The origin of Etruscan people

Archaeologists can't agree on the origin of Etruscans. In ancient times, it was said that Etruscans came from Asia Minor and were descendants of Pelaz. Their ancestors, led by Direno, son of Attis, king of Lydia, went to the vast coast to escape a devastating famine. This theory has long been popular. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, a second hypothesis appeared, but it evolved from the first hypothesis. It is believed that Etruscans originated from the mainstream immigrants in the north and crossed the Alps to Italy. Both of the above statements are made by immigrants. The third is nativism, which holds that Etruscans must be the descendants of the ancient residents who were born and raised there. These theories are out of date today. This is due to Massimo Palotino, one of the most outstanding archaeologists in Italy in the 20th century. He emphasized that all the above theories have their own insurmountable limitations because of the deviation of their research premises. In his view, it is wrong to take ethnic origin as the main direction of research. To study the history of a nation, we should pay attention to its development process, not its simple origin. The characteristics of any nation are formed under the joint action of many factors. Based on this premise, the only way to explore the formation of a nation is to study its development and integration into a new culture under the influence of various folk customs and cultural factors.

Just like the origin of Etruscans, their language has always been a mystery. In fact, Etruscan is not difficult to read, because the letters it uses were brought to Italy by the first Greek colonists, with some slight adjustments. It is worth noting that its words are written from right to left, and the early words did not break sentences. Later, start reading phrases with dots or spaces. However, there are still many problems in the interpretation of Etruscan. The main difficulty is that this language is different from Greek, which is still used today. It has been extinct for more than two thousand years. In addition, there are few words available for study, all of which are fragmentary and worn out. Moreover, a large number of written materials are very brief, mostly about funeral contents, and what we often see is the names of memorials or objects contained in inscriptions named after the deceased.

The Etruscan region lies between the Yano River and the Tiber River, including today's Ombulia, Tuscany, parts of La Simi leading to Rome and the right bank of the Tiber River. With the expansion of commerce and politics, the Etruscan power extended to Campania. The Padana Valley also began to build Etruscan-style monuments.

The word "Etruscan art" actually has no national color, but represents the "Etruscan" culture that prevailed in the Italian peninsula from the ninth century BC to the beginning of the first century BC. What's important is that the cities in Etruscan were quite independent, so Rome was able to disintegrate one by one and was completely incorporated into the Roman territory by the first century BC.

history

abstract

Although there is little information about Etruscans in Greek and Latin documents, today's rich and diverse archaeological discoveries and in-depth research have clarified the historical development of Etruscans from the ninth century BC to the first century BC.

develop

In 900 BC, during the cultural period in Villanova, an egalitarian society was first established, and villages were distributed along the natural trade routes.

In 800 BC, Etruscans came into contact with Phoenician-Punic civilization, producing handicrafts and trading.

In 725 BC, during the period of oriental culture, it entered the "feudal society", powerful families appeared, and Greek culture entered the region strongly. Boucrault began to produce black pottery, bronze wares and gold and silver wares.

In 580 BC, during the archaic period, urban society was formed, cities rose, and large-scale buildings and commemorative sculptures developed. Influenced by the styles of Greek Ionian and Athens, large-scale bronze workshops were produced.

In 480 BC, the classical period. In 474 BC, the Etruscans were defeated by Syracuse and the economy began to decline.

In 325 BC, during the Hellenistic period, the middle class appeared and public buildings appeared.

In 90 BC, during the Roman period, because the Etruscan cities "heard about each other, and died of old age", the Roman army was like a bag to explore things, one after another, and merged into the Roman territory.

At this time, gaius Julius Caesar was just born. In the past few decades, he led the Roman legions to sweep across the European continent, trampling on Central Asia and North Africa, and expanding the empire territory again and again.

Thus the history of Etruscan ended.