What are the characteristics of the disaster preparedness and relief system of the Qing government during the Qing Dynasty?

According to Jiaqing's Qing Hui Dian, the measures for disaster relief and preparedness in the Qing Dynasty are as follows: "There are two kinds of famine policies: one is to prepare for famine; Second, eliminate evil; Third, save the famine; Four days of relief; Five-day reduction; Six-day loan; Seventh, crouching; Eight words postponed; IX. Trade; Ten days to persuade to lose; One in ten people said that they would build the earth; Nine times out of ten, I was exiled. " These twelve aspects basically include and develop various disaster relief and preparedness measures, but as far as disaster relief is concerned, the Qing Dynasty can mainly be summarized as exemption, relief, millet adjustment, lending, pest control, security, pension, work instead of relief and so on. 1 exemption, that is, exemption from money and grain tax in case of disaster. This is an important measure for disaster relief in Qing Dynasty. The specific practice of exemption is that whenever money and grain are exempted, each state and county will find out the amount that should be exempted, and expect to issue bills, submit them to the Francisco Department for verification, and then send them back to the business households for collection, and still open notices according to the bills to show their explanation. The measure related to the disaster is to postpone taxation. Deferred collection is to delay the collection of the application amount in the slightly affected areas. Relief refers to the free relief of victims with money and food. The relief materials in Qing Dynasty were mainly rice grains. If there is not enough rice, you can give them both rice and silver, or exchange rice for silver. Another way of relief is cooking relief, also known as porridge relief, which is to distribute porridge to the victims. Adjusting millet is to relieve the victims through grain allocation. There were two ways to adjust millet in Qing dynasty: moving millet for the people and moving millet for the people. The difference between them is whether the country has enough food reserves and transportation capacity to distribute disaster relief food. Lending means that the state lends money, food and other things to the victims and pays them back in autumn. This is a relief measure for the victims who can still make a living but can't have children. If this measure is really implemented, it should be said that it will play a great role in resuming production and promoting the self-help of the victims. Pest control mainly refers to the elimination of locusts. The plague of locusts was serious in Qing dynasty, so we attached great importance to catching locusts. An Ji refers to the resettlement of victims in exile when a disaster occurs. Because the victims are in exile, the fields are barren, which affects the national tax revenue. If the refugees cannot be properly resettled, it is easy to cause trouble. Therefore, like the previous regime, the Qing government attached great importance to the collection of refugees. The security measures in Qing Dynasty were mainly to adopt refugees and send them back to China. When there was a local disaster, the government sent a message to the governor, ordering all counties to properly accommodate and resettle foreign refugees, give them food and porridge, and build sheds to live in; At the same time, it is also suggested that wealthy families adopt the way of pension according to their own ability. In addition, in order to ensure the production of spring ploughing, after the spring, the adopted foreign refugee funds will be sent back to the home country, that is, the government will give them a meal fee according to the population size of the victims and send them back to the home country. Theoretically, this kind of relief measures for overseas victims can promote social stability and the victims return home to resume production. There are many kinds of pension measures in Qing Dynasty. According to Jiaqing's "Qing Li Example", there were several kinds of pensions in the Qing Dynasty, such as caring for orphans, raising young orphans, staying poor, filial piety, caring for officials, caring for prisoners, helping foreigners and disaster relief, but the pensions related to disaster relief were mainly measures taken to alleviate the damage caused by some sudden disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis and flash floods. Its purpose is to resettle the victims and make them recover as soon as possible so as to engage in normal production. In the event of major disasters, the Qing government will also call on young and middle-aged victims to borrow soil, build dams and roads, and build temples and Buddhist temples. And then send rice or pay wages, which is also a disaster relief measure in the Qing dynasty.