What kind of official is Kuaiji Internal History?

The ancient official name of Kuaiji Internal Official is equivalent to what modern official

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was also called "Zuobu Neishi, Zuo Ming Neishi", which was in charge of the brief collection of works. . He ordered the princes, ministers and officials to be abolished. It was established along the Qin and Han Dynasties. "Hanshu Baiguan Gongqing Biao" records: "The internal history, Zhou Guan, Qin Yinzhi, was in charge of the capital." In the second year of Emperor Jingdi (155 BC), the left and right internal histories were divided. In the first year of Taichu (104 BC) of Emperor Wu, the name of Youneishi was changed to Jing Zhaoyin. The subordinate officials include Chang'an City, Chu Liangcheng, Youdu Shui, and Tioguan Liangcheng. Zuo Neishi changed his name to Zuo Fengyi, and his official name was Lin Xiling Chengwei. In addition, the four chief ministers of the four cities of Zuo Dushui, Tieguan, Yunlei and Chang'an were all his subordinates. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the princes and princes were given great titles, and they established internal history and took charge of civil affairs in the kings and princes' states. In the history of the province in the first year of Emperor Suihe's reign (8 BC), the "Xiang" was ordered to govern the people, and his position was like the prefect of the county. Later generations followed it until it was abolished in the Sui Dynasty. In order to avoid Yang Zhong's taboo, the Sui Dynasty changed Zhongshu Province to Neishi Province and called Zhongshu Ling Neishi Ling. When entering the customs in the early Qing Dynasty, he was appointed as an internal historian, which was equivalent to a bachelor's degree in the future.

The internal history of Kuaiji, with the rank of prefect, was the highest chief executive of Kuaiji. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, many vassal kingdoms were enfeoffed, and the officials in charge of civil affairs in the kingdoms borrowed the name Nei Shi. It was also used in the Jin Dynasty. Because in the first year of Xianhe (326), Sima Yu was renamed King of Kuaiji from King Langya, at that time Kuaiji was not called a county but called Kuaiji Kingdom.

What exactly are the official titles of official history and internal history in ancient times?

Internal History

Official name.

(1) It was established at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and he often followed the king's orders and ordered his ministers. It is also called the internal history of books and the internal history of Zuo Ming. See the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Zhou Li" said that he was the subordinate official of Chunguan Zongbo. He was in charge of policy and ordered the princes and officials to read all the affairs in the four directions. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou kings still used this system. In the alliance of practitioners, King Xiang of Zhou "ordered the Yin family and Prince Hu, Nei Shi Shu Xing Fu Ce to appoint the Marquis of Jin as Hou Bo" ("Zuo Zhuan·The 28th Year of Duke Xi").

(2) The official in charge of "Da Nei" during the Warring States Period. The chief official rents and finances. "Historical Records of the Zhao Family" records that Xu Yue advocated "saving money and using money frugally and observing merits and virtues", and Zhao Liehou was appointed as the internal historian. "Chunlu·Canglu": "When you enter the crops and cut the manuscripts, you will often be registered in the Tui family, and go to the internal history." "Qinlu·Xiaolu": "When it comes to planning, you will go to the internal history of the Tui family."

< p> (3) Qin Zhi. The person in charge of the capital is still the Jing Zhaoyin of later generations. It is also used as the name of the administrative district of the capital. Along the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Jing's reign (155 BC), the history was divided into left and right styles. In the first year of Taichu (104 BC), the right Neishi was changed to Jing Zhaoyin, and the left Neishi was changed to Zuo Fengyi.

(4) The official name of the official in charge of civil affairs in the Western Han Dynasty vassal kingdoms was the internal history. In the first year of Suihe (8 BC), he was the internal history of the province. He appointed the prime minister to govern the people, which was equivalent to the county guard. Jin still used Nei Shi as the local administrator of the kingdom. Important counties in the Wei and Jin Dynasties also had people who replaced the prefects with Feng Shi, such as Kuaiji County in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The same is true for the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

(5) Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up general guards in various counties, serving as deputy governors. Those in Jingzhao and Henan were called internal historians.

(6) In the Sui Dynasty, the Zhongshu Province was changed to the Ministry of Internal History, and the Order of Zhongshu was changed to the Order of Internal History.

(7) Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty changed Wang Fu to be the internal history officer. The internal history office included lieutenants, Sima, counselors and other officials.

