What is the main language in Shenzhen?

The proportion and distribution of local languages in Shenzhen before the reform and opening up (recorded in Baoan County Records);

Hakka accounts for 56%, Cantonese accounts for 35% (in those days, the Baoan county government also counted the native language of the great man Ji who immigrated to Shenzhen as Cantonese, and some local dialects as Cantonese), and Dapeng military language accounts for 9% (the main language on Dapeng Peninsula is Dapeng Hakka, and Baoan county government also counted Dapeng local Hakka as Dapeng military language. In fact, the Hakkas in Bao 'an County accounted for more than 60% of the total population of the original residents in that year).

Distribution of Aboriginal Languages in Shenzhen (including the languages of new immigrants from Baoan and Nanshan)

● Longgang-Pingshan Hakka dialect: mainly distributed in Buji, Nanwan, Bantian, Henggang, Longgang, Longcheng, Pingshan, Pingdi, Kengzi, Longtian, Maluan, South Australia and Kwai Chung in Longgang District and Pingshan District. Longgang Hakka is connected to Dongguan Hakka in the north and to Pingshan and Huizhou Hakka in the east.

● Longhua Hakka dialect: It is different from Longgang Hakka dialect in tone and intonation, but it is roughly the same and can communicate smoothly. Mainly distributed in Longhua, Zhi Min, Da Lang, Guanlan, Shangmeilin and Xiameilin in Futian District.

● Luohu-Yantian Hakka dialect: it is the daily communication language of residents in most areas of Yantian and some areas of Luohu in the former special zone, mainly distributed in Buxin, Caopu, Nigang, Luofang, Li Antang, Dawang, Wu Tongshan, Xilingxia, Shuiku Xincun and Shatoujiao, Yantian, Zhongying Street and Meisha in Luohu District. The southern part of the Hakka dialect in this area is connected with the Hakka dialect in the northern New Territories of Hong Kong.

● Dapeng Hakka dialect: Dapeng Hakka dialect is the most popular dialect in Dapeng Peninsula, followed by Dapeng military dialect. Dapeng Hakka Dialect is a branch of Longgang Hakka Dialect, which is different from Yantian Hakka Dialect, Luohu Hakka Dialect and Hong Kong New Territories Hakka Dialect, and mainly distributed in Kwai Chung, South Australia, Dapeng and other places.

● Western Hakka dialects: mainly distributed in most areas of Shiyan in Baoan District, parts of Xixiang and Shekou, and Xili, Taoyuan, Shahe and Dachong in Nanshan District. There are also pure Hakka communities such as Baihua Community and Hongxing Community in Guangming New District.

Note (The distribution of Hakka dialects in Luohu, Futian and Nanshan districts in Shenzhen is as follows: from Changling Village in the east, it connects most villages in Li Antang, Xilingxia, Luofang, Wu Tongshan, Dawang, Shuiku New Village, Buxin, Caopu, Nigang, Shangmeilin, Xiameilin, Shahe, Shekou and Xili, forming a strip distribution until Le Tong Village in the west.

● Dapeng military language: it belongs to the ancient northern garrison language, and its geographical distribution is mainly in Dapeng Peninsula, the easternmost part of Shenzhen, including Dapeng and Nan 'ao Town.

● Weitou dialect: Weitou dialect is called "local dialect" by local people. Most residents of Weitou dialect come from Jiangxi, and some from Anhui, Henan and other places. It belongs to a unique dialect formed by the residents of the Central Plains who went south to Shenzhen in past dynasties. It is mainly used in Futian District and Luohu District of Shenzhen.

Jiwei dialect is a dialect used by Jiwei people who immigrated from Guangzhou, Dongguan, Panyu and Nanhai in the 1920s and 1950s. Mainly distributed in Daxin and Baishizhou in Nanshan and Xin 'an, Xixiang, Fuyong and Shajing in Baoan District, with a population of 6.5438+0.6 million.

Mianmi dialect is a mixed dialect of Hakka dialect and Min dialect, which is mainly distributed in Pingdi and Kengzi areas in the northeast of Shenzhen, with a population of several hundred people and is an endangered language.

