance of apples, the sense of depression disappears. Experiments have also proved that insomnia patients can smell the fragrance of apples before falling asleep, which can make people fall asleep quickly and quietly. Wash and juice apples, take 100 ml each time, three times a day, and take 15 days continuously as a course of treatment. Apples can reduce cholesterol content. [7]

Lowering cholesterol: Keeping blood sugar stable can also effectively lower cholesterol.

Anti-cancer: reduce the risk of lung cancer and prevent lead poisoning. Procyanidins can prevent colon cancer and enrich blood.

Respiratory cleaner: Improve respiratory system and lung function, and protect lungs from pollution and smoke.

Promote gastrointestinal peristalsis: assist the human body to discharge waste and reduce the harm of harmful substances to the skin.

Maintain acid-base balance: apples are alkaline foods. Eating apples can quickly neutralize excessive acidic substances in the body (including acid produced by exercise (sports food) and acidic metabolites produced by acidic foods such as fish, meat and eggs in the body), and enhance physical strength and disease resistance.

Lose weight: apples will increase satiety, and eating before meals can reduce food intake and achieve the purpose of losing weight.

Apple is rich in trace elements, vitamins and other nutrients needed by human body, and it is recognized as one of the most nutritious and healthy fruits. Apple seed is also called "the library of life", and its nutrient content is more than 10 times that of pulp. Apple seeds contain a lot of plant hormones, which can effectively regulate human endocrine, promote cell microcirculation and improve cell activity. [9] However, apple seeds contain the toxic substance cyanosides. Cyanosides can be hydrolyzed into highly toxic hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in acid or under the action of biological enzymes. Hundreds of micrograms of cyanosides in each gram of apple seeds are converted into hydrocyanic acid, which is almost impossible to be poisoned, but the core part should be avoided when eating apples in daily life.

Suggestion 1: Bagging apples may be given priority. Apple skin is clean and uniform,

There are no ripe apples on the tree (14).

It is less affected by polluted gas and pesticide spraying.

Suggestion 2: Apples mature in autumn. Fresh apples sold at that time have not been preserved, so it is safer to eat the peel. I am most worried about the foreign apples that have crossed the ocean, because they must be preserved, and waxing foreign fruits is more common.

Suggestion 3: There is a layer of fruit wax on the surface of fresh apples, but there is a thin layer of fruit powder, which is not like light. After apple harvest, in order to improve commodity value and delay water loss, waxing machine is often used to polish apples, which may cause problems such as antiseptic treatment. Therefore, before eating, it is best to peel apples with particularly beautiful and shiny surfaces, especially those that are out of season.

Recommendation 4: It is best to choose pollution-free, green and organically certified apples. The residue of heavy metals and pesticides in this kind of apple will be much less, even if it is not equal to zero, it will be less than that in ordinary apple peel, and it will be more reassuring to eat the peel. Planting drug seedlings, training more than 500 technicians, and answering more than 600 letters from people in 27 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. It has benefited them to varying degrees and made Longnan one of the three major coptis production bases in China. Facts speak plainer than words. As long as the favorable conditions of nature are created or utilized, it is entirely possible to introduce foreign Chinese medicine villages. Fifty-four kinds of American ginseng, saffron, digitalis, Fritillaria thunbergii and Cornus officinalis were introduced and planted in the drug farm. Not only the cultivation was successful, but also the yield and quality were improved compared with the origin.

The successful introduction and planting of rare medicinal materials in different places further verified its biology, adaptability and law. There are good vegetation, soil and climate conditions for drug growth in rural areas in the vast western region, so it is inevitable and necessary to vigorously promote drug cultivation. At the same time, due to the optimistic market price of imported precious Chinese herbal medicines, it shows an upward trend year by year, which prospers the market.

Economy. Farmers are the easiest to accept and form * * * knowledge, which is indeed the way for farmers to get rich.

Second, the broad prospects and urgency of domestication of wild Chinese herbal medicines.

Due to the slow development, backward economy, poor production conditions and traditional influence, the concept of "relying on mountains to eat mountains" is deeply rooted in the poor mountainous areas in western China. However, foreign businessmen have no plans and blindly purchase local wild resources. Luring people and "killing the goose that lays the golden egg" mining led to the extinction of Chinese herbal medicine resources and other green resources. Therefore, vigorously developing the artificial cultivation of wild Chinese medicinal materials is not only to open up a road for farmers to get rich, but also to save endangered species, maintain ecological balance, benefit mankind and restore the true colors of the earth in the long run.