(8) In the first year of Zhu Yuanzhang and Wu (1367), the eunuch institution was established, named Nei Shi Jian, with the eunuchs, Cheng, Feng Yu, Nei Shi and Dianbu. The Internal History Supervisor was changed to the Internal Envoy Supervisor, and the Ling, Cheng, Fengyu, and Dianbu were established, and the Internal History Supervisor was abolished.

(9) At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty's entry into the customs, the internal history department was set up, which was equivalent to a bachelor's degree. Fan Wencheng and Hong Chengchou once served as this official.

(10) In the early years of the Second Kingdom, Yuan Shikai once changed his secretary to internal history.

Long history

Official name. At the end of the Warring States period, when the Qin Dynasty was established, Li Si served as this official with unknown responsibilities when he came to the Qin Dynasty. The prime ministers, prime ministers, Taiwei, generals, hussar generals, chariot generals, guard generals, front, rear, left and right generals of the Han Dynasty, as well as the great Situ, the great Sima, and the great Sikong after the establishment of the Three Dukes were all placed as leaders of the vassals, and their rank was They are all worth a thousand stones, and the prime minister has particularly important powers. The prefects of border counties also have a long history. They were in charge of troops and horses, and they also assisted the prefects in commanding troops. The descendants of the governors of the Western Regions became the chiefs of the Western Regions. Abacus also has a long history in the late Han Dynasty. Wei, Jin and Han Dynasty are roughly the same. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the governors with the title of general who opened their mansions also had long histories as subordinate officials, and most of them also served as the governor of the first county (that is, the governor's residence). The royal palace also has a long history. When kings came to the vassal state when they were young, the affairs of the state government were handled by the long history. After the Sui Dynasty, the three divisions and three princes had no staff, and the subordinates of the three provincial governors also had no long history. The Tang Prince's Palace, Duhu Palace, Dudu Palace, generals (guards and generals on expeditions, excluding Jiedu envoys), and state offices (limited to Shang and Zhongzhou) had long histories. The grade varies depending on the institution to which it belongs, ranging from third grade to seventh grade. The Songzhou Prefecture has no long history, and only the Prince's Mansion and the Dudu's Mansion have this official. Later generations of princes also set up chief historians, who were in charge of the affairs of the palace. Among other political institutions, only the Imperial Palace of the Yuan Dynasty had the official position of Di Renjie's internal historian

The development process of internal history in the past dynasties: (1) It was established at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and he often followed the king's orders and ordered his ministers. It is also called the internal history of books and the internal history of Zuo Ming. See the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Zhou Li" said that he was the subordinate official of Chunguan Zongbo. He was in charge of policy and ordered the princes and officials to read all the affairs in the four directions. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou kings still used this system. In the alliance of practitioners, King Xiang of Zhou "ordered the Yin family and Prince Hu, Nei Shi Shu Xing Fu Ce to appoint the Marquis of Jin as Hou Bo" ("Zuo Zhuan·The 28th Year of Duke Xi"). (2) The official in charge of "Da Nei" during the Warring States Period. The chief official rents and finances. "Historical Records of the Zhao Family" records that Xu Yue advocated "saving money and using money frugally and observing merits and virtues", and Zhao Liehou was appointed as the internal historian.

"Chun Lu·Cang Lv": "If you enter the crops and cut the manuscripts, you will often be registered in the Tui family, and go to the internal history." "Qin Lu·Xiao Lv": "At the end of the plan, you will go to the internal history of the Tuo family." (3) Qin Dynasty . Because he was in charge of the capital, he was not called a county. The administrative seat was Xianyang County (now north of Yaodian Town, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province). Jing Zhaoyin of later generations. It is also used as the name of the administrative district of the capital. It was established along the Han Dynasty, and its administrative seat was Chang'an County (now north of Xi'an City). In the second year of Emperor Jing's reign (155 BC), the history was divided into left and right styles. In the first year of Taichu (104 BC), the right internal history was changed into Jing Zhaoyin and You Fufeng, and the left internal history was changed to Zuo Fengyi. (4) The official in charge of civil affairs in the vassal kingdoms of the Western Han Dynasty was called Neishi. In the first year of Suihe (8 BC), he was the history of the province. He appointed the prime minister to govern the people and was equivalent to a county guard. Jin still used Nei Shi as the local administrator of the kingdom. Important counties in the Wei and Jin Dynasties also had people who replaced the prefects with Feng Shi, such as Kuaiji County in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The same is true for the Northern and Southern Dynasties. (5) Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty established general guards in various counties, serving as deputy governors. Those in Jingzhao and Henan were called internal historians. (6) In the Sui Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was changed to the Ministry of Internal History, and Zhongshu Order was changed to the Order of Internal History. The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui system and established internal history, which was a second-rank official in charge of Zhongshu Province, that is, the prime minister. The famous Di Renjie and Yao Chong both served as internal historians. (7) Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty changed Wang Fu to the position of internal history. The internal history office included lieutenants, Sima, counselors and other officials. (8) In the first year of Zhu Yuanzhang and Wu (1367), the eunuch institution was established with the permanent name of Internal History Supervisor. The Internal History Supervisor was changed to the Internal Envoy Supervisor, and the Ling, Cheng, Fengyu, and Dianbu were established, and the Internal History Supervisor was abolished. (9) At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty's entry into the customs, the internal history was set up, which was equivalent to a bachelor's degree. Fan Wencheng and Hong Chengchou once served as this official. (10) In the early years of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai changed his position from secretary to internal history.

