High school geography knowledge points

1. Topographic types (plains, mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, etc. )

2. Terrain ups and downs

3. Main terrain distribution (under various terrain conditions)

4. Features of important topographic profiles ☆ Factors affecting temperature:

1. Latitude (decisive factor): It affects solar height, day length, solar radiation and daily range, and it is lower in annual range (the temperature days in low latitudes and annual range are lower than those in high latitudes).

2. Topography (height, topography): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, river valleys and basins at different altitudes (for example, the topographic heat in river valley basins is not easy to dissipate, and the tall terrain blocks the winter wind, and the daily amplitude of mountain areas at the same latitude is worse than that in the plains, and the annual amplitude is smaller).

3. Location of land and sea: the annual variation range of temperature caused by ocean intensity.

4. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

5. Weather conditions (in cloudy and rainy places, the temperature changes daily, and the annual change range is smaller than that in cloudy and rainy places).

6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high snow reflectivity and low temperature); The daily temperature and annual range of green land are less than that of bare land.

7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect and other factors affecting precipitation;

1. climate: atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind zone, monsoon)

2. Terrain: windward slope and leeward slope

3. Terrain (elevation): The precipitation reaches its maximum at a certain height.

4. Land and sea location (distance from the sea)

5. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers and vegetation cover.

7. Human activities; Changing the underlying surface affects precipitation ☆ Describe the hydrological characteristics of rivers;

1. Flow: size, seasonal change and interruption (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply and river area).

2. Sediment concentration: It depends on the vegetation status of the basin.

3. Ice Age: Availability and Length.

4. Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on river recharge type, water conservancy project and lake water storage)

5. Water energy: related to topography (river drop, flow rate) and climate (precipitation, runoff, evaporation) ☆ Describe the characteristics of water system:

1. Length

2. Flow direction

3. The size of the basin

4. Droplet size (water energy)

5. River straightness

6. How many tributaries are there

7. The arrangement of river tributaries (fan-shaped, tree-shaped) ☆ Factors affecting solar radiation:

1. Latitude (determines the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day)

2. Altitude (high altitude, thin air, strong solar radiation)

3. Weather conditions (sunny day and sufficient solar radiation)

4. Air density ☆ Factors affecting the height of snow line:

1. Precipitation (local climate characteristics; There is more precipitation on windward slope and lower snow line)

2. Temperature (the snow line on sunny slope is higher than that on shady slope; Temperature changes at different latitudes, 0℃ isotherm elevation) ☆ Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum in mountainous areas:

1 latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountain, the simpler the band spectrum.

2. Altitude: The higher the altitude of the mountain, the more complex the band spectrum may be.

3. Heat (i.e., sunny and shady slopes): the same band spectrum is affected by altitude ☆ Location factors affect cities:

"natural factors"

1. Terrain (a. Flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, favorable for transportation, saving construction investment and concentrated population; B. tropical cities are distributed on the plateau; C. the mountain city is located in the valley and open lowlands)

2. Climate (warm in middle and low latitudes and humid in coastal areas)

3. Rivers (water supply and transportation functions) 4. Resource conditions

"socio-economic factors"

1. Traffic conditions

2. Political factors

3. Military factors

4. Religious factors

5. Scientific and technological factors

6. Tourism factors ☆ Location factors for the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets:

1. Convenient traffic conditions (establishment principle: best traffic)

2. Strong commodity production capacity and stable commodity sources.

3. Broad market or economic hinterland (establishment principle: optimal market) ☆ Route selection principle of transportation lines:

"Natural aspects"

1. Terrain (a. Flat: fewer choices; B. Great fluctuation: if it is necessary to cut mountains, make holes and bridge, the project will be difficult; If you extend along the contour line, the mileage will be extended; C. Fast-flowing rivers: unfavorable to shipping)

2. Geology (a. Karst landform: prevention of collapse and leakage; B. Geological instability: reinforce the foundation and avoid faults)

3. Climate (a. Roads and railways: prevent rainstorm, flood, frozen soil and debris flow; B. water transport and aviation: against fog and strong winds)

4. Land (less arable land, especially fertile land)

"Socio-economic aspects"

1. population (as far as possible through residential areas, railway stations, docks, etc. , thus benefiting more people. )

2. Mileage and operating time (try to build bridges and tunnels to shorten mileage to save operating time; Take proper care of important economic points along the way. )

3. Others (try to stay away from important cultural relics and pay attention to ecological environment protection) ☆ Positive significance of traffic line construction:

1. The local traffic network has been improved, making traffic convenient and accessible.

2. Accelerate the circulation of materials and promote local economic development.

3. Politics: consolidating national defense, maintaining stability and promoting regional prosperity ☆ Analysis of industrial location factors;

1. Geographical location

2. Resource factors: raw materials and fuel.

3. Agricultural factors

4. Traffic factors (including traffic convenience and accessibility of information network): it is convenient for the exchange of materials, personnel and information.

5. Market factors

6. Scientific and technological factors

7. Labor factor: labor price and quality.

8. Historical factors

9. Policy factors: national and regional policy support.

10*. Military factors: national defense security needs.

1 1*. Personal factors: personal preference ☆ Comprehensive economic improvement measures in industrial zones:

1. Adjust the industrial layout, develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform traditional industries, ensure the balanced development of all industries and promote the diversification of economic structure.

2. Develop all kinds of resources rationally according to local conditions.

3. Eliminate pollution and beautify the environment; Do a good job in regional planning and strengthen ecological construction

4. Develop transportation and improve the transportation network.

5. Developing science and technology, improving production level and prospering economy ☆ Analysis of agricultural location factors;

"natural factors"

1. Land: topography and soil.

2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night.

