What kind of economic and cultural development did Slovakia have under the rule of Hungarian aristocrats?

Under the rule of Hungarian nobles, Slovakia's economic and cultural development obviously lags behind that of the Czech Republic. The Great Moravian Empire was an early feudal country established by the Western Slavs. It is located between eastern Europe and western Europe, with Moravia as the center, and it is an area where the eastern church with Constantinople as the center and the western church with Rome as the center compete fiercely. When Svyatopolk was in power, the territory was the largest, including Moravia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, southern Poland, Austria and northern Hungary. During the period of 65438+1980s, the empire gradually declined due to the infighting among rulers. At this time, the Czech Republic was separated from it, and in 895, an independent Czech country centered on Bohemia was formed. In 906, the great Moravian Empire was destroyed by Hungarians.

The first dynasty in the Czech Republic was the Pushmis dynasty. When the Czech Republic was founded, it was a powerful independent country in Eastern Europe. With the support of strong economic strength, the Czech Republic effectively resisted the German attack. 10- 12 century is an important period for the establishment and development of Czech feudal relations of production. In this process, the local feudal separatist forces developed, and the chaotic political situation appeared from time to time, which provided favorable conditions for the German army to get their hands on the Czech Republic.

In order to deal with the increasingly serious separatist forces, Czech feudal nobles often turned to Germany, which led to the wolf entering the room. 1086, the German king and Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire awarded the title of King of Bohemia to the Czech Crown Prince Vladislav II, and the Czech Principality surrendered to the Holy Roman Empire. Czech national independence is facing a serious crisis.

/kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, the Czech Republic was renamed the Czech Kingdom. 12 12, the Kaiser issued the "golden imperial edict", which formally confirmed the relationship between the Czech kingdom and the German Empire. Germany tried its best to win over the Czech Republic to help its foreign aggression, so it gave the Czech Republic a lot of special treatment. Czech rulers occupy an important position in the German Empire, that is, the system of selecting emperors in the Imperial Book stipulates that the Czech king ranks first in the selection of emperors.

/kloc-the Czech economy has developed greatly in the 0/2 century. First of all, agricultural production technology has been significantly improved, and grain output has been greatly improved. The increase of agricultural products effectively promoted commodity exchange, and the earliest fair trade appeared and developed rapidly, but the main commercial activities were mostly controlled by German immigrants.

The objective requirement of the development of agricultural productive forces has gradually replaced the land rent in kind and labor form with the land rent in monetary form. The relationship between goods and money has penetrated into rural areas, which is also conducive to the development of Czech commercial activities objectively. In this development process, new trade centers are constantly emerging, and many new small and medium-sized towns and large prosperous cities are gradually formed. These big cities are also controlled by the nobles of German immigrants. The development of agriculture provides favorable conditions for the development of urban handicrafts and mining industry, especially the rapid development of mining industry. Czech silver production ranks first in Europe.

As the Czech Republic has actually become a special Slavic country in the German Empire, it is inevitably influenced by Germany in all aspects. In particular, Czech nobles imitate the Germans everywhere. They are proud of speaking German and have a great Germanization trend. At the same time, a large number of German immigrants engaged in industrial and commercial economic activities in Czech land, and held real power in many aspects, playing a decisive role, and gradually formed a Germanic aristocratic class in the political and economic life of Czech countries.

They control mines and cities and occupy a lot of real estate. In particular, German Catholicism is greedy, accounting for more than 1/3 of all Czech real estate. All these make Slavic culture, which was originally dominant in Czech Republic, gradually give way to Germanic culture in the long-term blending of the two nations.

/kloc-in the 0/5th century, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions in the Czech Republic were unprecedentedly acute. The urban poor, farmers and miners living in miserable conditions first pointed their finger at the Catholic Church, which brought them disaster. Hus, a Czech patriot and religious reformer, founded the Czech religious reformist at this time. He graduated from Charles University in his early years and later served as the dean and principal of the school. He openly opposed the oppression of the Czech people by German aristocrats and the Catholic Church, and resolutely advocated the implementation of religious reform and the restoration of the simplicity of Christianity. He suggested that the church should not occupy land and return the illegally occupied property to the public.

