65438+ A paper on the integration of the economic development of the United States, Germany, France and Britain with the reality of socialist construction in China at the end of 2009 and the beginning

65438+ A paper on the integration of the economic development of the United States, Germany, France and Britain with the reality of socialist construction in China at the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century. Theme background:

Looking at the structure of comprehensive examination papers for liberal arts in recent years, especially the college entrance examinations in 2004 and 2005, the average scores of 1234 sets of comprehensive examination papers for modern and contemporary world history in 2004 and 2005 were 36.5 and 34 respectively, and the comprehensive examination for liberal arts mainly focused on basic, trunk, comprehensive, realistic and valuable subject knowledge. American history is an influential country in modern world history and a typical representative of the capitalist world. The history of capitalist development in the United States, especially the democratic political system, economic model and foreign policy, plays an important role in the development of the whole world and the evolution of international relations. This is not only the basic knowledge of high school teaching, but also the knowledge with strong reality, involving Sino-US relations and being able to integrate with political geography. In 2006, preparing for the college entrance examination needs to review this topic.

Knowledge collation:

Modern American history can be divided into four stages:

1./kloc-America from the late 8th century to the middle 9th century: American independence and the establishment of capitalist system.

Key knowledge:

(1) Politically launched the American War of Independence and established the capitalist system.

1, the cause of the war

① After 100 years of capitalist development, the thirteen colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America began to form a unified market and American nation. With the spread of the Enlightenment, the consciousness of national democracy has been enhanced, which demands the overthrow of British rule and the realization of national independence and liberation. (Root) With the development of North American economy, the colonial people were not dissatisfied with British oppression and bondage, and demanded to get rid of British economic oppression and develop capitalism. 1773 Boston Tea Party was the beginning of North American people's open resistance to Britain. (fuse) 4 1774 the first continental congress discussed the way to deal with the British army and made preparations for armed struggle.

2. The main course of the war

(1) 1775 Lexington gunfire was the first official exchange of fire between North American militia and British troops, marking the beginning of the war.

② The Second Continental Congress: Reorganized the Continental Army and appointed Washington as Commander-in-Chief.

(3)1776 On July 4th, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence: the British North American colony officially declared its independence. Commemorate the birth of the United States of America.

(4)1777 Saratoga's victory brought a turning point in the war. And began to receive assistance from France and the Netherlands.

⑤ 178 1 year, British troops in North America surrendered in Yorktown. The war is over. 1783, Britain recognized American independence.

3, the nature and significance of the war

Duality of national liberation war and bourgeois revolution.

First of all, as a national liberation war, it overthrew British colonial rule, won independence and established the first independent country in America.

Second, as a bourgeois revolution, it completed extensive political and socio-economic reforms and established a relatively democratic capitalist political system, laying the foundation for the development of capitalist economy.

In addition, the War of Independence also had a positive impact on the French Revolution and the Latin American War of Independence. Play an important role in promoting.

4. Establish * * * and political power.

1787 Formulated the American Constitution and established the political system. From 65438 to 0789, Washington was elected as the first president and formed the first federal government.

(2) American territorial expansion and westward movement.

After independence, the United States expanded its territory by redemption, armed subversion or waging war, and seized large areas such as Louisiana (French), Florida (Spain) and Texas. By the middle of the19th century, its territory had expanded from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast. In the 100 years after 1776, the territory of the United States almost expanded by 10 times. At the same time, many people moved to the west, forming the "Westward Movement". The "westward movement" has developed a vast western region and promoted the development of the American economy; On the other hand, the "Westward Movement" brought disaster to the local Indians, which is a history of Indian blood and tears.

(3) Industrial revolution in economy: American capitalism developed rapidly.

After independence, the United States is catching up with the industrial revolution that began in Britain and developing rapidly in the industrial revolution. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the American industrial revolution was basically completed. The reasons for the rapid development of American industrial revolution are as follows: the independence of the country and the democratic regime of separation of powers provide guarantee for the industrial revolution; The United States is rich in domestic resources and has a broad market; The international environment is superior and less affected by the war; The influx of foreign immigrants has brought a lot of labor and advanced technology. Being good at innovation, adopting and popularizing standardized production methods of machine parts has greatly promoted the development of machine manufacturing industry and promoted the popularization of machines.

