China's household registration system

The household registration system is a basic national administrative system. The traditional household registration system is a family-based population management method, which is directly related to land. The modern household registration system is a legal system in which the state collects, confirms and registers the birth, death, kinship and legal address of citizens according to law, so as to protect the rights and interests of citizens in employment, education and social welfare, and it is an individual-oriented population management method. The household registration system in contemporary China has become the shackles of economic and social development, and it is urgent to carry out reforms to accelerate the formation of a new pattern of integration of urban and rural economic and social development.

Changes of Household Registration System in Contemporary China

Household Registration System 1954, China promulgated and implemented the first Constitution, which stipulated that citizens have "freedom of movement and residence".

1In June, 955, the State Council issued the "Instructions on Establishing a Regular Household Registration System", which stipulated that all cities, towns and villages in China should establish a household registration system and start to unify the household registration work in urban and rural areas throughout the country.

In less than two years (1956 and 1957), the state has successively issued four documents to restrict and control farmers' blind inflow into cities.

1958 1, marked by the regulations on household registration in People's Republic of China (PRC), the China government began to impose strict restrictions and government control on the free flow of population. For the first time, urban and rural residential areas are clearly divided into two different types of household registration: "agricultural registered permanent residence" and "non-agricultural registered permanent residence". In fact, the provisions on freedom of movement in 1954 Constitution have been abandoned.

1975, the constitution officially abolished the freedom of movement, and it has not been restored since then.

1984 10 the State Council issued the Notice on Farmers Entering Market Towns, allowing farmers to take care of their own rations and settle in market towns.

1In July, 1985, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated the Interim Provisions on the Management of Urban Population, and the internal index of "rural to non-agricultural" was set at two ten thousandths per year. At the same time, the resident identity card system, which is the basis of population management modernization, was promulgated and implemented by the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) in September 1985. The gradual establishment of the socialist market economy has finally led to the corresponding preliminary reform of the household registration system.

1In June, 1997, the State Council approved the Pilot Program for the Reform of Household Registration Management System in Small Towns and the Opinions of the Ministry of Public Security on Improving the Household Registration Management System in Rural Areas, which clearly stipulated that * * * should be paid to those who work or set up secondary and tertiary industries in small towns, managers and professional technicians employed by organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions in small towns, and residents who buy commercial houses or legally build their own houses in small towns.

1In July, 1998, the State Council approved the Opinions of the Ministry of Public Security on Solving Some Outstanding Problems in Current Household Registration Management, which solved the problems such as newborn babies settling down with their fathers, husband and wife living apart, elderly people taking refuge in their children, citizens who invest in commercial housing in cities and their immediate family members living with their fathers. Anyone who has a legally fixed house in the city, a legally stable occupation or source of life, and has lived for a certain number of years meets the relevant requirements of the local government.

On March 30th, 20001year, the State Council approved the Opinions of the Ministry of Public Security on Promoting the Reform of Household Registration Management System in Small Towns, and no longer implemented the planned index management for those who handle permanent household registration in small towns.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the changes of China's household registration management system can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage, before 1958, is the period of free migration; The second stage, 1958 ~ 1978, is a strict control period; The third stage, after 1978, is semi-open.

Reform of Household Registration System in Contemporary China

summary

The reform of household registration system is one of the topics of great concern at present. Hukou may be the deepest imprint of the planned economic system on everyone. Undoubtedly, the reform of household registration system is of great significance for adapting to the development of socialist market economy, implementing the strategy of developing the western region, promoting the marketization of human resources allocation and ensuring the long-term stable development of China's economy. At present, all parts of the country are accelerating the reform of the household registration management system according to local conditions.

The household registration system has become an obstacle to economic development and social stability.

The biggest negative impact is that it weakens the free flow of economic factors, hinders the sustainable development of the economy, and is not conducive to the formation of a unified national labor force and talent market.

