Agricultural and pastoral areas in Tibet?

There are many types of zoning, and their zoning methods are not consistent. At present, there are mainly: ① Comprehensive Agricultural Zoning of China compiled by the National Agricultural Zoning Committee, which divides the whole country into nine agricultural areas according to the principles of agricultural production conditions, characteristics and development direction, existing main problems and key measures, and the integrity of administrative units, namely, northeast agricultural and forestry areas, agricultural and pastoral areas along Inner Mongolia and the Great Wall, yellow agricultural areas, agricultural and pastoral areas on the Loess Plateau, agricultural and forestry breeding areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and agricultural and forestry hot agricultural areas in South China. ② According to three geographical dividing lines (400 mm isoprecipitation line, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau edge line and Qinling Huaihe River line), China is divided into four agricultural types: the southern paddy field agricultural area south of Qinling Huaihe River and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; North of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, east of 400 mm isohyet, northern dryland agricultural area; The Great Wall to the west of the 400 mm isoprecipitation line, the agricultural areas of livestock irrigation land in the north and northwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can also be divided into semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas in the east and the agricultural areas dominated by oasis agriculture and desert grazing in Gan Xin in the west; Qinghai-Tibet alpine farming and pastoral area, where the terrain is high, the climate is cold, and there are vast grasslands. Three quarters of the residents are Tibetans, and grazing is popular in seasons. Agriculture is concentrated in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley, and it is famous for planting unique highland barley, including wheat, potatoes, corn and peas.

China's agricultural comprehensive zoning divides the whole country into 10 first-class agricultural areas and 38 second-class agricultural areas, of which the tenth area is a seawater producing area, and the other nine agricultural comprehensive areas outside the seawater producing area are collectively called the nine agricultural comprehensive areas. Details are as follows:

1. Northeast China: This area includes Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces (except Chaoyang area) and Daxinganling area in northeastern Inner Mongolia *** 18 1 county (city), covering an area of 953,000 square kilometers. Land, water and forest resources are abundant, but heat resources are insufficient. Due to the high latitude and severe winter, the frost-free period from north to south is 80- 180 days. Except southern Liaoning, most areas can only harvest once a year. During the crop growing period from June to August in northern China, chilling injury often occurs, resulting in reduced production. The per capita grain output in this area ranks first in China, and the per capita grain output of agricultural population is 80 1 kg, which provides a large amount of commercial grain and soybeans for the country all the year round. Cocoon pressing production accounts for about 60% of the country.

This area has vast plains and fertile land, which is suitable for the development of planting. There are a large number of wasteland suitable for agriculture in Sanjiang Plain, both sides of Daxing 'anling Mountains and northern Songnen Plain, which are the key areas for land reclamation and expansion in China. After liberation, a large number of state-owned farms have been established, and their cultivated land area accounts for12 of the national state-owned farms, making "Great Northern Wilderness" an important commodity grain base in China.

The forest coverage rate in the whole region is 32%, and the forest area and timber volume account for 1/3 of the whole country, which is the largest natural timber forest area in China, and the timber output accounts for more than 1/2 of the whole country.

The key issues for the further development of this area are: changing extensive management and appropriately expanding cultivated land area on the basis of increasing unit yield; Take comprehensive measures to improve the ability to resist cold damage, floods, saline-alkali and sandstorms; Forest areas should focus on afforestation and reforestation, strengthen forest protection and fire prevention, and rationally utilize forest resources; Corn and sorghum account for a large proportion of the total grain output, and with the by-products of beet and soybean processing, the feed resources in this area are extremely rich, but meat cannot be self-sufficient. We should vigorously develop animal husbandry and build suburban non-staple food bases.

This area includes four secondary areas: 1. Xing' anling forest region; 2. Songnen Sanjiang Plain Agricultural Area; 3. Changbai Mountain Forest Agricultural Zone; 4. Liaoning plain hilly agricultural and forestry area.

2. Inner Mongolia and the area along the Great Wall: This area includes 130 counties (flags, cities) such as the area east of Baotou, Inner Mongolia (except Daxinganling), Chaoyang, Hebei, Chengde, Zhangjiajie, Yanqing, Shanxi, Yulin, Shaanxi.

