I want to know about the history and culture of Norway.

The Kingdom of Norway is located in the west of Scandinavia, bordering the Norwegian Sea in the west, Sweden in the east and Finland and Russia in the north. The land area is 386,958 square kilometers (including Svalbard and Jan Mayen). The population is 4.458 million (1985), and 97% of them are Germanic-speaking Norwegians. The official language is Norwegian. 90% of the residents believe in Lutheran, the state religion. Oslo, the capital.

This country was formed around 8000 BC, and humans began to live here, hunting and fishing for a living. It entered the Neolithic Age around 2500 BC. Later, after the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, some Germanic tribes moved in, but there were no inhabited villages. The organizational form of agricultural production is family-run farms, forming many loose small countries.

At the end of the 8th century, Norwegians at the end of clan society began to invade Ireland across the sea, from small-scale harassment to large-scale military conquest. Norwegian pirates discovered Iceland in 874 in the adventure of foreign expansion and immigrated to settle down. In 9 1 1 year, Norwegian pirates and Danish pirates invaded the European continent and established the principality of Normandy in the Seine River basin. In 934, King Olaf Ritson of Norway (? A 94 1) led the army to conquer Dubai and became the king of Dubai. Greenland was discovered in Norway in 985. The Irish recaptured Du Bailin in 999 and defeated the Norwegians in the Battle of Kloc-0/014. From then on, Norway could not invade Ireland. 1028, Knut Dida of Denmark was also the king of Norway, and Norway became a part of the "North Sea Empire". 1035 After the disintegration of the "North Sea Empire", Norway fell into a long-term struggle for the throne and turmoil. By the middle of13rd century, a unified Norwegian feudal state had been formed.

During the reign of Denmark, the Black Death from England in the middle of14th century caused nearly half of Norway's population to die, and two-thirds of the land was barren. Norway is more dependent on its powerful neighbor Denmark politically and economically. 1380, Queen Margaret of Denmark (1353- 14 12) made her son concurrently king of Norway. 1388 the Norwegian government Committee awarded Margaret the honor of permanent regent of Norway. 1397, under the auspices of Queen Margaret, the Scandinavian Union (also known as the Kalmar Union) was established at the Kalmar Conference, and the King of Denmark became the monarch of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. In addition to Denmark, the emerging Hanseatic League has strong economic strength and trade privileges in Norway. Lubeck of Hanseatic League has Norwegian fishery control rights and trade concessions, and has set up many trading posts in Bergen.

1450, Norway and Denmark concluded a confederation agreement in Bergen, and Norway further lost its national sovereignty. Senior officials of the Norwegian government were gradually replaced by Danes, and the official language was changed to Danish. 15 13 The Norwegian people could not bear the Danish rule and the economic oppression of the Hanseatic League, and fought for independence under the leadership of Archbishop Olaf Ingelbrezon. 1534 was suppressed by Denmark. Norway was deprived of the title of kingdom and became a state of Denmark, ruled by Danish deputy kings and officials. Danish became the official written language of Norway.

/kloc-In the 7th century, Sweden fought against Denmark for hegemony in the Baltic Sea and suzerainty over Norway. After the fall of Denmark,/kloc-0 ceded Norway to Sweden, Jamtland and Haider Fjord in 645, 1658 Buhusland. King Carl XII of Sweden attacked Norway twice on 17 16 and 17 18, but failed to win. Carl XII was also assassinated in Norway. 17 18- 1807 Denmark's national strength has weakened due to frequent wars, and its control over Norway has also been relaxed. During this period, Norway's economy developed rapidly, especially in wood processing, shipping and fisheries. Although agriculture has made some progress, it is still underdeveloped. Denmark's suzerain status and its monopoly on Norwegian trade have become the biggest obstacle to the continued development of Norwegian capitalist economy. The national consciousness of all walks of life in Norway is getting stronger and stronger. The movement for independence from Denmark is on the rise.

The development of national independence movement 1807, Denmark allied with France and participated in Napoleon I's mainland blockade. Due to the British destruction of the Danish navy and the British blockade of the sea, the maritime contact between Denmark and Norway was interrupted, and Norway was basically in a state of autonomy. In the anti-Napoleonic War, Norway also suffered huge losses. The merchant fleet was detained by Britain, timber exports stopped, food was scarce, and the economy was on the verge of bankruptcy. 1814 in may 17, the Norwegian interim administrative Committee convened the national assembly in ezval, adopted the constitution and declared Norway an independent country with constitutional monarchy. However, independence has not yet been achieved. Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in the Kiel Peace Treaty signed in the same year. Sweden forced Norway to accept the Norway-Sweden alliance and allowed Norway to enjoy domestic autonomy. After 18 15, the economic depression in continental Europe brought Norway's timber export and shipping industry to a standstill, and agricultural production could not meet people's demand for food. In order to get rid of hunger and economic difficulties, Norway reformed its monetary system, drastically cut tariffs at 1842, and promoted food imports. In the 65,438+09 century, the population of Norway increased by 65,438+0.5 times. Forced by famine, a large number of Norwegians went out to make a living, mainly migrating to the North American continent. 1840- 19 14 The number of immigrants from Norway reached 750,000, making it the second largest immigrant country in the world after Ireland at that time.