Secondly, it hinders the process of urbanization and forms institutional obstacles to agricultural modernization and rural population transfer. A large number of rural people in China need to be transferred, but in fact, the restrictions on entering the city have not been fundamentally relaxed.

In addition, it also inhibits the further development of the consumer market. A large number of migrant workers in cities have no basic living conditions and sense of security, their jobs are unstable, and urban demand and consumption are abnormally developed.

In addition, the current household registration system intensifies the division between urban and rural areas, hinders the overall planning of urban and rural areas, and intensifies social differentiation. It is directly linked to housing, consumption (such as car purchase), education, social security and other interests. Different household registration has different treatment, which not only artificially divides the equal status into three or six grades, but also widens the gap between the rich and the poor.

The household registration regulations strictly restrict farmers' entry into cities by law, restrict the population flow between cities and the free migration of China, and build a high wall between cities and rural areas, thus forming a "dual economic model" that separates urban and rural areas, resulting in inequality between cities and rural areas.

The rule that children born out of wedlock are not allowed to enter the house has caused the problem of black hukou (no hukou). Due to the added value of hukou, citizens with black hukou encounter great difficulties in further education, employment and medical care.

After China people are born, they are required to choose the household registration of one parent as their own household registration; You can also transfer your hukou to school and employment, but sometimes local governments will limit the number of places to transfer your hukou and levy high urban capacity fees.

Due to the fierce competition in different places, some parents of students moved their children's hukou to a place where the competition was not fierce in order to get better admission opportunities. The phenomenon of college entrance examination immigration has caused great controversy.

Because hukou is directly linked to welfare, schooling and employment opportunities, some citizens pay a high price to obtain urban hukou or even non-agricultural hukou.

If someone lives in a place other than his/her registered permanent residence, he/she will be regarded as a foreign population, and will not be able to enjoy all kinds of benefits there, as well as adequate school and employment opportunities.

Many residents who live in the suburbs or "villages in the city" are still agricultural registered permanent residence, although they are not engaged in agriculture at all. At the same time, many rural residents go to work in cities, but they can't get non-agricultural hukou.

When going through the formalities of marriage registration, if both parties to the marriage cannot issue their own household registration books, the civil affairs department will not handle the marriage registration.

Unemployed college graduates in that year will have their accounts frozen before they move out of the school collective account, and they cannot register for marriage, apply for passports or apply for identity cards in the civil affairs department.

Main contents of household registration system reform

[1] The household registration system reform is another revolution to "liberate" farmers after the household contract responsibility system was implemented in the 1980s.

The content of the household registration system reform is to change and reform from the traditional dual household registration system of urban-rural division to the unified household registration system of urban-rural unity, break the household registration boundary between "agricultural population" and "non-agricultural population", enable citizens to obtain a unified identity, fully embody citizens' right to live and move freely, peel off and eliminate all kinds of social and economic differences attached to the household registration relationship, and truly realize the equality of urban and rural residents in the face of development opportunities. To this end, it is suggested that:

1. The constitutional provisions restoring citizens' freedom of movement confirm that both urban and rural residents have the right to move freely and choose their jobs and lives.

2. The government should announce the implementation of a unified national household registration system, implement the integration of urban and rural household registration management, and cancel the urban-rural dual household registration system of "agricultural population" and "non-agricultural population". The basic condition for settling down is to have a legally fixed residence and a stable occupation and source of life. At the same time, temporary residence and permanent residence can be implemented during the transition period, and corresponding standards can be formulated.

3. The reform of the household registration system is not to abolish the "hukou", but to strip the additional functions of the hukou. We should cancel the interest differences attached to the household registration and reflect the equality of social identity and "national treatment".

4. After the reform of household registration system, household registration management is still necessary. By registering as a citizen, a person can prove his identity and establish his civil rights and abilities. It can provide basic data and information for the government to formulate national economic and social development plans and rationally allocate labor force. Household registration management is also the basis of public security management, which plays an important role in maintaining social order and cracking down on crime.