(4) Foreign colonial activities

1. Strengthening control and aggression against Latin America: The United States took advantage of its proximity to Latin America and stepped up colonial infiltration into Latin American countries after independence. 1823 put forward the "Monroe declaration", which did not allow European powers to interfere in American affairs, tried to exclude Britain, and attempted to rule the whole of Latin America.

2. Follow Britain's invasion of China: at this stage, due to the limitation of national strength, it mainly followed Britain in foreign policy. This was particularly prominent in the two opium wars that invaded China, such as forcing the China government to sign the Wang Xia Treaty in 1844, and conspiring with Russia in the name of "mediation" in the second opium war to secretly support Britain and France and profit from it.

Key analysis:

1. Understanding of the Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence advocated the bourgeois ideology of "natural human rights" and "people's sovereignty", denied the feudal hierarchy and monarchy, and denied the legitimacy of British colonial rule, which greatly inspired the fighting spirit of the North American people and became a banner and programmatic document for the North American people to win the war of independence. At the same time, the Declaration of Independence was also the blueprint of the Declaration of Human Rights promulgated during the French Revolution, which Marx called the first Declaration of Human Rights.

2. 1787 Main points of the evaluation of the American Constitution:

(1) embodies and maintains the great achievements of the war of independence, makes the government based on bourgeois democracy, brings long-term stability and is conducive to development;

② It is a successful practice of European enlightenment thought, and it has a model role for later capitalist countries. The United States took the lead in establishing federalism and harmonious decentralization. "Federalism" gives the government powerful rights and is conducive to consolidating the state power; "Democratic harmony system" puts the theory that sovereignty belongs to the people into practice and fundamentally denies the autocratic monarchy system. "Separation of the three powers" is conducive to preventing autocracy and maintaining bourgeois democracy.

(3) Maintaining the interests of the bourgeoisie is its essence, so it has certain limitations and conservatism. For example, slavery is allowed, and blacks and Indians are not recognized as having the same rights as whites.

2.1America from the middle of 9th century to the beginning of 20th century: the unification of North and South and the rapid development of capitalism.

Key knowledge:

(1) Political American Civil War (186 1- 1865)

1. Reasons for the outbreak of the civil war: ① The contradiction between the two economic systems in the north and the south is the fundamental reason for the outbreak of the war. After the independence of the United States, two economic forms emerged, namely, the capitalist industrial and commercial economy in the north and the slave plantation economy in the south. Although both economic forms belong to capitalist economy, with the expansion of the industrial revolution and the development of the western territory, capitalism has further developed, and the contradiction between the two economic systems has become increasingly apparent and intensified. Finally, the focus of the contradiction is on the issue of slavery. (2) 1860, representing the interests of the northern bourgeoisie, and Lincoln, a Republican who advocated limiting slavery, was elected president. This became the fuse of the civil war.

2. After the war

(1) The civil war began: 186 1 year, the Confederate army went to war.

② The north was defeated at the beginning of the war (reason: the south was well prepared; The north also fantasizes about peaceful reunification and slackens its war preparedness. )

(3) War reversal: 1862 After the promulgation of the Homestead Law and the Emancipation Proclamation of Slaves, the broad masses of the people, especially the slaves, were aroused to actively support the North, and the battlefield form was rapidly reversed; 1863 after the battle of Gettysburg, the north began to take the initiative in the war.

④ Northern Victory: 1865, the southern army surrendered and the civil war ended. North-South reunification.

3. Nature and significance of war: The Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. It maintained national unity, abolished slavery, further removed obstacles to the development of capitalism, and paved the way for the take-off of American capitalist economy. (Racial discrimination has not been completely eliminated)

(2) The second industrial revolution was an economic transition to imperialism.

After the civil war, it carried out the second industrial revolution and became an economic power. From 65438 to 0894, its industrial output ranked first in the world. At the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, it became an industrial country dominated by heavy industry. With the high concentration of production and capital, the United States has gradually entered the stage of monopoly capitalism, which is a typical "trusteeship" imperialism.

The reasons for the rapid development of American economy in the second industrial revolution are as follows: ① national unity and social stability provided political guarantee for the industrial revolution; ② Vast territory, superior geographical environment and abundant resources; (3) The development of the western region provides more abundant raw materials and a broad market; (4) A large number of Eurasian immigrants bring a large number of labor and necessary skills and experience; ⑤ The relative stability of American politics after the Civil War attracted a large influx of European capital.