Did the Tang Dynasty have the official position of internal history?

The characteristic of the three-province system in the Tang Dynasty was that it changed to two provinces and one province soon after its establishment. The motivation for this change lies in the imperial power's control over the prime minister's power and the improvement of administrative efficiency.

First of all, in order to control the power of the prime minister, the emperor gradually used some officials with lower qualifications to participate in government affairs and actually exercise the power of the prime minister. However, because there was no lofty system of the prime minister, it was easy to control. Gradually, the prime ministerial positions of Zhongshu Ling, Shizhong, Shangshu Ling and Left and Right Pushe have become a lofty false title, while the real prime minister has become a temporary position, which is in line with the prime ministerial power since the Han Dynasty. declining pattern.

In the Tang Dynasty, the heads of the three provinces "respected their tastes and did not want to teach others lightly, so they often used his official position as prime minister and assumed his name." ("New Book of Tang" Volume 46 "Hundred Officials" "Zhi") mainly include "Pingzhangshi" and "Tongzhongshumenxiasanpin" etc. In the eighth year of Zhenguan reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, servant Li Jing resigned from the post of prime minister due to illness. Emperor Taizong did not agree and asked him to "come to Zhongshu's door every three or two days to make peace with his illness." The name "Pingzhang" came from this. In the first year of Yongchun, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, a certain official (Guo Daiju, the minister of Huangmen, Cen Changqian, the minister of the Ministry of War) with the title of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi" was appointed as the prime minister. In the fourth year of Changxing, it was a taboo (Murong Yanzhao's father's name seal), and it was changed to "Tongzhongshumen's second rank", because Shangshu Pushe was the second rank of ministers and officials. In the 17th year of Zhenguan, Xiao Yu and Li Ji merged into the "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin". Because Shizhong and Zhongshu Ling were the main three grades, the name "Tongzhongshu Menxia Sanpin" came from this. After Emperor Gaozong, prime ministers must have the title of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin", otherwise they cannot be called prime ministers even if they serve as Zhongshu Ling, and the same is true for those with high grades (except for those with the titles of San Gong and San Shi).

Secondly, the three provinces jointly manage affairs and work, and the functions of the three provinces gradually tend to be merged into one.

The decentralization of power among the three provinces will inevitably lead to disadvantages such as mutual disputes and low efficiency. In order to coordinate actions among the three provinces, the heads of the three provinces regularly hold discussions in the political hall of Menxia Province. Since the Wude period, Zhongshu and his disciples have gathered at the Zhengshi Hall, which is located in the Menxia Province. ("Tongdian": "Under the old system, the prime minister often discussed matters in the province under the door, which was called the political affairs hall."). During the Yongchun period of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, "Pei Yan moved to Zhongshu Province to serve the Zhongshu Order, and then moved the Zhengshi Hall to the Zhongshu Province." Thus, the central position of the Zhongshu Province was established. In the eleventh year of Kaiyuan, Zhongshu ordered Zhang Shuozhuo to change the Zhengshi Hall to Zhongshu Menxia, ??and the seal of Zhengshitang was also changed to Zhongshu Menxia Seal, and then it was divided into five rooms: officials, cardinals, soldiers, households, and Xingli. From then on, Zhongshu's sect officially became the prime minister's office.

chu Zhongshu Province was once renamed Xitai, Fengge and Ziwei Province in the Tang Dynasty, and then returned to its old name.