Hus's proposition reflects the demands of the citizens and the lower class aristocrats, and has also been supported by the people. 14 12 was excommunicated for severely condemning the Pope for selling atonement vouchers in the Czech Republic; 14 14, arrested and imprisoned for refusing to give up his thoughts; 1465438+On July 6, 2005, he was sentenced to the stake for heresy and burned alive.

The death of Hus aroused the indignation of all Czech people and became the fuse of a large-scale peasant uprising-the "Hus War" against the Catholic Church, the German emperor and the feudal aristocracy. Pastor Hus called on people to "raise their swords" to avenge Hus, which was widely responded. Thousands of Czech people raised the banner of justice against the Pope. 1465438+On July 30th, 2009, citizens of Prague, led by pastor Zelivsky, launched an uprising, stormed the city hall, quickly occupied government organs, expelled German nobles and priests, and confiscated their property.

1420, the members who participated in the uprising gradually divided into two factions. One school, called the Holy Grail School, belongs to moderates, and its members are mainly middle class, citizen class and lower class aristocrats. Their program is1the "Prague Four Clauses" put forward in August, 420, which advocates realizing "the property of the church belongs to the public" without endangering the feudal system, and at the same time realizing the freedom of missionary, religious equality, praying in Czech, and changing the dominant position of German nobles and Catholic churches in the Czech Republic. Most farmers and urban civilians are concentrated in tabor, South Bohemia, which is called "tabor School". In May 5438+0420+065438+ 10, they put forward the radical "Prague Twelve Clauses", advocating the abolition of kings and private property, the elimination of feudal privileges, feudal taxes and feudal labor, and the establishment of a * * * Republic where the people are masters of their own affairs.

In the same year, the Pope and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire organized more than 654.38 million "Crusaders" to stifle the insurgents. At first, the "Holy Grail School" and the "tabor School" fought together and repelled the Crusaders' attacks many times. The outstanding military general Jeshka fought bravely and died heroically. After a long and invincible attack, the Crusaders used conspiracy to divide and disintegrate the rebel army from within, creating contradictions between the two factions and eventually destroying them all.

1433, the Basel Religious Conference and the "Holy Grail School" secretly signed the Basel Agreement, which met some requirements of the four Prague clauses. The "Holy Grail Sect" began to collude with the Pope and the holy Roman emperor, and suppressed the "tabor Sect" rebels, and finally failed in 1437. The Huss War dealt a heavy blow to the forces of German feudal lords and the Catholic Church, ensured the political independence of the Czech Republic in a certain period of time, and effectively strengthened the extensive cultural ties between the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Hus Movement had an important influence on the development of Czech history and European reform in the16th century.

Slovakia is located in the eastern Czech Republic, and its territory extends to the areas where Ukrainians live. As early as 1 century, Slovakia and the Czech Republic were under the control of the Roman Empire. The ancestors of these two ethnic groups fought, lived and interacted closely, and were very close to the Western Slavic ethnic group. Although they lived in different countries for a long time until the beginning of the 20th century, their economic and cultural ties were never interrupted.

In the 5th century, Slovakia was still a part of Attila Xiongnu Empire. It became part of the Principality of Samoa in the 7th century. When the Great Moravian Empire was founded, it was a feudal country including Czechs and Slovaks. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/0 century, the Great Moravian Empire collapsed, and the Slovaks did not establish their own nation-state like the Czechs, but were enslaved by the Hungarian kingdom, which was politically, economically and culturally dependent, which had a serious negative impact on the formation of the Slovak nation.

Under the rule of Hungarian nobles, Slovakia's economic and cultural development obviously lags behind that of the Czech Republic. 13-14th century, Slovakia's economic development has entered a new era. This is mainly manifested in the great development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce on the original basis. Some large precious metal deposits have been discovered one after another, and gold and silver mining industry has been established in Slovakia. China towns such as Bratislava, Tela, Kosice and Presev have become important economic and cultural centers. In cultural development, Slovakia is much slower than the Czech Republic.