(3) Foreign policy and activities

At the end of 1 and 19, they put forward the slogan "pan-americanism" and sent troops to interfere in the internal affairs of Latin American countries many times. The organization of Pan-American Union has created conditions for dominating the western hemisphere. At the same time, the imperialist policies of "big stick" and "golden dollar" were implemented, and a large amount of capital was imported into Latin America. Through the Spanish-American War of 1898, it seized Puerto Rico and the Philippines from Spain, making Cuba its protectorate. The Mexican bourgeois revolution defeated American interference, overthrew the reactionary rule of the country and dealt a heavy blow to the arrogance of American aggression.

2. 1899, put forward the "open door" policy to China, and embarked on the road of independent aggression against China.

3. It remained "neutral" in the fierce competition of European powers at that time, but declared war on Germany in 19 17 on the grounds of opposing Germany's unrestricted submarine war.

Focus on analysis: "pan-americanism", "big stick", "Jinyuan" policy and "Jinyuan diplomacy" policy are all foreign aggression policies of the United States at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century.

"pan-americanism" is a policy principle put forward by 1889 at the American Conference in Washington. At the meeting, the United States put forward the deceptive slogan that "the interests of the American people are the same" and advocated the establishment of the Pan-American Organization. At the initiative of the United States, the so-called "United States of America Alliance" was established and renamed at 19 10. This is an important step for the United States to seize hegemony in the western hemisphere;

The policy of combining "big stick" with "gold dollar" is an imperialist aggression policy pursued by the United States in Latin America at the end of the 20th century 19. The "big stick" and "Jinyuan" policies refer to the alternate use of the big stick policy and Jinyuan diplomacy, and both are adopted. The essence of the stick policy is to interfere in the affairs of Latin American countries by means of threat of force and war blackmail, so as to achieve the purpose of dominating the aggression of Latin American countries. During his presidency of the United States (190 1- 1909), Theodore Roosevelt gained the reputation of "speaking softly but holding a big stick" when dealing with international relations.

"Jinyuan Diplomacy" is a long-term and widely implemented foreign policy of the United States in the world since the beginning of the 20th century. The essence of this policy is that the American government openly combines with American monopoly capital, exports capital through loans and investments with slavery conditions, and controls the politics, economy and diplomacy of other countries. The focus of American dollar diplomacy is Latin America, followed by East Asia and finally Europe. This policy was announced by US President william taft in his State of the Union address in 19 12, and his foreign policy was named "replacing bullets with gold dollars".

Third, the United States between the two world wars (early 1920s-mid-1940s): the period of adjustment and development.

Key knowledge

(1) Economic prosperity and crisis come one after another, exploring new ways for capitalist countries to intervene in the economy. The United States made a windfall after World War I, and Coolidge prospered after the war. However, the contradiction between production and marketing, especially the instability of financial market, led to the economic crisis of 1929- 1933. Roosevelt's New Deal and state intervention in the economy enabled the United States to tide over the economic crisis and had a far-reaching impact on the economic policies of capitalist countries after World War II.

(2) Politically, state capitalism has developed. Roosevelt's New Deal, the state intervention in the economy, had a great influence on politics, curbed the fascist forces in the United States and consolidated the democratic system. Developed state capitalism.

(3) In diplomacy, Jinyuan's foreign policy, "neutrality policy" and participation in the world anti-fascist war.

The foreign policy in Jin and Yuan Dynasties played a great role in the recovery of Europe after World War I, especially in Germany. After the great crisis, the United States also adopted a "neutral policy", conniving at the threat of your fascist war for 30 years. After the outbreak of World War II, the United States gradually intervened in the anti-fascist struggle and implemented the policy of "Europe before Asia", which made important contributions to the victory of the anti-fascist war.

Key analysis:

1, the essence and function of Roosevelt's New Deal: The essence of the New Deal is that the state intervenes in the economy and maintains the capitalist system. Roosevelt once said that the New Deal was "a new application of the old democratic order". The so-called "new" means that the traditional laissez-faire economic policy has been replaced by the policy of comprehensively strengthening state intervention in the economy. The role of the New Deal eased the serious damage of the economic crisis to the American economy to a certain extent and promoted the recovery of social productive forces. It eased social contradictions, curbed American fascist forces and consolidated bourgeois democracy. It has created a new model of state intervention in economic development. It has been used for reference by capitalist countries such as Britain and France.