It can be seen that there was no official position of internal history in the Tang Dynasty, which was a mistake by the screenwriter. However, Di Renjie did serve as Zhongshu Ling. As mentioned above, although the official position was only third-rank, the actual title of prime minister was Regarding power, it is very likely that the screenwriter confused the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications is the planning department of the state agency, which is equivalent to the current National Development and Reform Commission and other ministries and commissions. It is a very high-level authority.

What do these official positions mean?

Internal history:

1) Central official system:

The official in charge of the "big internal affairs" during the Warring States Period. The chief official rents and finances. "Historical Records of the Zhao Family" records that Xu Yue advocated "saving money and using money frugally and observing merits and virtues", and Zhao Liehou was appointed as the internal historian. "Chunlu·Canglu": "When you enter the crops and cut the manuscripts, you will often be registered in the Tui family, and go to the internal history." "Qinlu·Xiaolu": "At the end of the day, you will go to the internal history of the Tui family.

In the Qin Dynasty, it was not called a county because it was in charge of the capital. It was located in Xianyang County (today's north of Yaodian Town, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province), which was equivalent to Jingzhao Yin in later generations. The place where the capital was governed also had a history of governance. In charge of national finance, it is equivalent to the great minister of agriculture [1]

In the early Han Dynasty, it was established in Chang'an County (today's north of Xi'an City).

After the ninth year of Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty, the internal history was in charge of both the national financial affairs and the capital area. From the second to the eighth year of Empress Lu, the internal history of Su was established. In the second year of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (155 BC), there were internal histories on the left and right. In the first year of Taichu (104 BC), the right internal history was changed into Jing Zhaoyin and You Fufeng, and the left internal history was changed to Zuo Fengyi.

In the Sui Dynasty, the Zhongshu Province was changed to the Internal History Province, and the Zhongshu Order was changed to the Internal History Order. The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui Dynasty system and established internal history, which was the second rank and was in charge of Zhongshu Province, that is, the prime minister.

In the first year of Zhu Yuanzhang and Wu (1367), a eunuch institution was established, named Nei Shi Jian, with the eunuchs, Cheng, Feng Yu, Nei Shi and Dianbu. The Internal History Supervisor was changed to the Internal Envoy Supervisor, and the Ling, Cheng, Fengyu, and Dianbu were established, and the Internal History Supervisor was abolished.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty's entry into the customs, the internal history department was set up, which was equivalent to a bachelor's degree. In the early years of the Republic of China, President Yuan Shikai once changed his secretary to internal history, and was in charge of correspondence.

2) Local official system:

Han Dynasty

After Liu Bang, Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty, established the Han Dynasty, he changed the prefecture and county system of the Qin Dynasty to coexistence of prefectures, counties and feudal states. The county system. The feudal states were divided into two categories: kingdoms and princely states. In the early Han Dynasty, the kingdom had many counties under its jurisdiction. The officials set up in the kingdom include the prime minister, Taifu, internal history, lieutenants, etc. The Taifu assists the king, the internal history governs the people, the lieutenant is in charge of military affairs, and the prime minister controls all officials. Among them, only the prime minister is appointed by the court, and the internal history and other officials are appointed by the princes themselves. The internal history is second only to the prime minister.

After Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty quelled the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, he reduced the fiefdoms of the kingdom to only one county. The princes and kings also lost their power to govern the country. The prime minister was renamed the prime minister, and all officials of the kingdom were appointed by the court. When the Han Dynasty became emperor, the lieutenant was dismissed and the internal historian took charge of the lieutenant's responsibilities. In the first year of Suihe (8 BC), the internal historian was dismissed and the prime minister was given full authority to manage the kingdom, [2] equivalent to a county guard. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the system of officials in the kingdom such as Neishi was restored, and was abolished soon after.

Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms

In November of the 10th year of Taikang in the Jin Dynasty (289), the kingdom's prime minister was changed to internal history, and the chief executives of other feudal states still called Mutually. The internal history of a country granted by a county king is equivalent to a county magistrate; the internal history of a country granted by a county king is equivalent to a county magistrate or county magistrate. Later, the county king was abolished and only the county king was retained. The internal historian's duties were equivalent to the county governor. There are also governors in important counties, such as Kuaiji County in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties inherited the Jin system. The same was true for the northern regime during the "Five Husbands" period.