● Baoan Cantonese: mainly distributed in some villages in the west and south of Shenzhen. Its geographical scope includes five towns of Xixiang, Fuyong, Shajing, Gong Ming and Songgang, Guangming Street and some areas of Luohu and Futian, and its representative languages are Shajing dialect and Gong Ming dialect.

● Nantou dialect: Its population is only about 5,000 in Nantou area. The representative point of Nantou dialect is the dialect spoken by the aborigines in Nantou-"Nantou Jiujie Dialect". The use area of "Nantou Jiujie Dialect" extends from Nantou City to the surrounding natural villages such as Yijia, Guankou, Tianxia, Chongxia, Longwu, Chencun and Beitou.

● Tujia dialect, belonging to Shenzhen boat people dialect, is mainly distributed in Shekou, Daxin, Baoan Xixiang, Shajing and other places in Nanshan. In addition, Luohu, Futian and Yantian are scattered. The users of these dialects are mainly the descendants of Fujian fishermen, and the population is very small at present.

What are the Hakkas in Shenzhen? Why did the later Shenzhen immigrants not belong to Hakkas?

Hakka is actually the name of an ethnic group. Since the birth of mankind, it has been constantly migrating. Almost all the ethnic groups in China have migrated through the ages, especially the main ethnic groups in Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces. Therefore, in the migration history of thousands of years, Hakkas, like other migrant groups, have become aborigines in many places. The Chileans in the west of Shenzhen are also immigrants, and now they are also a kind of Shenzhen natives, but they are not called Hakkas, although the Chileans migrated to Shenzhen hundreds of years later than the Hakkas.

The Hakkas in Shenzhen are mainly distributed in the central, eastern and northern parts of Shenzhen, accounting for about 70% of Shenzhen. Such as Yantian District, Longhua District, Longgang District and Pingshan District, as well as Dapeng New District, Luohu District and Shiyan in Baoan, Xili, Shekou and Baimang in Nanshan and Meilin in Futian.

Hakkas first entered Shenzhen in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as Futian Meilin, Shiyan, Guanlan, Longhua, Buji and Baoan Dapeng. It was in the middle and late Ming Dynasty that a little scale was formed, such as the so-called Henggang Longping (Ganggang) (Mountain) Kwai (Chung) area. Lai xing in Longgang and Xiao in Pingdi both moved in during this period. Huang Chaoxuan, surnamed Huang from Pingshan Kengzi, moved to jiangbiancun (now Kengzi, Shenzhen) in the late Ming Dynasty, and his second ancestor Huang founded Hongwei in the middle of the 30th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi. The earlier Hakka world residence in Tian Feng, Longgang District was built in Ming Dynasty 16.

In the early years of Qing Dynasty, a large number of Hakkas moved to Shenzhen, among which the largest number came from Jiaying and Huizhou, and the immigration tide continued until Jiaqing.

Up to now, Shenzhen still retains a large number of cultural relics and historic sites that record Hakka people, such as Hakka Folk Museum, Gankeng Hakka Town, Nanshui Village History Museum, Baoan Huangmabu Ancient Village, Guanlan Printmaking Village, Sha Tau Kok Fish Lantern Dance Folk Museum and Longhua Qilin Museum. Nanshan Changyuan Hakka Artillery Tower, Dachang Village Dawang Ancient Temple, Dafen Oil Painting Village, Sheng Mao World Residence, Hehu New Residence, Dawangshiju, Longtian World Residence, Huanshui Building, Tianfeng World Residence, General Lai Enjue Di, Chen Yanqiao's Former Residence, Grand Former Residence, Zeng Sheng's Former Residence, Xuanqing New Residence, Nanling Artillery Tower, Gui Hu Hall Lao Wei, Zhi Min Village History Museum, Xinqiao Stone Residence and Guanlan Ancient Residence.

In terms of culture and art, Li Wei dances Kirin, Dachuankeng unicorn dance, Hakka cool hat, Yantian folk song, Longgang Gege, Longgang dragon dance, Yantian dragon dance, Shiyan Hakka folk song, Hakka cloud cake, Hakka tea fruit, Pingshan unicorn dance and Shatoujiao fish lantern dance are all valuable heritages of Shenzhen Hakka people.