This area is located in the transition zone from the eastern plain to the Mongolian plateau, from semi-humid to semi-arid and arid areas, with less rainfall and great changes. The annual rainfall decreases from east to northwest, and the spring drought is serious. Frost-free period 100- 150 days, crops can only be harvested once a year, and the hydrothermal conditions are insufficient. But the grassland is vast, and agriculture and animal husbandry run concurrently. The northern part is pastoral area, the middle part is semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area, and the southern part is agricultural area.

The annual rainfall in this area is 200-500mm, mostly located in semi-arid areas, with little rain in winter and spring, mostly windy winds, and wind erosion and desertification on the ground. Most of the desertified land of164,000 square kilometers in the north of China is distributed in this area, which is one of the areas with serious ecological imbalance in China.

Agriculture mainly grows various dry miscellaneous grains (spring wheat, rice, sorghum, millet, naked oats, potatoes, etc.). ), cold-resistant oil (flax, etc. ) and beets. Most agricultural areas are extensive farming, and the yield per unit area is the lowest among all agricultural areas. Hulunbeier and the eastern part of Ximeng are excellent meadow grasslands in China, and grassland animal husbandry plays an important role in China. To further develop agriculture and animal husbandry production, we must rationally utilize and protect land and grassland resources, stop the spread of land desertification, correctly handle the contradiction between agriculture and animal husbandry, and change the situation of extensive management, frequent disasters and low yield. Adjust the structure and layout of agriculture and animal husbandry according to local conditions, implement the policy of giving priority to animal husbandry in pastoral areas, and strictly control land reclamation; Strictly implement the grassland law and rationally utilize and protect the grassland; Implement grass-based livestock and rotational grazing in different regions; Choose sites with good water and soil conditions, establish artificial forage bases and production bases for various improved livestock (beef cattle, beef cattle and cows, fine-wool sheep and semi-fine-wool sheep, mutton sheep, improved horses, etc.). ) to improve the delivery rate and commodity rate. Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas implement the policy of giving priority to animal husbandry and combining agriculture with animal husbandry. Stabilize cultivated land in agricultural areas and focus on increasing unit yield.

This area includes three secondary areas: 1. Pastoral areas in northern Inner Mongolia; 2. Farming and pastoral areas in central and southern Inner Mongolia; 3. Farming and pastoral areas along the Great Wall.

3. Huanghuai Sea Area: This area is located in the south of the Great Wall, north of Huaihe River, east of Taihang Mountain and mountainous area of western Henan, including 375 counties (cities) in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu 10 province, with 336 million mu of cultivated land (ranking first among all agricultural areas). The reclamation index is 50%, and it is the largest production base of wheat, cotton, peanuts, sesame and flue-cured tobacco in China. Three quarters of the land in the whole region is plain, with deep upper layer, frost-free period 175-220 days, annual rainfall of 500-800 mm, and active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ of 4000-5000℃. Drought in spring and waterlogging in summer often occur alternately in a year, and soil salinization widely occurs in low and flat depressions. Drought and alkali waterlogging are the main unfavorable factors affecting agricultural production in this area.

After more than 30 years of agricultural construction, the effective irrigation area has accounted for 55% of cultivated land, and half of the saline-alkali land in cultivated land has been improved. The improvement of production conditions and the adjustment of rural policies have promoted the development of agricultural production. The total cotton output of 1983 is 5.5 times that of 1978, accounting for 60% of the total national output. The output of temperate fruit apples, pears and persimmons ranks first in China. Forestry and animal husbandry are weak, the forest coverage rate is about 7-8%, and the per capita livestock is only 0.78.

In order to give full play to the huge potential of increasing production in this area, it is necessary to further comprehensively control drought, flood and alkali: improve flood control standards, strengthen the matching of irrigation and drainage projects, adjust the layout of motor wells, control the development of underground funnels, and vigorously develop water-saving agriculture. Adhere to the combination of land use and land cultivation, improve soil fertility, and vigorously increase unit output. Consolidate and improve grain production and rationally distribute cash crops. Vigorously develop animal husbandry, forestry and sideline industries and improve the agricultural production structure.

