Egyptian civilization is the oldest civilization in the world, so why is Egypt an Arab country now? Where did all the elegance of ancient Egypt go?

The oldest civilization may not exist now, and there is only one China among the four existing ancient civilizations.

Let me show you a simple history.

Third intermediate interval

The third intermediate period (BC 1085 ~ BC 7 15). In BC 1078, Ramesses XI died, and Smond I gained the right to rule northern Egypt. The south was actually ruled by the high priest of the temple of Amon in Thebes, who only acknowledged the authority of Mendes in name. During this period, Libyans had settled in the western delta, and the leaders of immigrants began to gradually gain autonomy. In 945 BC, Prince Xieshuk I of Libya took control of the Delta and established the so-called "Libya Dynasty" or "Bubastis Dynasty" (Bubastis was the capital), namely the 2nd1Dynasty, which lasted for more than 200 years. Sheshunk also controlled southern Egypt by placing members of his family in important monk positions. When Libya's rule declined, its rival in the Delta began to rise in Leontopolis, and Kush threatened the south. Around 727 BC, King Pierre of Kush invaded the north, occupied Thebes and finally occupied the Delta.

By the end of the third intermission, Egypt's original far-reaching influence was greatly reduced. Its foreign allies fell into Assyria's sphere of influence, and by 700 BC, the war between the two countries was finally inevitable. From 67 1 BC to 667 BC, Assyrians began to attack Egypt and met Tahaka and his successor Tanvo Tamagni's loyal opposition. Egypt won several victories. But in the end, the Assyrians drove the Kuxi back to Nubia, occupied Memphis and looted the temple of Thebes.

1. The 2nd1dynasty of Egypt: 65438 BC+0085 BC ~ 945 BC. In tanis, there are Daisy, Pusunas I and II. Rehor and Pinajem ruled Thebes.

2. The 22nd Dynasty of Egypt: The economy flourished during this period.

3. The 23rd dynasty of Egypt: ruled for about 300 years.

4. The 24th Dynasty of Egypt: During this period, culture flourished and Egyptian mythology appeared.

5. The 25th dynasty of Egypt: ruled for about 200 years.

Post-dynasty period

Assyrians had no intention of occupying Egypt for a long time, and their sovereignty fell into the hands of a series of princes known as "King Seth" in the 26th dynasty. By 653 BC, King Psamtik I of Saite expelled the Assyrians with the help of mercenary Greek mercenaries, and established Egypt's first navy with the help of the Greeks. Greece's influence in Egypt expanded rapidly, and the delta city of Naukratis became the home of the Greeks. The Saite Dynasty, with Saeijs as its capital, witnessed this short and dynamic economic and cultural revival. However, the good times did not last long. In 525 BC, the powerful Persian Empire, led by Cambyses Ⅱ, began to conquer Egypt, and finally captured Pharaoh Psamtik III in the battle of Pelusim. Cambyses Ⅱ adopted the title of Pharaoh, but ruled in his home in Susa and divided Egypt into administrative regions. In the 5th century BC, there were several successful uprisings against Persia, but Egypt never expelled the Persians permanently.

Under the rule of Persia, Egypt, Cyprus and Phoenicia were incorporated into the sixth governor's district under the Persian Achemane dynasty. The first reign of Persia, also known as the 27th dynasty, ended in 402 BC. From 380 BC to 343 BC, the last local dynasty, the 30th dynasty, ruled Egypt and ended in Nektanebo II. In 343 BC, the Persians briefly resumed their rule over Egypt, also known as the 3rd1dynasty. But not long after, in 332 BC, the Persian ruler Mazaks gave Egypt to Alexander the Great.

1. 26th dynasty of Egypt: ruled for 140 years.

