What happened to the Westward Expansion Movement and the Land Enclosure Movement?

China Enclosure

Eight Banners Enclosure

Eight Banners Enclosure generally refers to the promulgation on November 22 of the first year of Shunzhi (1644) In the land enclosure order, Dorgon ordered the enclosure of land three times. But broadly speaking, enclosure is a movement with a long history, and the so-called enclosure movement emerged in Europe from the twelfth to the nineteenth century. In the early Qing Dynasty, Dorgon led the Qing army to enter the customs. A large number of Manchu people poured into the vicinity of Beijing. In order to accommodate the Manchu kings and ministers and solve the livelihood of the Eight Banners officers and soldiers, a large amount of land was occupied in the Gyeonggi area in December of the first year of Shunzhi. This was known as the circle in history. Land order. In September of the second year of Shunzhi, the Qing government issued the second land enclosure order, which expanded to Hejian, Luanzhou, and Zunhua. In the first month of the fourth year of Shunzhi, the land was enclosed for the third time, and 42 prefectures including Shuntian, Baoding, Hejian, Yizhou, Zunhua, and Yongping were included. Three rounds of land encirclements occupied about 2,335,477 acres and nine acres (more than 160,000 acres, about six acres per hour). “Wherever the land was enclosed, the landowners immediately evicted them. Everything in the house belongs to him. Those who want to keep their wives and children will not dare to take them with them. Those who have no livelihood will be used to cultivate the land. The land received by the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners is not allowed to be sold beyond the flag price or privately sold to the people." Violators will be punished according to the law. With the convenience of Dorgon's regency, most of the fertile lands in eastern Hebei fell into the hands of Zhengbai Banner. After the enclosure, many farmers' fields were occupied and displaced. Some landlords or farmers moved to the Eight Banners Manor or fled to other places, resulting in the emergence of a large number of refugees and beggars

In the 14th and 15th centuries, under the serfdom During the process of disintegration, the emerging British bourgeoisie and new aristocracy used violence to drive farmers off the land, seize farmers' allotments and public land, deprive farmers of land use rights and ownership, and restrict or cancel the original exclusive rights to farmed land. and livestock rights, enclosing the occupied land and turning it into private large pastures and farms. This is the "enclosure movement" in British history.

The Westward Movement is the process of development and immigration of the American people from the eastern part of North America to the western region. It began after the founding of the United States, when immigrants crossed the Appalachian Mountains and entered the area east of the Mississippi River. From the 1820s, immigrants began to cross the Mississippi River and enter the newly expanded areas of the United States. In the 1940s, gold was discovered in California. Mines formed the "California fever" of immigration. At the end of the 19th century, the Westward Expansion Movement ended

The Westward Expansion Movement (Figure 1)

After the independence of the United States, the prohibition on immigration promulgated by the British government was abolished. With the edict to head west, many immigrants from the Eastern Seaboard and Europe flocked west across the Appalachian Mountains. According to statistics, the population west of Appalachia accounted for only 1/7 of the total population of the United States in 1810, and grew to 1/4 10 years later. Among these immigrants, there were both slave owners from the south and land speculators from the north; but the largest number were generally poor pioneers-hunters, miners, herders and farmers, who came to the west to make a living, and they became The main body of early immigrants in the west. The westward expansion movement had three climaxes. The first time was from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, when the United States purchased Louisiana from France. A large number of immigrants flocked to the west and opened up areas such as Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, laying the foundation for the subsequent expansion of the grain-producing areas in the Midwest. The second time was after 1815, when immigrants opened up in the Great Lakes region and established the base of grain production and animal husbandry in the United States. At the same time, in the south, on the plains between southern Georgia and Louisiana on the edge of the Gulf of Mexico, The establishment of cotton plantations expanded the slave plantation economy in the south; the third climax came in the mid-19th century, when Oregon, California and other places were developed. By 1890, the westward expansion movement officially ended. The westward movement and territorial expansion are intertwined. During the westward movement, the west was developed, which greatly promoted the development of the American economy; however, as the westward movement progressed, a large number of Indians were massacred, and the survivors Forced into more desolate "reservations," their forced migration is also known as the Indians' "Trail of Tears." From the North American War of Independence to the 1880s, the movement of settlers, settlers, and plunderers of Indian lands in the western part of the North American continent was also the process of broad-based development of American capitalism. This movement was full of facts about the bloody massacre of Indians by the American ruling class, and also left behind the achievements of the immigrants who worked hard to develop the West.

After the civil war, a large number of cattle herders transformed the barren plains into a huge pasture in more than 20 years. Thanks to the development of industrial technology, small farmers turned barren grasslands into fertile farmland with the help of steel plows, barbed wire fences, and agricultural machinery. In 1890, the westward expansion movement officially ended. The Westward Movement in American history refers to the mass movement of residents from the eastern United States to the western regions for development and expansion. Its essence is the expansion of the capitalist mode of production, which began at the end of the 18th century and ended at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.