This area includes four secondary areas: 1. Agricultural area in the plain at the southern foot of Taihang Mountain in Yanshan Mountain; 2. Low-lying plain agricultural areas in Hebei, Shandong and Henan; 3. Huanghuai Plain Agricultural Area; 4. Hilly agricultural and forestry areas in Shandong.

4. Loess Plateau: This area is located in the west of Taihang Mountain, east of Sun Moon Mountain in Qinghai, north of Funiu Mountain and Qinling Mountain, and south of the Great Wall, including 227 counties (cities) in Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia. This is an area that mainly produces dry coarse cereals, with serious soil erosion and unstable output, which is in urgent need of comprehensive management.

The annual rainfall in this area is mostly around 400-600 mm, but it varies greatly, with severe spring drought and concentrated summer rain. Nearly 70% of the land in this area is covered with deep loess layer, with fine loess particles and soft soil. Due to the lack of vegetation on the ground and the erosion of heavy rain, the ground is fragmented, forming a landform of terraces, beams, headlands and gullies. The frost-free period is 120-250 days. Crops can be replanted in most areas south of the Great Wall and east of Nanping Mountain, and wheat and cotton are concentrated in the Wei Fen Valley in Shanxi and Shaanxi. Most of the sloping farmland in the Loess Plateau is planted with drought-tolerant and barren millet. Long-term indiscriminate cultivation of steep slopes has aggravated soil erosion, and fuel, feed and fertilizer are all lacking, forming a vicious circle of "more cultivation and poorer". The Yellow River discharges about 654.38+0.6 billion tons of sediment through Shaanxi every year, 90% of which comes from this area.

Families and localities should take comprehensive measures to prevent and control soil erosion according to the river basin and develop agricultural production in the region. Determine a reasonable land use mode according to local conditions, vigorously plant grass for afforestation, increase the proportion of animal husbandry and forestry as soon as possible, and implement comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. Vigorously build basic farmland, change extensive planting and thin harvest into less planting, high yield and more harvest.

This area includes four secondary areas: 1. Hilly and pastoral areas in eastern Shanxi and western Henan; 2. Wei Fen Valley Agricultural Area; 3. Agricultural and pastoral areas in the loess hilly and gully region of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu; 4. Long, middle, east and hilly farming and pastoral areas.

5. Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: This area is located in the south of Huaihe River-Funiu Mountain, north of Fuzhou-Yingde-Wuzhou Line, and east of Hubei Mountain-Xuefeng Mountain Line, including 544 counties (cities) in Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi. It is densely populated, rich in water, heat and resources, and developed in agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

The whole region belongs to the north subtropical zone and the middle subtropical zone, with an annual rainfall of 800-2,000 mm and a frost-free period of 2 10-300 days. Crops can be harvested two or three times a year, with an average multiple cropping index of 223%. The plain accounts for about 1/4, and the hills and mountains account for 3/4. The water network is dense and there are many lakes, and the fresh water area accounts for about half of the country. Rice production accounts for 57% of the country's total, rape (by planting area) accounts for 50% of the country's total, tea production accounts for 73%, mulberry cocoon production accounts for 48%, camellia oleifera seed production accounts for 75%, and freshwater aquatic products account for 60%. Citrus, tung tree, elm and bamboo also occupy an important position in the country.

In this area, paddy fields are intensively used, while dry land management is very extensive. The hilly and mountainous areas in Yilin and Yimu are vast, or semi-barren, or deforestation, and soil erosion is aggravated. Many freshwater lakes have been reclaimed and their area is gradually shrinking. Floods and droughts in summer and autumn threaten agricultural production to some extent.

To further develop agricultural production, we must strengthen water conservancy construction and eradicate floods and droughts; Improve the farming system and combine land farming with land farming; Scientific development and utilization of hilly and mountainous areas, vigorously develop forestry and animal husbandry sideline; Rational development, utilization and protection of fresh water in the region, and active development of aquaculture.

This area includes six secondary areas: 1. Agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture areas in the plain and hilly areas of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River; 2. Agricultural and forestry areas in the low mountain plain of Henan, Hubei and Anhui; 3. Plain agricultural and aquatic areas in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; 4. Hilly and mountainous agricultural and forestry areas in the south of the Yangtze River; 5. Forests and agricultural areas in hilly areas of Zhejiang and Fujian; 6. Forest and agricultural areas in Nanling hilly area.