2. The 27th dynasty of Egypt: ruled for 230 years.

3. The 28th dynasty of Egypt: ruled for 1 10 years.

4. The 29th Dynasty of Egypt: There was a period of 126.

5. The 30th dynasty of Egypt: 188, during which Egypt reached its peak.

6. Egypt's 3rd1Dynasty: During the reign of *** 165, the economy was prosperous, but Egyptians paid attention to conservative culture, so they began to decline.

Period of foreign rule

1. Ptolemaic dynasty

In 332 BC, Alexander the Great, as a liberator, was occupied by the Egyptians with little resistance from the Persians. Ptolemy, the successor of Alexander, modeled after the Egyptian model and established a government agency with Alexandria as its capital. The city tries to show the authority of the Greek rulers, with the famous Alexandria Library as the core and becoming a cultural and academic center. Alexander lighthouse illuminates the voyage of many ships and ensures the smooth trade between cities. Ptolemaic rulers regarded commerce and income-generating industries as the first choice for development, such as papyrus manufacturing.

Drawing Greek civilization in ancient Egypt did not replace the traditional civilization in Egypt, and the rulers of Ptolemy dynasty supported Egypt's long tradition to ensure the loyalty of the people. They built Egyptian-style temples, maintained traditional religious ceremonies and portrayed themselves as pharaohs. Many traditions of the two civilizations have merged, and the gods of Greece and Egypt have merged into many gods, such as Selabis. Sculpture in classical Greek style also influenced the artistic theme of traditional Egypt. Although the Greek rulers tried to ease the mood of the Egyptians, the Ptolemaic dynasty still faced rebellion, family power struggle and Alexandria riots that accompanied Ptolemy IV's death. In addition, because Rome is very dependent on Egypt's food imports, the Romans are also very interested in the political situation in Egypt. Successive rebellions, ambitious politicians and powerful Syrian opponents shook the dynastic rule, making Egypt a protectorate of Rome and eventually a province.

2. Roman rule

After Octavian defeated marc anthony and Cleopatra VII of Ptolemy at the Battle of Aktim, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire in 30 BC. The Romans relied heavily on Egypt's grain exported by sea. The Roman army suppressed the rebellion under the control of the chief appointed by the emperor, levied heavy taxes and cracked down on robbers, and the latter has become a serious problem at this time. Alexandria has gradually developed into an important commercial center in the East, and exotic Egyptian luxury goods are selling well in Rome.

Although the Romans were more hostile to the Egyptians than the Greeks, many traditions, such as mummies and worship of traditional gods, remained. Fayoum mummy portrait art flourished, and some Roman emperors called themselves pharaohs, though not as good as Ptolemaic rulers. Roman rulers were far away from Egypt and could not perform their duties as kings. The style of local government agencies is romanized, which is closer to the local Egyptian dynasty.

/kloc-0 In the middle of the 20th century, Christianity took root and spread in Alexandria. Different from other religions, Christianity tried to convert pagans, which threatened the popular traditional religion at that time and led to the persecution of Christians. It reached its peak in Diocletian's great cleansing in 303 AD, but Christianity finally won. Therefore, the traditional religion in Egypt gradually declined. Although Egyptians still speak their language, with the decrease of priests in temples, fewer and fewer people can read hieroglyphs. Temples are sometimes converted into churches or abandoned in the desert.

In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: East and West. Egypt belongs to the Eastern Roman Empire and continues to be under the jurisdiction of the "New Rome" emperor. In 640, Egypt was occupied by Arabs and Arabization began. By the12nd century, Arabic was widely used and converted to Islam, and the ancient Egyptian civilization that lasted for thousands of years was replaced by Arab civilization. 15 17, Egypt was ruled by the Ottoman Empire; 1798- 180 1 was ruled by France; After 1869, the British invaded. Egypt finally achieved independence in 1922, and established a republic in 1953, but it is already an Arab country.

To put it simply, in 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, and Egypt belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire and continued to be under the jurisdiction of the "New Rome" emperor. In 640, Egypt was occupied by Arabs, then Arabized and gradually evolved into an Arab country.