Begging for the three conquests in British history

The Norman Conquest, John's reign and the War of the Roses

The United Kingdom includes Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland, and is one of the 12 member states of the European Union. . Its full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The United Kingdom is composed of most of the islands in the British Isles. The largest island is Great Britain, and the second largest island is Northern Ireland and Ireland*. **There is a large archipelago called the Hebrides on the western coast of Scotland. There are Orkney Islands and Sudland Islands on the northeast coast of Scotland. The above-mentioned islands are administratively related to this country. relationship, but the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Channel Islands between Great Britain and France are basically autonomous and not part of the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom covers an area of ??approximately 242,500 square kilometers (93,600 square miles). , from the southern coast to the northernmost part of Scotland, it is almost 1000 kilometers (about 600 miles), and its widest point is almost 500 kilometers (about 300 miles).

The word "Britain" originated from Greek and Latin. words, which can ultimately be traced back to the Celtic language, although by the "prehistoric" scale, the Celts came to the British Isles only later (the civilizations that preceded them had already created them). Famous historical sites such as the Avebury megalithic site and the Round Stone Circle), but written records of British history still begin with the Celtics. The word "Celtic" is quite commonly used. to distinguish the early inhabitants of the British Isles from the later Anglo-Saxon invaders

Roman rule lasted for more than 300 years from 43 AD until the final withdrawal of the Romans in 408 AD. The island began to be invaded by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Northern Europe, and experienced a period of increasing chaos. In the next two centuries, the word "England" came from "Angles". The invasion gradually turned into settlement, and many small kingdoms were established. Among these small kingdoms, a stronger kingdom emerged to dominate the country, first in the north (Northumbride). Kingdom of Malia), then in the center (Kingdom of Mercia), and finally in the south (Kingdom of West Saxony). However, Vikings from Scandinavia then invaded and settled Britain, although in the 10th century the West The Saxon dynasty defeated the invading Danes and once dominated a large area of ??England.

The last successful invasion of England occurred in 1066, when Duke William of Normandy was defeated in the War of Hastings. The English, Normans and others from France settled here. Over the next three centuries, French became the language of the nobility, the legal layout was influenced by that prevailing across the English Channel, and the social layout was influenced by that prevailing across the English Channel. It was also affected to some extent

Wales, although often within the sphere of influence of the English, had always been a Celtic stronghold. However, after Prince Llewellyn was killed in battle in 1282, Edward I launched a war and won, placing Wales under English rule. National sentiment among the Welsh continued to run high, as illustrated by the uprising led by Owen Glynd in the early 15th century. The Acts of Union of 1536 and 1542 united England and Wales administratively, politically, and legally.

Most of the people who lived in Scotland were Picts. In the 6th century AD, Scots from Ireland settled in what is now Argyll. Lothian was inhabited by the English, while the Welsh Britons continued north to Strathclyde. In the 9th century, various regions of Scotland united to resist the Vikings. Throughout the Middle Ages, England's then-powerful monarchy threatened Scotland's independence.

The eventual union of England and Scotland showed that religious differences were more crucial than previous national animosities. In England, Elizabeth I was succeeded in 1603 by James VI of Scotland (James I of England).

Even so, England and Scotland remained independent throughout the 17th century, except for a time when they were forcibly united during the reign of Oliver Cromwell. By 1707, recognizing the benefits of closer political and economic union, both sides agreed to establish a single Parliament for Great Britain. Scotland still retains its own judicial system and religious communities. But during the reigns of George II and George II, two Protestants of the Hanoverian royal family, relations between England and Scotland became tense, and the Jacobites launched two rebellions in an attempt to restore the Catholic faith to the Stuarts. royal family.

Many kingdoms had appeared in Ireland in BC, but Ireland was not immune to the invasion of the Vikings. By the 10th century AD, Ireland had become dominated by the Vikings.

In 1169, Henry II of England launched an invasion of Ireland. Pope Adrian IV of England granted Henry II the power of supreme ruler because he sought help in making the Church of Ireland completely subservient to Rome. Much of Ireland fell into the hands of the Anglo-Norman magnates, but England exercised little direct jurisdiction here during the Middle Ages.

The Tudor monarchs had a much stronger tendency to intervene in Ireland. During the reign of Elizabeth I, a series of wars were waged against Irish rebels. 'The resistance movement was mainly concentrated in the northern province of Ulster. In 1607, due to the failure of the resistance movement and the flight of its leaders, Ulster became an area populated by immigrants from Scotland and England.

Due to the English Civil War (1642~1652), many more uprisings broke out in Ireland, but Cromwell suppressed them. After James II was deposed in 1688, wars between England and Ireland continued. Much of the 18th century was a period of fragile peace. At the end of the 18th century, the British government made many efforts to visit Lanzhou in order to seek help and stability. In 1782, the Irish Parliament (established in the Middle Ages) gained legislative autonomy; its only constitutional link to the Great Britain was the royal government. However, this parliament represented only a privileged minority of Anglo-Irish people, and Catholics were excluded. There was an unsuccessful uprising in 1798; in 1801, Ireland was united with Great Britain.

Although the uprising of the Dublin National Rebels was suppressed in 1916, before the First World War, a guerrilla force called the Irish Revolutionary Army began to take military action against the British authorities. . The Irish Government Act passed in 1920 provided for the establishment of two local voluntary associations, one in Dublin and the other in Belfast. The Act was implemented in Northern Ireland in 1921. Six of the nine counties in the Province of Ulster received their own parliaments, while still enjoying seats in the British Parliament and submitting to the supreme jurisdiction of the British Parliament. However, the Irish Revolutionary Army continued to fight in the south to win independence from the British authorities. After the armistice agreement was signed in June 1921, the Irish Free State was established in accordance with the Anglo-Irish Treaty concluded in December of the same year. In 1949, the Free State became the Republic of Ireland.

Although the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the United Kingdom, they have an extraordinary relationship with the United Kingdom. The Channel Islands were part of the Duchy of Normandy in the 10th and 11th centuries. The Isle of Man was nominally under the sovereignty of Norway until 1266, and it was finally under the direct jurisdiction of the Crown in 1765. Today, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man each have their own legislative bodies and legal systems, and the British government is responsible for defense and international relations there.

In 829, King Egbert of Wessex unified England. It was invaded by the Danes at the end of the 8th century and was part of the Danish pirate empire from 1016 to 1042. After a short period of rule by the English king, the Duke of Normandy crossed the sea and conquered England in 1066. In 1215, King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta, and the royal power was suppressed.

From 1338 to 1453, Britain and France fought the "Hundred Years War", and Britain first won and then lost. In 1588, he defeated the Spanish "Invincible Fleet" and established maritime hegemony.

In 1640, Britain was the first bourgeois revolution to break out in the world and became a pioneer of bourgeois revolution. On May 19, 1649, the establishment of the Republic of China was announced. The dynasty was restored in 1660, and the "Glorious Revolution" took place in 1668, establishing a constitutional monarchy. England merged with Scotland in 1707 and with Ireland in 1801.

From the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. The 19th century was the heyday of the British Empire. In 1914, the colonies it occupied were 111 times larger than the mainland. It was the largest colonial power and called itself the "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets." It began to decline after World War I. Britain established Northern Ireland in 1920, and from 1921 to 1922, it promised that southern Ireland would break away from its rule and establish an independent country. In 1931, the Act of Westminster was promulgated and the British Empire was forced to recognize its autonomy in domestic and foreign affairs. The colonial system of the British Empire was shaken from then on. During World War II, its economic strength was greatly weakened and its political status declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system collapsed in the 1960s. Joined the European Union in January 1973.