6. Southwest China: This area is located at the southern foot of Qinling Mountains, north of Baise-Xinping-Yingjiang Line, west of Yichang-Xupu Line and east of Sichuan Plateau, including 432 counties (cities) in Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi. Located in the subtropical zone, mainly in mountainous and hilly areas, it is an important agricultural and forestry base.

This area has good hydrothermal conditions and poor lighting conditions. The sunshine hours in Sichuan and Guizhou are the lowest in China. Hilly mountains and plateaus account for 95% of the whole region. The terrain is complex, there are many ethnic minorities, and the types of agricultural production areas are complex and diverse. Planting is concentrated in Chengdu Plain and thousands of small valley plains and mountain basins. It is an important production base of grain, oilseed, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, citrus and silk in China, and also a base of timber forest, economic forest and livestock products. Lint products and medicinal materials, such as tung oil seeds, raw lacquer and Chinese tallow seeds, also occupy an important position in the country.

The average multiple cropping index in the whole region is only 1.59%, and that in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is only 1.30%. The average grain yield per mu is low, which is not commensurate with its superior natural conditions and has great development potential. To further develop agriculture, we must vigorously develop irrigation and change the situation that winter paddy fields, Wang Tiantian fields and Leixiang fields are more important than relying on the weather to eat; Transforming low-yield fields and improving multiple cropping index; Vigorously develop forestry and animal husbandry production and change the poverty situation in mountainous areas.

This area includes five secondary areas: 1. Qinling Dabashan Forest Agricultural Zone; 2. Agricultural and forestry areas in Sichuan Basin; 3. Mountain forests and agricultural areas along the borders of Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan and Guizhou; 4. Mountain forests and agricultural areas in Guizhou and Guangxi Plateau; 5. Agriculture, forestry and pastoral areas in mountainous areas of Sichuan-Yunnan Plateau.

7. South China: Located in the south of Fuzhou-Dabu-Yingde-Baise-Xinping-Yingjiang, this area includes 19 1 counties in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan, and it is the only area suitable for developing tropical crops in China.

This area is hot and rainy, with the highest water and heat resources in China, evergreen seasons and abundant biological resources. Typhoons in summer and autumn and cold waves in winter often do harm to rice, bananas and rubber. There are many mountains, few fields and few people. Nearly 90% of the area is hilly and mountainous, and the plain basins suitable for agriculture are limited, and the forest coverage rate exceeds 30%. It is the main producing area of sugarcane, banana, pineapple, litchi, longan and citrus, the only producing area of rubber, and also an important production base of aquatic products and silk.

The food in this area is not self-sufficient, and the level of agricultural production varies greatly. The multiple cropping index is as high as 250% in the delta, only 65,438 0.34% in southern Yunnan, and only 65,438 0.68% in Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula, with great production potential. In the future, to develop agricultural production, we must correctly handle the relationship between grain, rubber and sugarcane. Arrange crop layout reasonably from the overall situation, build rubber-centered hot crop production base and sucrose production base, vigorously improve water and fertilizer conditions, increase multiple cropping index and yield, and establish regional grain production base; Vigorously develop forestry, fruit trees and diversified economy.

This area includes five secondary areas: 1. Agriculture, forestry and fishery areas in southern Fujian and central Guangdong; 2. Agricultural and forestry areas in western Guangdong and southern Guangxi; 3. Agricultural and forestry areas in southern Yunnan; 4. Agricultural and forestry areas in Lei Qiong and South China Sea Islands; 5. Agricultural and forestry areas in Taiwan Province Province.

8. Gan Xin District: This district is located to the west of Bao-Yan-Tianzhu Line and to the north of Qilian Mountain-Altun Mountain, including Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and Mongolia 13 1 county (flag, city). Is a long border, arid climate, vast territory and sparsely populated, inhabited by ethnic minorities, agriculture and desert animal husbandry mainly rely on irrigation.