"Book of Jin·Official Officials": The internal history of each kingdom is responsible for the post of prefect, and also sets up the main book, the main record office, the thief cao under the door, the student councilor, the family history, the record office history, and the record history , Shu Zuo, Xun Xing, Qian, Xiao Shi, Wu Guan Pu, Gong Cao Shi, Gong Cao Shu Zuo, Xun Xing Xiao Shi, Wu Guan Pu and other members.

The internal history recorded in "Book of Jin" includes:

The internal history of Huailing, the internal history of Pingyuan, the internal history of Qinghe River, the internal history of Hejian, the internal history of Liang, and the internal history of Xiyang , Runan Internal History, Xiapi Internal History, Shiping Internal History, Qiao Internal History, Gaomi Internal History, Linchuan Internal History, Taiyuan Internal History, Wu Internal History, Wujun Internal History, Pengcheng Internal History, Suijun Internal History, Kuaiji Internal History, Langxie Internal History, Le'an Internal History, Xincai Internal History, Chengdu Internal History, Changshan Internal History, Wuling Internal History, Changle Internal History, Chenliu Internal History, Huainan Internal History, Lujiang Internal History, Shunyang Internal History Internal history of Xuancheng, Internal history of Nanping, Internal history of Liyang, Internal history of Wuxing, Internal history of Qin, Internal history of Wuyi, Internal history of Poyang, Internal history of Shangyong, Internal history of Jinling, Internal history of Shaoling, Internal history of Anfeng History, Yixing Internal History, Danyang Internal History

Southern and Northern Dynasties

In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, there were prefectures and counties but no feudal states, and the titles were all empty titles. In the 18th year of Taihe (494), Emperor Xiaowen carried out Chinese-style restructuring and created the founding five-level nobility. Just like the Jin system, the chief executive of the kingdom was called the internal history, and the chief executive of other feudal states was called the prime minister. During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Guocunjun was abolished, and the position of internal history as an official of the kingdom was also banned, and it was never reinstated in later generations. [3]

After the Sui Dynasty

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up general guards in various counties, serving as deputy governors. Those in Jingzhao and Henan were called internal historians.

During the reign of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Fu was renamed the internal history officer. The internal history office included lieutenants, Sima, counselors and other officials.

Zhou Mu:

Commonly known as the governor, an official. In the early Han Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty thought that many censors had neglected their duties, so he ordered the prime minister to send other personnel to various places to assassinate, and they were not always there. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first established it in the fifth year of Yuanfeng (106 BC). It means "thorn", which means checking and questioning. The governor visited counties and counties, divided into... >>

The levels and functions of ancient official positions

1. The three-gong system,

The three-gong refers to the prime minister, Yushi doctor, Taiwei. The Communist Party of China exercises the powers of the prime minister, assists the emperor in handling national government affairs, participates in the administrative decision-making of the central government, and is responsible for specific implementation.

1. Prime Minister

The Prime Minister ranks first among the officials, has the highest salary, is in charge of the emperor, and has many assistants. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the prime minister had the power to select officials, the power to impeach officials and execute punishments, the power to be in charge of the planning and examination of the county, the power to lead the negotiations of hundreds of officials, and the power to refute the emperor's edicts. The power of orders and remonstrances covers all important political affairs, such as establishing a new king, establishing a heir, making gifts, rewarding merits, punishing crimes, etc., as well as major matters in finance, elections, civil affairs, law, etiquette, border affairs, etc. , the emperor usually entrusts the prime minister to preside over it and convenes a meeting of all officials. The results of the meeting are led by the prime minister and reported to the emperor, and then the emperor and the prime minister make decisions together.

The officials, positions and salaries of the Prime Minister's Office are as follows:

The Prime Minister has a gold seal and purple ribbon, and a salary of ten thousand stones.

The prime minister is direct, assists the prime minister, reports lawlessness, and earns a salary of thousands of stones.

The prime minister has a long history, assists the prime minister, supervises and leads the officials, handles various government affairs, and has a salary as high as a thousand stones.

When the prime minister is in charge of military affairs, his salary is equivalent to six hundred stones.

The history of the prime minister has a salary of four hundred stones.

The prime minister has a little history and a salary of three hundred stones.

Dong Cao was in charge of the state affairs of the county, appointed by the chief historian, and went out to supervise the prefecture and county. His salary was more than 400 dan.