2. What do you think of some measures taken by Roosevelt's New Deal in favor of workers and small producers? Roosevelt's New Deal was opposed by some capitalists from the beginning, accusing him of extorting money from the rich and baking millionaires. Some people say that the Social Security Law is a copy of the Manifesto of the Producers' Party. In essence, some measures taken by Roosevelt's New Deal in favor of workers and small producers were to ease class contradictions, not to develop socialism. He tried to avoid nationalization and maintain the private system, which was essentially different from the goal in the Producer's Declaration.

3. Evolution and essence of American "neutrality policy":1In August, 935, the US Congress passed the first neutrality bill, which prohibited the export of weapons to all warring parties. 1937 In April, the US Congress passed permanent legislation, stipulating that the arms embargo applies to all belligerents, and the non-arms trade between the United States and belligerents is conducted in cash. Legislation applies to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia and Germany's and Italy's intervention in Spain 2. 1939 Before and after the outbreak of the European War, President Roosevelt repeatedly proposed to Congress to amend China's legislation. After a long debate, on June 3rd, Congress passed the revised China legislation, 1939, 165438, which lifted the arms embargo and allowed belligerents to buy arms in the United States, but implemented the principle of "buy now and transport later". The new bill supports Britain and France in weapons and materials; In the East, this is good for Japan and bad for China, because China can't transport itself. 1941March1kloc-0/Congress passed the loan bill proposed by Roosevelt. Legislation has so far existed in name only. In February 65438, after the United States declared war on Germany, Italy and Japan, China's legislation was officially abolished.

When fascism invaded weak countries, Britain, France and other big countries adopted a policy of appeasement. The neutral policy of the United States made the weak countries unable to obtain weapons for self-defense, leaving the invaded countries in an isolated and helpless state, which actually condoned the fascist aggression. Therefore, the policy of neutrality is essentially a policy of appeasement.

Fourth, World War II to the present (from the mid-1940s to the early 20th century): the hegemonic era of the United States.

Key knowledge:

(1) Economic situation: world economic hegemony has been strengthened and shaken.

After the war, the United States, with the strongest political, economic and military strength, became a veritable hegemon in the capitalist world under the background of the general decline of western European countries. Through the Bretton Woods system, it has established its dominant position in other currencies and finance, thus grasping the economic lifeline of the capitalist world and further strengthening its economic hegemony. The postwar economy experienced three stages: stability, stagflation, recovery and prosperity after recovery.

(1) Mid-1940s-early 1970s: the period of rapid and stable development of American economy.

The reasons for the rapid and stable development of American economy during this period

A. Strengthening international economic ties

B, make full use of the advanced achievements of the third scientific and technological revolution, innovate production technology, improve labor productivity and develop emerging industries.

C, strengthen macro guidance to the economy, actively develop state monopoly capitalism, and use state power to promote the development of capitalist economy. (State monopoly capitalism is capitalism that combines monopoly organizations with state power. It can't be understood as state monopoly capitalism, but the combination or integration of monopoly capital and state power in the economic field. )

D. The domestic social situation is relatively stable; The world situation is relatively relaxed and there is no large-scale war.

Attach importance to science and education and improve the degree of national democratization.

F, relying on strong economic advantages, vigorously expand the world market.

(2) Early 1970s-early 1980s: The economic crisis led to economic stagflation and the world economic hegemony was shaken.

The main reason and influence of American capitalist world economic hegemony;

Reason:

(1) The rapid economic development of Western Europe and Japan after the war has seriously impacted the economic hegemony of the United States, forming a tripartite confrontation. World economic and political multipolarization is beginning to emerge.

Western Europe, Japan and the United States are increasingly competitive in trade. At the same time, they all want to change their affiliation with the United States, establish an equal partnership, and strive to get rid of American control politically. In the competition, the change of power balance is beneficial to western Europe and Japan. )

(2) Due to the economic crisis, the consumption of the Vietnam War, the hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union, the decline of the American economy, and the disintegration of the dollar-centered capitalist world monetary system.