Getting rid of Swedish control is a concern for Norway. 1884, the Norwegian Liberal Party led by J. Sverdrup won the first general election with the support of the bourgeoisie. The Norwegian government proposes to change Norway's second-class status in the Federation, cancel the policy program of setting up a governor in Norway, and exclude Norway's foreign affairs from the Federation. 189 1 year, the liberal party won the election again with the idea of setting up a separate Norwegian foreign minister to take charge of Norwegian diplomacy. Sweden refused to ratify and threatened to condemn force. 1899, the "flag incident" broke out, and Norway cancelled the federal national emblem on the flag of the Norwegian merchant fleet without authorization, regardless of the Swedish ban. 1905, the Norwegian parliament unilaterally announced the dissolution of the Norwegian Federation. 1905 On August 3 1, Sweden and Norway held talks in Karstad and officially announced the abolition of the Swiss-Norwegian Union Law. Norway regained its independence. The political system is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, and Danish Prince Charles was elected as the king, known as haakon vii ~( 1905- 1957 reigned). The king is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and nominates the prime minister.

After Norway's independence, the Norwegian working class began to grow in strength at the end of 19, and the Norwegian Labor Party was established under the guidance of socialist theory in 1887. During the First World War, Norway pursued a neutral policy, and its mainland was not affected by the war disaster. Although 50% of the merchant fleet was lost in the war, the wartime shipping industry also brought huge profits to Norway. After the war, Norway acquired the Spitsbergen Islands in 19 19. The Labour Party became the third international member in 19 19- 1923. 1923, the left wing of the Labour Party established the Norwegian Producers Party. 1928 Norwegian Labour Party won the first general election to form a cabinet. In 1930s, Norway was hit by the world economic recession, and the unemployment rate was as high as 33% in 1933. After winning re-election, the Norwegian Labor Party adopted a series of social welfare policies, such as labor protection legislation, the establishment of universal pension and social unemployment benefits. After 1935, Norway was almost ruled by the Labour Party.

1939 when the second world war broke out, Norway reiterated its traditional neutrality and was very cautious in diplomacy. 1939 rejected the Hitler non-aggression treaty proposed by Germany, at the same time, it did not favor the allies and did not accept the request of the allies to block the Norwegian Sea. 1940 after the winter war broke out in Finland, Norway gave Finland moral support, but rejected the request of the allies to transport troops to Finland by road. 1April 8, 940, fascist Germany attacked Norway. The Norwegian government and army rose up to resist. At the end of June, the whole of Norway fell, and the royal family and government went into exile in Britain. The Norwegian national traitor V.A.L Gysling formed a puppet government to betray the country. Under the leadership of the Motherland Front, the Norwegian people waged a heroic struggle against the German occupiers. The government in exile also organized the Norwegian Brigade, the British Air Force Squadron and other armed forces. 1945 in may, the german occupation forces announced their surrender. Norway has recovered.

1947 Norway accepts Marshall plan and restores economy. By the 1950s, Norway's economic development level had far exceeded that before the war, and its merchant fleet ranked third in the world. Joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization from 65438 to 0949. 1954 establishing diplomatic relations with China. Haken VII died in 1957, and his son ascended the throne, namely Olav V (1903- 199 1). 1959 Joining the European Free Trade Association. Since the 1960s, joining European economic integration has become a major political issue in Norway, which has formed two major factions, those in favor and those against, and has led to cabinet crisis or collapse many times. In the referendum on joining the * * * market held in September, 1972 was opposed by 53%. 1980165438+10 In October, the Norwegian government and the EU agreed that the Norwegian Foreign Minister and the President of the EU Council would meet regularly. Since 1970s, Norway has used platforms to exploit oil in the North Sea, and built three refineries in Bergen and other places, with an annual refining capacity of140,000 tons. Oil export has brought huge profits to Norway and promoted the rapid economic development. The gross national product ranks among the top in the world. 1985 in may, the minority government of the labor party came to power, and the chairman of the party, Mrs. g.h. Brundtland, served as prime minister.