Yi Cao, the mastermind of discussions.

Ci Cao, chief judge of litigation.

Zou Cao, the main chapter tells the story.

Thief Cao is in charge of thieves and thieves.

Jue Cao, the main crime and legal affairs.

Ji Cao, the master of accounting affairs, has a rank and salary of three hundred stones.

Hu Cao, in charge of household sacrifices to farmers and mulberry trees.

Fa Cao, in charge of postal affairs.

Wei Cao is in charge of the transfer of soldiers and disciples.

Cangcao is in charge of Canggu affairs.

Bing Cao, in charge of military matters.

Jin Cao is in charge of coin, salt and iron affairs.

The Prime Minister is responsible for planning affairs in the country.

The main bookkeeper records everything.

Servant Cao, the main informant.

2. Taiwei

Taiwei is an official position in the court second only to the prime minister. He specializes in military affairs. His status is the same as that of the prime minister. It is the highest military attache position and has a salary of ten thousand stones. , gold seal and purple ribbon. Officials mainly have long history and chief records.

3. Yushi Dafu

Yushi Dafu mainly exercises the functions of deputy prime minister and is the assistant to the prime minister. He supervises all administrative activities of all officials, including the prime minister. Among the three princes, he has the lowest status, with a salary of two thousand dan, a silver seal and a green ribbon.

2. Jiuqing system

Jiuqing refers to Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taipu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong, Shao nine government agencies. At the same time, they were in charge of Jinwu, and during the Great Changqiu period, their status and salary as great craftsmen were the same as those of Jiuqing, so they and Jiuqing were collectively called Zhuqing. Yin in the north of Beijing, Fufeng on the right, and Feng Yi on the left are the local chief executives of the third auxiliary area of ????the capital. They are qualified to participate in court meetings and have a special status higher than ordinary county officials, so they are also listed among the ministers.

1. Taichang

Taichang was originally named Fengchang, but was renamed Taichang during the reign of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. The person in charge of temple affairs generally does not participate in specific administrative affairs and is the head of the nine ministers.

The subordinate officials mainly include Taishi, Taile, Taizhu, Taizai, Taibu, Liulingcheng, the doctor, the doctor's wine minister, and the temples and cemeteries. The organization is complex and the establishment is huge.

The officials, salaries, seals and responsibilities of Taichang institutions are as follows:

Official name, rank, salary, seal and responsibilities

Taichang Qing, rank The salary is two thousand stones, a silver seal and a green ribbon, and he is in charge of the ancestral temple etiquette.

Taichang Cheng, with a salary of thousands of stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, is in charge of all sacrifices and rituals, and is in charge of Cao affairs and all mausoleums.

Praise for the meal, a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and a palm to praise the emperor.

A ceremonial official, one thousand to six hundred shi, with no official seal, and is the etiquette consultant of Taichang.

Taichang Tie, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, assists Taichang Cheng.

The anecdote has a salary of six hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, and is in charge of political affairs.

Both are in Changcheng, and the main entrance is on the mountain mausoleum.

Du Shuichang Cheng, in charge of the water control embankment of the ancestral temple cemetery.

Director of Qutai, in charge of Diantai palace affairs.

Taishi's subordinate official:

Taishi's order, with a salary of six hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, controls the sky and the celestial calendar.

Taishi Cheng, with a salary of four hundred stones, a bronze seal and a black ribbon, assists Taishi Ling.

Governing the calendar, mastering the calendar.

Taichang Tie, with a salary of four hundred stones, a copper seal and a black ribbon, assists Taichang Cheng.

The anecdote, with a salary of two hundred stones, is the main story, and is in charge of national sacrifices, funerals and marriages in history.

Dadianxing, palm ephemeris.

Wang Qi Zuo, the main Wang Qi.

Mingtang Cheng, with a salary of two hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, is in charge of Mingtang.

The Lingtai Prime Minister has a salary of two hundred stones, a bronze seal and a yellow ribbon, and he is in charge of the Lingtai.

The Lingtai serves the imperial edict and controls the stars, sun, celestial phenomena, and clock rules.

Taile belongs to the official:

Taile Ling...>>

Why does this plant persist after thousands of years?

1. Introduction to Confucius

Confucius is the founder of the Kong family, which has become a prominent family and a Confucian family for thousands of years.