This area is rich in light energy resources, and most of the heat conditions are good, with many sunny days and strong radiation. The daily temperature difference during the growing period of crops is large (mostly 12- 16℃), but there are great defects in the coordination of light, heat, water and soil resources. The annual precipitation is generally less than 250 mm, more than half of which is less than 100 mm, which can not meet the minimum water demand of crops. Fortunately, mountains and basins alternate. The alpine regions such as Altai Mountain, Tianshan Mountain, Kunlun Mountain and Qilian Mountain are relatively rich in precipitation (some annual precipitation is 400-600 mm). In mountainous areas above 3500 meters above sea level, permanent snow and modern glaciers are widely distributed and become solid reservoirs in mountainous areas. In summer, they partially melt, replenish rivers and become the main water source for farmland irrigation in the foothills.

Agriculture is generally distributed in scattered small pieces, and the size depends entirely on "water-based land". Without irrigation, there would be no agriculture; Only a few high-altitude piedmont areas have a small amount of dry land, but the output is much lower than that of irrigated land. Hetao Plain, Hexi Corridor and Yili are the grain (mainly wheat) bases in this area, and southern Xinjiang is an important long-staple cotton base. The characteristics of animal husbandry in desert areas are: seasonal nomadism combining plain (basin) grassland with mountain grassland, and livestock such as sheep, cattle and horses use the vertical belt of mountains (Altai Mountain, Tianshan Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Kunlun Mountain, etc.). ) obviously exists as a pasture in different seasons, grazing in alpine and subalpine meadows in summer, grazing in sunny desert grasslands in foothills in winter, grazing in sparse woodlands, piedmont plains and deserts in spring and autumn. The animal husbandry in this area is still in the state of "relying on the sky to raise livestock", the seasonal grassland is unbalanced, the grassland construction is poor, and the contradiction between agriculture and animal husbandry in the foothills is prominent; Agricultural planting management is extensive, and saline-alkali and sandstorm are harmful.

To further develop agriculture and animal husbandry production in this area, it is necessary to rationally develop and save water resources and improve saline-alkali land; Adjust seasonal grassland, strengthen grassland construction, and implement the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry; Afforestation and grass planting, windbreak and sand fixation.

This area includes three secondary areas: 1. Agricultural and pastoral areas in Mongolia, Ningxia and Gansu; 2. Farming and pastoral areas in northern Xinjiang; 3. Agricultural and pastoral areas in southern Xinjiang.

9. Qinghai-Tibet Region: This region includes Xizang Autonomous Region, most of Qinghai Province, Gannan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, Tianzhu, Sunan County in the west of Sichuan Province and *** 155 county (city) in the northwest corner of Yunnan Province, and is an important pastoral and forest region in China.

This area is a huge mountainous area, consisting of several high mountains, many plateaus, lakes and valleys. The plateau above 4500m accounts for about 2/3, and the area below 3000m is limited to some valleys in the east and south, which is less than110 of the total area of the whole region. Cold (high terrain and low temperature) is the main natural feature of this area, and most areas are only suitable for grazing because of insufficient heat; Cold-tolerant and cool-loving crops can be planted in some areas below 4000 meters above sea level in the southeast; Warm crops such as corn and rice can be planted in the southern marginal valley. China's solar radiation is the largest and the daily temperature difference is large, which provides a natural premise for the formation of large ears, grains and tubers of crops.

The natural grassland in this area is about1.300 million hectares, and the eastern and southern parts are dominated by meadows, which are high-quality grasslands. Livestock are mainly yaks, Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goats. Crops are mainly highland barley, wheat, peas, potatoes, rape and other crops with strong cold tolerance. There are vast natural forests in the southeast and east, and the main tree species are spruce and fir. The agricultural development in this area should focus on animal husbandry, with agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry simultaneously, and develop self-sufficient food production. The main measures are: speeding up the construction of common forage production base and getting rid of the state of relying on the weather to raise livestock; Improve the quality of livestock and adjust the herd structure; Develop planting industry according to local conditions and establish a place for commodity grain in this region; Rational utilization and protection of forest resources.

This area includes four secondary areas: 1. Farming and pastoral areas in southern Tibet; 2. Sichuan-Tibet forest farming and pastoral areas; 3. Qinggan pastoral area; 4. Qinghai-Tibet alpine pastoral area.

Source: China Agricultural Comprehensive Zoning, China Agricultural Comprehensive Zoning.

Attachment: Map of Nine Comprehensive Agricultural Areas