The prospect of wild Chinese herbal medicines becoming domestic varieties is very broad. Up to now, Wuma Medicine has successfully planted more than 50 kinds of wild Chinese herbal medicines/KLOC-0.

Precious Chinese herbal medicines like Gastrodia elata. Since ancient times, people have always thought that it is "born numb" and "Gastrodia elata will plant". /kloc-0 trial planting began in the spring of 1969 and failed for three consecutive years. Later, we made a field trip to the natural environment where Gastrodia elata grows, visited thousands of families to ask for advice from the masses, summed up the lessons of failure, and firmly grasped the clue that Gastrodia elata is lying at the bottom of a green tree, that is, Gastrodia elata is easy to grow next to the stump of a green tree. The trial planting of 197 1 in July was successful, and the survival rate reached 20%. It was at this time that Japanese scientists revealed the biological relationship between Gastrodia elata and Armillaria mellea, which led to experiments in the field of medicine. 1975, the large-scale asexual propagation of Gastrodia elata was successful. The average yield per mu is more than 5 times higher than that of wild gastrodia elata, and some are as high as 20 times. It took seven years from experiment failure to stable and high yield. Time is long, work is hard, and the footprint of exploration is heavy. But it also proves a truth that as long as you are not afraid of failure, the law of courage and hard work can be found and mastered. Immediately extended to neighboring provinces, cities, counties and townships cooperatives, including technology transfer. At that time, there was an upsurge of planting gastrodia elata, because gastrodia elata became a professional household with many households of ten thousand yuan, but new problems appeared, such as gastrodia elata degenerated and the tuber shape became slender. We have seen such a scene again. Gastrodia elata has stems, flowers and fruits on the ground. With fruit, sexual reproduction is inevitable, so we carried out the experiment of inoculating gastrodia elata fruit to Armillaria mellea, which was really successful. This is also "but I feel the harmonious heartbeat of the sacred unicorn"! Effectively prevent gastrodia elata degradation and ensure the planting quality of gastrodia elata. The news was disclosed in Gansu Daily on February 4th, 1982.

Polyporus umbellatus is also a rare and precious Chinese herbal medicine. Its functions are diuresis, diuresis and treating dysuria, edema, beriberi, diarrhea and stranguria. It has also been tested by Chinese and foreign medical experts to prevent and treat cancer. The growth of Polyporus umbellatus is also unpredictable. From Pangu to today, it depends entirely on natural wild supply. Because it also sleeps in the depths of the earth like Tianma, the ground is not exposed, and the herbalists are looking for it by experience. Inspired by the biological relationship between Gastrodia elata and Armillaria mellea, the pharmaceutical factory cultivated Armillaria mellea and Polyporus umbellatus together. After many experiments and different geographical conditions, polyporus umbellatus was successfully propagated sexually. The output of each kiln is more than 20 times higher than that of the wild, and it won the second prize of provincial scientific and technological achievements.

In addition, the local wild Cynanchum auriculatum, Notoginseng Radix and Notoginseng Radix have the effects of nourishing and strengthening, removing blood stasis, relieving pain and stopping bleeding, and their total saponins are much higher than those of American ginseng and ginseng. According to the Atlas of Panax quinquefolium written by Mr. Cui, the total saponins of Panax quinquefolium is 7.06%, that of Panax ginseng is 4-7%, that of Panax notoginseng is 10.9%, and that of Cynanchum multiflorum is 9.62. Panax japonicus 13.66%. These three medicinal materials. Our field is very successful in wild species. If it can be developed and utilized, it will play a greater medical effect. Because these three herbs are much easier to grow than American ginseng and ginseng. Then other plants or woody herbs are more likely to be planted successfully.

To sum up, the extensive development of Chinese herbal medicines in poor mountainous areas in the west is an ideal project for agriculture to go to the market and farmers to get rid of poverty and become rich. It should be strongly advocated and suggested to be listed as one of the projects for the development of the western region and the implementation of the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Recently, Song Zhaosu, governor of Gansu Province, regarded the research and cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines as the third item of the three major development plans of Gansu Province, which was quite insightful and combined with the reality of western rural areas.