Confucius (September 28, 551 BC, which is the twenty-seventh day of the eighth lunar month - April 11, 479 BC, which is the eleventh day of the second lunar month), named Qiu, courtesy name Zhongni, Han nationality , a native of Zou Yi (zōu yì) of the State of Lu (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province) during the Spring and Autumn Period, and his ancestors were aristocrats of the Song State (now Shangqiu, Henan Province). A thinker, educator and politician in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and the founder of Confucianism.

Confucius collected the great achievements of ancient Chinese culture. During his lifetime, he was known as the "Sage of Heaven" and "The Wooden Duo of Heaven". He was one of the most erudite scholars in the society at that time. He was revered as the Saint of Confucius and the Supreme Saint by the rulers of later generations. , the most holy teacher, the teacher of all ages. Ranked first among the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World" by UNESCO. Confucius' Confucianism has a profound impact on China, the Confucian cultural circle and the world.

2. "Confucius Family Tree"

"Confucius Family Tree" covers the entire inheritance history of the Confucius family. It is the longest continuous inheritance in the world, with the most complete records and the most detailed information. , the most extensive family tree available. In 2005, it was listed as the "World's Longest Family Tree" by Guinness World Records, and every descendant can be traced back to Confucius. The 2009 edition of "The Genealogy of Confucius" cost more than 13 million yuan and took 10 years to compile. The total number of descendants of Confucius included is about 2 million, and it contains more than 25 million words. The full spectrum is divided into a first volume and five volumes, with a total of 80 volumes and weighs 125 kilograms. Therefore, "Confucius' Family Tree" is known as "China's First Family Tree".

The 2009 version of "Confucius Family Tree" has three major innovations: first, it spans gender, ethnicity and region, including women, ethnic minorities, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and overseas Confucius descendants; second, it adds personal information; third, it establishes a database .

3. "Kong's Ancestral Instructions and Rules"

The Kong family's clan rules and regulations are to maintain the normal order within the family, restrain the thoughts and behaviors of the clan members, and make them Keep it within the routine. Clan members who violate clan rules and family mottos will be subject to corresponding sanctions according to family laws and even punishment from the government. In serious cases, they may even be listed in the family tree.

The Kong clan has always attached great importance to the formulation and implementation of clan rules and family mottos, and the clan rules and family mottos contain very rich content. As the patriarch of the entire clan, Duke Yansheng's Mansion promulgated the programmatic clan rules "Kong's Ancestral Instructions and Proverbs", which have a guiding role and must be followed by all clansmen. The ancestral precepts and regulations are divided into ten articles:

1. Sacrifice in the Spring and Autumn Period should be based on the local conditions. It must be abundant and clean, it must be sincere and respectful. This is how descendants should know how to repay the origin of the ancestors;

2. The establishment of the genealogy is precisely the reason why the ancestors are related to each other. Everyone should be kind to their fathers, filial to their sons, respectful to their brothers and friends, and live in peace and harmony, so that they can be worthy of being descended from saints;

3. Confucius has always admired Confucianism and Taoism, good etiquette and morality. As descendants, you should not be greedy for profit and forget your righteousness, go in and out of the yamen, which will be a disservice to the ancestors;

4. The descendants of the Confucius moved to various states and counties, and the imperial court commemorated the saints and exempted them from official duties. , only relying on the clan leader to urge the expedition, the emperor's favor is profound. It is advisable to actively accept the losing generals and accept them within the limit, and do not miss the time when the Secretary will write the memorial;

5. The family rules of genealogy are different from each other but are closely related to each other. Descendants must not replace each other's reputations to confuse the origins of the clan;

6. Marriage must be conducted in a respectful manner. If your descendants unfortunately remarry or remarry, you must be careful and avoid it;

7. When descendants become officials, whenever they encounter civil lawsuits, their crimes are true and false. They must judge based on reason and be sad but not rejoicing. I am worthy of being a good official. ;

8. The saints set up a clan leader and gave them clothes. They used the sacred genealogy of the prime minister to restrain the clansmen. They must restrain themselves and serve the public, and the common people are enough to be respected by the clan;

9. Heirs and grandchildren of the Kong family, men are not allowed to be slaves, women are not allowed to be maids, and any official who is in office is not allowed to humiliate them. In the event of major events, the family chief will be held accountable for small matters;

10. The ancestors taught the family rules and taught the children and grandchildren day and night. They must study and understand the principles, show their relatives and become famous, and do not follow the popular customs. For the servants.