Impact: the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union has been greatly impacted; The world pattern is developing towards multipolarization.

(3) Recovery, prosperity and development from the early 1980s to the early 20th century.

Reform; High-tech industry represented by information industry has become the leading industry of economy.

(2) Diplomatic and political situation:

1, pursuing hegemonic policy and "cold war policy"

cause

(1) After the war, western European countries generally declined, and only the United States followed closely. Europe has lost its position as the center of the world.

(2) The United States has economic and military advantages: it is the largest capital exporter and creditor in the world after the war. Through the "Bretton Woods system", the dominant position of the US dollar in the international monetary system was established, and the international financial control power was mastered. Through the general agreement on tariffs and trade, an international trade system centered on the United States has been formed. The United States ranks first in the world in military strength. ③ American political advantages and attempts: controlling the United Nations in the early post-war period in an attempt to spread the capitalist system to the whole world. In America's view, global expansion is the fundamental need to maintain its economy and thus the capitalist system. Opening the world market is also the need to avoid the possible economic crisis from wartime economy to peaceful economy.

The post-war political and military prestige of the Soviet Union and the growth of people's revolutionary forces in various countries are regarded by the United States as the biggest obstacle to its global rule and must be suppressed. Its hegemonic plan intensified the conflict between the national interests and ideology of the United States and the Soviet Union, and the wartime alliance broke down.

Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union wants to rekindle the war. The Soviet Union is a big country after the war, second only to the United States, and the United States dare not rashly cross the boundaries drawn by the United States and the Soviet Union during the war. The Soviet Union suffered heavy losses in wartime. After the war, the Soviet Union hoped to heal the wounds of the war and restore and revitalize the economy.

The specific manifestations of hegemonic policy are: ①. Implement a "cold war" policy toward socialist countries such as the Soviet Union. ② Foster and control European capitalist countries. For example, the Marshall Plan was put forward; Split Germany and control West Germany. (3) strive to control the vast "middle ground", that is, Asian, African and Latin American countries. For example, China's "helping Chiang Kai-shek against * * *"; Launched the war of aggression against Korea (1950- 1953) and the war of aggression against Vietnam (-1973 in the early 1960s). (4) Control the United Nations as a tool to dominate the world.

The concrete manifestation of American "Cold War Policy"

(1)1In March 1946, Churchill made anti-Soviet and anti-* * remarks, which was a public signal of the "cold war". The intention is to support and control western European countries, establish an alliance of capitalist countries headed by the United States, and confront socialist countries such as the Soviet Union. )

(2)1March, 947, "Truman Doctrine" came out in response to the crisis in Greece and Turkey, marking the beginning of a comprehensive "cold war". (Its essence is to openly interfere in the internal affairs of countries and expand to the world)

(3)1June, 947, the "European Renaissance Plan" or "Marshall Plan" was put forward. This is the application of Truman Doctrine in Europe, which is intended to control Western Europe by economic means.

(4)1949 April, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established. This is a political and military group headed by the United States, and it is a tool for the United States to "contain" the Soviet Union, pursue the "Cold War" policy and compete for world hegemony in the early post-war period. Its establishment is the military embodiment of American cold war policy.

2. US-Soviet hegemony and its relationship with China.

(1) the mid-1950s-early 1960s.

Features: Relaxation and tension coexist. The strategic advantage lies in the United States. Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated; China and the United States are seriously opposed.

(2) the late 1960s-1970s.

Features: The Soviet Union is on the offensive and the United States is on the defensive. Normalization of Sino-US relations

③ the 1980s.

Features: The United States adopted a tough attitude towards the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union changed from external expansion to overall contraction. Normalization of Sino-Soviet relations; Sino-US relations are full of twists and turns, sometimes good and sometimes bad.

The reasons why American hegemony vacillates in the world are as follows: ① Since 1960s and 1970s, with the rise of Western Europe and Japan and their competition with the United States, American hegemony vacillates, and the capitalist world has formed a tripartite confrontation among the United States, Western Europe and Japan. This has also greatly impacted the bipolar pattern of hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union. With the development of the third world, the world began to show a trend of multipolarization.