3. Water source (irrigation water source):

"socio-economic factors"

1. Market:

2. Transportation:

3. National policies

4. Labor force

5. Science and technology: development of technologies such as preservation and refrigeration of agricultural products.

6. Industrial base ☆ Location conditions for port construction:

"Natural conditions (determining the port location)"

1. Water condition: the harbor is wide and deep (the contour line is dense, which is beneficial to berthing and sheltering from the wind).

2. Port construction conditions: The plot is stable in geology, flat in terrain and suitable in slope (conducive to the arrangement of construction land and port equipment).

"Socio-economic conditions (affecting the rise and fall of ports)"

1. Conditions of economic hinterland: whether the economic hinterland is vast, the passenger and cargo flow, and the economic nature of the hinterland (whether the economic hinterland is vast affects the passenger and cargo flow; Passenger flow and cargo flow affect the rise and fall of ports; The nature of hinterland economy determines the nature of port.

2. Relying on the city (convenient transportation; Provide manpower, material resources and financial support for the port)

3. Policy conditions: building a free trade port in the development zone ☆ evaluating the shipping value of the river;

"natural conditions"

1. Terrain: flat, flowing through the plain, with gentle water flow.

2. Climate: abundant and even precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal variation and short ice age.

3. River course: wide and straight, with water depth "socio-economic conditions". Principles and measures of river regulation with large population, developed economy, dense connections and large traffic flow;

Regulation principle: upstream: flood regulation midstream: flood storage downstream: flood discharge and drainage. ※

Upstream of control measures: reservoir restoration, middle of greening: reservoir restoration, flood diversion and storage project. Downstream: dike reinforcement, river dredging and river excavation ☆ Cause of river flood. ※:

"natural causes"

1. Characteristics of water system (a. Wide drainage basin with many tributaries; B. high sediment concentration; C. The plain river course is curved, with slow water flow and poor water flow. )

2. Hydrological characteristics (a) It flows through humid areas with abundant rainfall; B. the main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water. 3. Climate characteristics (abnormal climate in that year, heavy rain in the basin, causing floods. )

"Man-made reasons"

1. Vegetation damage (1) Excessive logging, serious vegetation damage, and increased soil erosion, resulting in a decline in the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak shaving and dry replenishment in the basin; B. Sediments entering the river raise the riverbed and reduce the flood discharge capacity of the river. )

2. Reclaiming land around the lake (siltation causes the lake to shrink, and the ability of the lake to regulate and store flood peaks decreases. ) ☆ Analysis and solution of water shortage in a certain area;

Cause ※

"natural causes"

1. Climate: little or insufficient precipitation, large evaporation and uneven seasonal distribution.

2. Rivers: Less surface runoff.

"Man-made reasons"

1. Large water consumption: dense population, developed industry and agriculture.

2. Unreasonable utilization: low utilization rate and serious pollution and waste.

Solution ※

1. Open source: transfer water across river basins, build reservoirs, desalinate seawater in coastal areas, and improve water supply capacity.

2. throttling: reduce water pollution, reduce waste, improve the utilization rate of industrial and agricultural water resources, limit the development of high-energy-consuming water industry, develop water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation), formulate laws and regulations, raise people's awareness of water conservation, and implement water price adjustment ☆ Factors affecting the selection of reservoir dam sites:

1. The dam site is located at the outlet of rivers, canyons, basins and depressions (bag-shaped areas are favorable for dam construction: small quantities, low cost and large storage capacity).

2. Choose places with good geological conditions and avoid karst landforms and faults.

3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water.

4. Consider whether it is necessary for immigrants to build reservoirs, and the situation of land occupation and relocation, so as to minimize the role of flooding residential areas ☆ Reservoir:

1. Regulate climate and improve ecological environment

2. Conducive to the development of aquaculture.

3. Conducive to the development of tourism.

It has the function of flood control.

5. It has power generation value.

6. It has irrigation function.

7. Improve the shipping value ☆ Location conditions for the formation of saltworks:

1. Climate: high temperature, less precipitation, strong wind and strong sunshine: favorable for evaporation.

2. Terrain: Flat beach and vast muddy coast ☆ Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds:

1. Terrain: vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis and rich bait).

2. Temperate sea area: the temperature changes greatly and the sea water overflows.

3. Estuary: Rivers bring rich nutrients.

4. Ocean current: (confluent current or upwelling) seawater overflows, bringing nutrients and rich bait on the seabed ☆ Location conditions of satellite launch base:

"natural conditions"

1. Meteorological conditions: sunny weather is required.

Latitude: the linear velocity of the earth's rotation.

3. Terrain: flat and open.

"humanistic conditions"

1. population: the population density per unit area is low, and the land is vast and sparsely populated.

2. Transportation: Convenient transportation

3. Military: to meet the needs of national defense security ☆ Conditions for tunnel site selection:

1. Choose anticline (a. The anticline rocks arch upward, and the groundwater seeps to both sides, which is not easy to cause leakage problems; B anticline is dome-shaped structure, which is not easy to collapse. ) ☆ Location conditions of bus stop location:

1. Road condition: the surrounding roads are wide.

2. Contact with traffic inside and outside the city

3. Project scale ☆ Location conditions of airport location:

"natural conditions"

1. Terrain: there is flat and open terrain with proper slope to ensure drainage;

2. Geology: Good geological conditions.

3. Climate: less fog.

"socio-economic situation"

1. Traffic conditions: convenient to the city.

2. Economy: Built in economically developed areas. ☆ Direction of building a new socialist countryside:

1. Pay attention to ecological environment construction: increase greening efforts, return farmland to forests and grasslands in a planned way, and improve the ecological environment.

2. Control the population and improve the quality of the population

3. Adjust the rural industrial structure and develop a variety of rural economies (developing agricultural products processing industry, commodity agriculture, etc.). ), increase investment in science and technology and increase farmers' income.