Why didn't India develop a developed low-end manufacturing industry like China?

Many people like to pay attention to the outside world, especially those distant places.

In recent years, news about the construction of the US-Mexico border in North America, the starvation of Venezuela in South America, the Turks burning dollars in the streets, the civil strife in Syria, and the quarrels between distant European countries in parliament have continued. It often appears in various media.

In contrast, as an Asian country, China people don't always pay attention to the Asian region, especially ignore two neighboring countries: Indian and Vietnamese.

India is the largest country in the South Asian subcontinent. For many people, the universally recognized Indian labels are yoga, ascetic monks in the streets, pyramid-shaped arhats on motorcycles, and free "hanging tickets" on Indian trains. ......

Besides these, there are many unknown things in India.

For example, few people know that India launched the first generation of remote sensing satellites in 1988, which was more than ten years earlier than China successfully launched Remote Sensing-1 satellite (April 27th, 2006).

On May 25th, 2007, China successfully launched Remote Sensing-2 satellite with a panchromatic resolution of 2m, which still lags behind Indian technology.

Some people will say that it's no big deal for the remote sensing satellite camera to have a higher resolution. People who look at the problem in this way have not realized the consequences of this technological gap. After the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, because the quality of satellite images taken by domestic remote sensing satellites can not meet the actual needs, the high-resolution disaster information images provided by foreign countries have passed many days, so they have lost their valuable timeliness.

Let's talk about India's automobile industry.

In 2008, Tata Motors, an Indian automobile company headquartered in Mumbai and one of the top ten commercial automobile manufacturers in the world, acquired Jaguar Land Rover from Ford and formally established Jaguar Land Rover Automobile Company.

20 10 year, Ma Hengda &; Mahindra) acquired a 70% stake in Ssangyong Motor, the fourth largest automaker in South Korea that once produced jeeps for the US military, and officially became the new owner of Ssangyong.

Previously, in 2004, Ssangyong Motor was acquired by Shanghai Automotive Group Co., Ltd., but the cooperation between the two parties ended in 2009.

In 20 16, India's automobile production has surpassed that of South Korea, becoming the fifth largest automobile producer in the world. In 20 17, India's new car sales reached more than 4 million, surpassing Germany and ranking fourth in the world.

India is the second largest automobile manufacturer in Asia, and has the same huge domestic automobile market as China. However, unlike many foreign brands in China's auto market, Indian-made cars account for more than 60% of the domestic market.

Let's talk about the software industry in India.

1989, the total output value of India's software industry was only $20 million, increased to $50 million in 1990, and reached $4 billion in 1999. By 2004, India's software export has reached 654.38+0.2 billion US dollars, exported to more than 0/00 countries in the world.

In the future, it will be difficult for me to find more data about Indian software exports, but as we all know, Indian software exports are second only to the United States.

In just a few decades, India has become the second largest software exporter in the world.

In addition, Indians also account for a large proportion of software companies in Silicon Valley.

And Indian pharmaceutical companies.

Not only China people go to India to buy Gleevec, but also Japanese and Koreans go to India to buy Gleevec. Besides Gleevec, many anticancer drugs are very popular. India produces nearly a quarter of the world's generic drugs, and more than half of them are exported to developed countries and regions such as Europe, Japan and the United States. Because the efficacy of Indian drugs is visible.

And nuclear power generation in India.

At present, there are 22 nuclear power plants in operation in India. It is estimated that by 2050, nuclear power generation will account for 50% of India's total power generation.

For China people, there are many unknown places in India that are worth learning in China, so I won't list them here. Although India has made many jokes about the world, they have done a good job in some aspects.

On the other hand, no country in the world makes jokes, and other countries have many jokes, and they are not small.

Finally, a few words about Indian agriculture.

In the mid-1960s, a severe drought and a severe food crisis occurred in eastern India, and India began to import food.

Later, the Indian government began to implement the modern agricultural development strategy called "Green Revolution". After decades of efforts, India's agricultural development has also made remarkable achievements.

This country with a population of 65.438+0.35 billion ranked first in the world in rice export in 2065.438+08.

At the same time, India is the second largest wheat producer in the world and also exports wheat. In 20 18/ 19 (April to March), India exported 226,225 tons of wheat. According to the data of India's state-owned food company, at the beginning of 20 19 and 10, India's wheat stock was 39.3 million tons, nearly twice the normal buffer stock of 20.7 million tons.

On the other hand, China is the largest grain importer in the world.