Most of the tribesmen living in different places can make their own family rules based on the spirit of the disciplines established by the patriarch and the specific conditions of each place of residence and the tribesmen.

4. Descendants of Confucius emerge in large numbers

The seven generations after Confucius have a single biography, and the second generation Kong Li has no more deeds recorded in the annals of history except for the story of "poems and rituals coming to court". Song Dynasty The time for chasing is Surabaya. The third generation Confucius Ji (Zi Sizi) studied under Confucius's student Zongsheng Zengzi, and founded the Simeng school with his disciple Mencius Yasheng. He wrote "The Doctrine of the Mean" and inherited and carried forward Confucius' Confucian thought. Later he was named Shusheng Yishuihou. In the fourth generation, Kong Bai was recruited by King Wei of Qi as the prime minister; in the fifth generation, Kong Qiu; in the sixth generation, Kong Ji was the prime minister of Wei; in the seventh generation, Kong Chuan was recruited by Qi, Wei and Zhao and wrote "Admonishment"; in the eighth generation, Kong Qian was the prime minister of Wei. , Feng Wenxinjun.

Regardless of whether he was an official or not, the Kong family in the pre-Qin Dynasty always studied Confucianism and gathered disciples to teach. Since then, the Kong family has adopted Confucianism as its family education, which has been passed down from generation to generation. Especially the ancestors of the Kong family in the Han Dynasty laid the foundation of the Confucian family. Kong Jiyan in the 20th generation talked about the ancient text "Shang Shu" and said: "The ancient sages gave instructions and the ancient texts appeared on the wall.......>>

Are Wang Xizhi's relatives officials?

Wang Xizhi came from a famous family (Wang family of Langya). His great-grandfather Wang Lan and Wang Xiang in the "Twenty-Four Filial Piety Pictures" were half-brothers. When he was a Taiwei, his father, Wang Kuang, was an official in Huainan. When he was 14 years old, his family helped the Jin Dynasty move south to establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang, Jiangnan (now Nanjing City). Together with the Xie family of Chen County, they were both famous families in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. There is a poem in Tang Dynasty called "In front of Wang Xietang in the old days". Yan, flies into the homes of ordinary people." When Xizhi was 16 years old, he was chosen as the "quick son-in-law of the East Bed" by Taiwei Xi Jian. He was initially Secretary Lang, and later recommended as General Ningyuan by General Yu Liang, who conquered the West, and was appointed as Jiangzhou Governor, Right Military general and internal historian of Kuaiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Due to conflicts with Wang Shu, the governor of Yangzhou, he resigned from his post.

In addition to Tao Yuanming, in ancient times, were there any more famous officials (not limited to literati) who gave up their official positions and returned to the private sector?

Xin Qiji decided to settle in Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi) in 178. In the winter of 1181, the 41-year-old Xin Qiji was removed from office due to impeachment and retired to Shangrao.

In the ninth year of Dazhong (855), Liu Zhongying was transferred back to the capital to serve. Out of care, he arranged a position as a salt and iron promotion official for Li Shangyin. Although the rank was low, the salary was relatively generous. Li Shangyin worked in this position for two to three years, and after resigning, he returned to his hometown to live leisurely.

In the summer of the second year of Qianyuan (759), there was a severe drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote "Summer Sigh" and "Summer Night Sigh", expressing sorrow for the chaos and the suffering of the country's refugees. After the Beginning of Autumn that year, Du Fu was distraught about the dirty current affairs, so he gave up his post as Sigong in Huazhou and joined the army, and went west to Qinzhou (today's Tianshui area of ??Gansu Province). After several twists and turns, Du Fu finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yan Wu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua River in the west of the city, which is known as "Du Fu Thatched Cottage" or "Huanhua Thatched Cottage". Later, it was recommended as the festival capital by Yan Wu, and his family lived in Fengjie County, Sichuan.

When Wang Xizhi was 16 years old, he was chosen as the "quick son-in-law of the East Bed" by Taiwei Xi Jian. He was initially Secretary Lang, and was later recommended as General Ningyuan by Yu Liang, the general who conquered the West. He was later appointed governor of Jiangzhou, general of the Right Army, and internal historian of Kuaiji (now Shengzhou, Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Due to conflicts with Wang Shu, the governor of Yangzhou, he resigned and no longer held office.