3. Multi-polarization of the world pattern (early 1990s-265438+early 20th century): After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the United States was the country with the strongest comprehensive national strength in the world. The disintegration of the Soviet Union is regarded by the United States as an excellent opportunity to establish American hegemony. The United States attempts to use its position as the only superpower in the world to pursue hegemonic power politics, adopt more interventionist policies in international affairs and strengthen its hegemonism. However, the attempt of the United States to dominate the world was opposed by most countries, including other western powers. At present, European Union, Japanese, Russian, China and other countries and national alliances are also important forces in the international pattern. After the end of the Cold War, the comparative structure of international forces is that the United States, as the only superpower, has formed an international pattern of "one superpower and many powers". In the near future, the United States will remain the only superpower in the world, and the situation of "one superpower is more powerful" will continue. However, in the long run, the trend of multipolarization in the world pattern is irreversible.

Key analysis:

1, how to see the essence of "cold war policy"?

The Cold War has a strong ideological color from the beginning, which is the sharp opposition between the two social systems. After World War II, the capitalist movement prevailed in Europe. The west felt that it threatened the capitalist system and fantasized about rebuilding the pro-Western capitalist system in Eastern Europe.

(2) The Cold War is not a simple confrontation between two social systems and ideologies. From the perspective of national interests and national security, the Soviet Union hopes that its western neighbors will cooperate with it in a friendly way, and the West will never give up its competition because the East is Peter the Great's Russia instead of the socialist Soviet Union. In this way, Eastern Europe has become an area contested by both sides, which means that the confrontation between East and West is inevitable.

In short, the cold war in the early postwar period included both the opposition of social systems and the struggle between the East and the West. But it is mainly the contradiction of social system.

2. How to treat state monopoly capitalism?

Meaning: the combination of capitalist state power and monopoly capital. It is the inevitable result of the development of capitalist private monopoly. The main contents include: the development of state-owned enterprises; The proportion of national expenditure in the national economy has increased; Nationalize the central bank and strengthen the central bank's intervention and regulation of national finance; Strengthen the state's management and regulation of social economy, that is, strengthen planning.

Function: break through the limitation of private monopoly, socialize the process of technological transformation of production and labor reproduction, so as to accommodate the development of productive forces to a greater extent; To some extent, it overcomes the limitations of private monopoly capital and its contradiction with modern huge investment.

Disadvantages: the national fiscal expenditure is too large, resulting in a fiscal deficit; 1973- 1975 after the economic crisis in the capitalist world, there was a situation of production stagnation and inflation, and the policies to solve production stagnation and inflation were contradictory, and the role of state monopoly capitalism weakened; Nationalized enterprises have low efficiency and serious policy losses. In 1980s, the wave of private ownership appeared again in major capitalist countries. The fundamental reason for the above drawbacks is that state monopoly capitalism cannot overcome the basic contradictions in capitalist society.

3. The relationship and understanding between the United States and the changes in the world pattern in the 20th century.

The three major changes in the international pattern since the 20th century are all related to the United States:

The first time was the "Versailles-Washington System" formed after the First World War. The reason is that World War I changed the power balance of imperialist countries, and the United States became the world economic hegemon. The victorious imperialist countries, such as Britain and the United States, successively held the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference, re-divided the world, adjusted the relations between Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and formed the "Versailles-Washington System".

② The second time was the "Yalta System" formed after the Second World War. The reason is that after World War II, the balance of international power has undergone major changes, Europe has been severely weakened, and the economic and military power of the United States has expanded unprecedentedly, becoming the number one capitalist power; The Soviet Union became the only country competing with the United States. On the basis of the balance of strength, the United States and the Soviet Union re-divided the world map and sphere of influence according to the basic principles of international conferences such as Yalta, and formed a bipolar Yalta system.

The third time was the disintegration of the world bipolar pattern in the 1980s and 1990s, and the world developed towards multipolarization. The reason is that after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States became the only superpower, and the multipolarization of the world economic power structure will inevitably lead to the multipolarization trend of "one superpower and many powers".

Understanding: The international political structure is actually the product of struggle and compromise among big countries. Due to the imbalance of political and economic development, the persistence of struggle and the temporality of compromise, any pattern will change; The ultimate force that determines the international political structure is the comparison of economic strength among big countries; No international political pattern can really ease international relations and can only temporarily cover up many contradictions.