In the past ten years, China's rice imports increased by 10 times, and in 20 13 years, China became the largest rice importer in the world.

Comparing China and India, two countries with a population of more than 654.38 billion, there is an interesting phenomenon: India's rice exports rank first in the world, while China's rice imports rank first in the world.

Having said that, some people will think that this is bragging about India. Because the area of India is less than one third of that of China, and its GDP is obviously not as good as that of China. If someone said that India might surpass China in the future, no one would believe it at all.

It's like pulling the time back to 1886. When Li Hongzhang angrily reprimanded Japanese diplomats in Tianjin for the Nagasaki incident between China and Japan, if someone told him that Japan would overtake the Qing Dynasty eight years later and give it a Sino-Japanese War of 1894- 1886, Li Hongzhang would certainly not believe him.

However, two years ago (1884), it was also in Tianjin that I first met Li Hongzhang's ITO Bowen ten years later.

After Ito Bowen returned to Japan from Tianjin, he achieved rapid rise and prosperity in the early stage of the Westernization Movement in the Qing Dynasty, but he would soon cling to the remnants and stagnate, and later he would make terrible and chaotic judgments.

At that time, Japan saw this trend in the Qing Dynasty, first taking the annexation of Ryukyu as a test, and then advancing step by step, first cutting Taiwan Province Province, and then drawing the Northeast ... Of course, this result was also because the Qing Dynasty itself screwed up, and naturally it could not stop others from smashing it again.

Of course, there are many reasons to believe that history will avoid the same mistakes in the future, and there are also many reasons to suspect that history may repeat similar trajectories.

Today, however, Asia has not only an Indian looking to Tibet in the north and incorporating Ladakh of China into its territory, but also a Vietnamese insisting on sovereignty over the South China Sea islands and following China's comprehensive reform.

In recent years, Vietnam's economy has grown rapidly and is moving towards a manufacturing power. How fast is Vietnam developing? Some people say it looks like China 20 years ago.

In 20 19, a truck smuggling incident occurred in Britain, killing 39 Vietnamese. Once upon a time, a group of China people sneaked into Britain in this way, bringing endless wealth to their hometown. On June 8, 2000, 58 stowaways from China suffocated in the van. Twenty years later, the world saw another group of Vietnamese struggling for development. ......

Thirty years in Hedong, thirty years in Hexi, the family changed to Guo Xing, one after another. When China is about to face an aging population, Viet Nam, with a population of nearly 1 billion, is now in its prime.

If we look back at the not-too-distant history, 186 1 year, when the Manchu Dynasty started the Westernization Movement in Qiang Bing, the Japanese were still at the end of the chaotic shogunate.

1886, when the armored ships of beiyang fleet in the Qing Dynasty sailed in Japanese waters, there were no decent warships in the Japanese navy after the Meiji Restoration.

However, they caught up in less than ten years.

Before the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Dynasty was tired of dealing with western countries, and no one took Japan seriously as an island country. Just like today, some people look at India and Vietnam and laugh at them from time to time.

Li Hongzhang, who engaged in westernization and built Beiyang, also laughed at Japan, and the fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War also brought him deep pain.

The world is round, in a sense, the world is flat. How fast and how far you can run twenty years ago does not mean the speed ten years later.

draw

Indian navy

Today, India and Vietnam are accelerating their development. Although it is not very big, if the countries running in front suddenly stop or fall down, it is possible to catch up one after another.

People say that self-confidence is an ability, but sometimes luck is also an ability.

Nowadays, Japan, which is not obvious, is not only accumulating huge social wealth, but also constantly improving Japan's scientific research strength with a Nobel Prize almost every year.

In addition, in the north of Asia, there is a country called Russia. Russia tried to rush into Europe to the west and then into Asia to the east. 1904 After the Russo-Japanese War, Russia gradually withdrew from Northeast China. In recent years, Russia seems to be devastated and idle, waiting for something.

draw

Not to mention the distant future, what the world will look like in ten years, people can still predict by their own feelings.

Although Europe and the United States are in a mood every day, this one has left the European Union and that one has been impeached. Outsiders look thrilling, others are not surprised.

Because after all, they have a solid social foundation for hundreds of years. Nothing has changed them even after two world wars.

Britain is still so indifferent, France is still so romantic, Germany is still so serious ... Only this can't compare with Asian countries, and many Asian countries are unstable.

Ten years later, Europe and America may still be the same Europe and America, and Asia may no longer be today's Asia.