Hakka history

Since the Qin Dynasty, Hakkas have lived in the south of China for more than 2,000 years. They are one of the major local ethnic groups in Guangdong (Guangfu, Hakka, Chaoshan and Gaoliang in western Guangdong, Siyi, Hailufeng and Shao Min in northern Guangdong, etc.). ) and one of the important local ethnic groups in Jiangxi and Fujian. Several major ethnic groups in Guangdong are all mixed and assimilated by the earliest indigenous Baiyue in Lingnan. Hakka clans were not formed later than other clans in Guangdong, because Hakka dialect was originally elegant in the Central Plains, but it absorbed some indigenous languages in the south and was still elegant in the Middle Ages. Hakkas came to Guangdong no later than other nationalities. The earliest settlers in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huizhou and other places in Guangdong were the Hakka ancestors who integrated the original ancient Yue ethnic group.

Hakkas have made five great migrations. The first great migration of Hakka ancestors took place in the first year of Yongkang in the Western Jin Dynasty, and then the people's struggle against gold broke out, which greatly shook the rule of the Western Jin Dynasty. At this time, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xiongnu, Biandi and other ethnic minorities in the north took advantage of the situation, and each was king, fighting endlessly with each other, which plunged the Central Plains into the turbulent situation of "Five Chaos in China". After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became the world of Hu people, who abandoned farmland, herded cattle and sheep and enslaved Han people. The enslaved Han people moved south on a large scale. They entered Xiangfan from the Central Plains via Nanyang, Henan, and entered the Yangtze River along the Hanshui River to Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. To the east, from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake, or along the Ganjiang River into the mountainous area of southern Jiangxi. Its vanguard has arrived in today's Tai Po, Meizhou, and Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for nine years (AD 4 13), and Zhao Yi County was established on the basis of "floating private enterprises". At this time, in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, overseas Chinese states, counties and counties were set up specifically for the resettlement of immigrants from the Central Plains, and various preferential treatments were given. This trend has continued for more than 70 years, with a population of12 million.

During the second great migration since the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty, the situation in the whole country turned from prosperity to decline, and there was a situation in which the provinces were separated. Coupled with the famine in the central plains for years, the government exploited and exploited, and the people were in dire straits. Many fireworks in urban and rural areas have been broken, and it is a depression. Soon, the peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out. The insurgents crossed the Central Plains and moved to Yu Sheng in the north and south. These places are the areas where the Han people moved south for the first time. Only Gannan, southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong are the "promised land" affected by the war, so most of the Hakka ancestors in these provinces went back to the Ganjiang River from Jiangzhou and settled in the triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and northeastern Guangdong today. According to the records of Hakka genealogy, most immigrants in this period took refuge in Shibidong, Ninghua, Fujian. This is the second large-scale migration in the history of Han nationality in Central Plains. This southward migration lasted for more than 90 years and lasted until the Five Dynasties after the Tang Dynasty.

For the third time, Kaifeng Prefecture, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty in the formation of Hakka clans, was captured by Jin Bing in 1 12 A.D., and Song Gaozong crossed to the south, becoming emperor in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) and establishing the Southern Song Dynasty. Millions of people moved south with Emperor Gaozong. After Yuan people invaded the Central Plains, they seized private land and promoted slavery. In order to escape the war, the Han people in the Yellow River valley crossed the river south again. Subsequently, due to the advance of Yuan soldiers to the south, the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong became the battlefield of Song and Yuan Dynasties. Wen Tianxiang rose up against Yuan and led the rebels to Meizhou. Hakka children joined the army in succession and moved to all parts of Fujian and Guangdong. There are more than 800 people in the Zhuoxing family in Songkou alone. "Men are in charge, women wear petticoats, and 8,000 children go to the diligent king." In order to seek a peaceful environment, the Hakkas who moved here earlier continued to move south and entered Meizhou and Huizhou in eastern Guangdong. Because the household registration at this time is divided into "subject" and "object", all immigrants and naturalized people are included in the "object". And "Hakka" calls itself "Hakka".

The Fourth Great Migration of Hakka There are two reasons for the fourth great migration of Hakka: First, it was influenced by the Manchu Dynasty's entry into the Central Plains. When the Qing soldiers entered Fujian and Guangdong, the righteous Hakkas came forward to call on the masses to raise righteousness against the Qing Dynasty, and were forced to scatter everywhere after their failure. Some went to Taiwan Province Province with Zheng Chenggong; Moved to northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong; Some went to Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan. The second is the expansion of Hakka population. After more than 200 years of development, the Hakka population in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong has greatly increased, but there are few local Shan Ye and insufficient agricultural harvest, so they want to develop abroad. It coincided with the Qing government's "moving lakes to fill Sichuan" and the immigration movement during the Kangxi period. As a result, a large number of Han people who moved from the Central Plains to the two lakes and Guangdong entered Sichuan. The ancestors of Zhu De, Guo Moruo and Han were all Hakkas who moved to Sichuan from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian.

The Fifth Hakka Migration During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement led by Hong Xiuquan, with Hakka as the basic team, fought for more than ten years. After the fall of Tianjing, the insurgents were destroyed and the people fled. During this period, there was a gun battle between natives and guests in central Guangdong, which lasted for 12 years. In order to solve the disputes between the aborigines and the Hakkas, the Qing government specially designated Chixi area in Taishan to resettle the Hakkas. The unrest caused the Hakkas to start another great migration, moving to Hainan and Guangxi, and even crossing the ocean to make a living.

Hakkas began to migrate overseas from the late Southern Song Dynasty, while Hakkas who migrated to southern provinces migrated overseas by sea and land. The sea route starts from Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Humen, Hong Kong and Chixi, Taishan, and ventures to all parts of Nanyang by boat. Land enters Myanmar, Vietnam and other places through the borders of Guangxi and Yunnan. These include the volunteers who fled overseas after resisting Yuan in the late Song Dynasty, the "anti-Qing" in the early Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the late Qing Dynasty and the failure of various armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen in the early period, as well as a considerable number of bankrupt farmers and urban poor. They either sailed by boat, or were plundered, lured and hired as "contract Chinese laborers" to work in Nanyang and other places. Since the mid-20th century, some people have migrated from their original countries to Europe, America, other countries and even other parts of the world. Now Hakka descendants have spread all over more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. As the saying goes, "Where there is sea water, there are Chinese, and where there are Chinese, there are Hakkas". It is generally believed that the Hakka base camp refers to the "four Hakka States": Huizhou, Meizhou, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

In the Qing Dynasty, the Hakka prefectures refer to Huizhou Prefecture, Shaozhou Prefecture, Ganzhou Prefecture, Tingzhou Prefecture, Nan 'an Prefecture (Qian), Ningdu Prefecture (Qian), Jiaying Prefecture (Mei), Longyan Prefecture (Zhang), Nanxiong Prefecture (Shao) and Yanglian Prefecture (Shao) (ten states in total).

Zhou Xun, Meizhou, Tingzhou, Qianzhou, Huizhou, Shaozhou, Yingzhou and Guangzhou (eight states in total) are the capitals of Hakka in Song Dynasty.

Among the ten prefectures where Hakkas lived in the Qing Dynasty, Huizhou Prefecture, Ganzhou Prefecture, Tingzhou Prefecture and Jiaying Prefecture (now Meizhou) were the Hakka base camps, that is, the "four Hakka States".