Exploring the origin of Liu's surname

Liu's earliest birthplace is in today's Tang County, Hebei Province. This is the place where the descendants of the ancient Liu family held high their giant axes and bravely conquered the ancient life and life of nature with totems. Liu's surname is "the king's weather", and the Liu Han dynasty constituted the first climax of Chinese civilization. Since then, the main body of the Chinese nation has been called Han Chinese and Han Chinese, and the spoken and written languages in China have been called Chinese and Chinese characters. God knows Liu too well. He handed the burden of laying the foundation of Chinese civilization to his descendants. Hold the axe high-Liu's original rootstock tree has roots and water is active.

As the fourth largest surname in China, where is the root and source of Liu? Although there is a saying in China that "Li Zhaoliu is everywhere", if you ask others what "Liu" means, I'm afraid people nowadays, even Liu's people, rarely can give you a definite answer!

So what does the word "Liu" mean when it is low? With the help of the keys of ancient philology and modern etymology in China, we can trace the origin of the word "Liu". Liu Ziyuan often said, "Liu's surname, Liu" when people introduced Liu's surname. This is what people see today, representing tens of millions of people surnamed Liu in the Chinese world.

In fact, what you see now is only the modern simplified Chinese characters of Chinese mainland and Singapore. Seeing this, we will understand that to explore the original image and the earliest meaning of the word "Liu", we should not only look at simplified characters, but also look at the traditional Chinese character "Liu". The oldest known Chinese characters in China are Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen. Unfortunately, we didn't find the word "Liu" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Wen Tao. Surprisingly, the famous national surname of Zuowei Liu at that time was not found in the earliest dictionary in China-Shuo Wen Jie Zi by Xu Shen, a master of philology in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Some people think this is because of taboo.

The oldest existing "Liu" is Xiao Zhuanhe of Han Dynasty. Tomahawk-the original meaning of the word Liu Yi In modern Chinese, the word "Liu" has no other meaning except as a surname. So few people can explain what Liu means. In fact, in ancient Chinese, the word "Liu" has an extremely rich and magical meaning. According to the statistics of the most authoritative Chinese dictionaries in the world, such as Etymology, Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Dictionary, the word "Liu" had as many different meanings and interpretations as 1 1 in ancient times. One is nouns, weapons such as axes and cymbals. Guangya: "Liu, Daoye". "Orthography Channel Department" also explains: "Liu is a genus". Second, the verb, kill, kill. "Er Ya Shi Gu Shang" said: "Liu, kill also". Third, the verb, gram, conquer. Er Ya Shi Gu Shang also said: "Liu, Ke Ye". Fourth, verbs, Chen and Chen. Er Ya Shi Gu Shang also said: "Liu, Chen Ye". V. Verb, wither. The Chinese dictionary says, "Liu, the branches and leaves of trees are sparse and uneven." 6. Noun refers to a fruit tree, also called "Liuzi". Er Ya Shi Mu says: "Liu, Liu". Guo Pu commented: "Liuzi, born in the mountains, is as real as a pear, sweet and hard, spanning his toes." Seven, adjectives, through "Liu", "Liu", beautiful appearance. Eight, through the "clear" and return. "The Original Road of Huainanzi": "Liu Lan is partial, arguing all." Gaoyou commented: "Liu Lan, look back." Nine, it is common with the word "sm". Ji Yun and Bell or Willow. Ten, the place name, "Zuo Zhuan Eleven Years Hidden Tribute" records: "Take Wu Liu ...". This is the place name, near Zhengzhou, Henan Province today. XI。 According to "Notes on Water Classics and Luoshui", the name of this river is "Heshui North Liu Shui".

Among so many meanings, which one is the most primitive and fundamental meaning of the word "Liu"? At the beginning, people used the word "Liu" as their blood relationship. What was the meaning of Liu's emblem? Surname experts believe that the most primitive surnames often come from the totem worship of the most primitive tribal peoples. Therefore, as a surname, the meaning of Chinese characters as a surname is the most primitive and fundamental meaning of the word, which often refers to a specific thing or object.

Judging from the 1 1 meanings of the word "Liu" listed above, only the explanation of "axe and graupel" may be the original meaning of the word "Liu". That is, the original meaning of Liu. According to the law of etymology, we can conclude that the original meaning of Liuzi is related to "knife" and "metal". It can be seen that the original and fundamental meaning of the word "Liu" refers to a kind of "tomahawk". Since the original meaning of the word "Liu" refers to an axe, what is the logical internal relationship between Liu's surname and this axe? Why did our ancient ancestors choose the name of this axe as their blood emblem-Liu? The clan that worships the axe-the primitive axe hammer of the ancient Liu people-is the oldest and most common tool, which has had great use and significance in the history of human evolution and civilization development.

Of course, people nowadays don't realize the important role of axes. But in the primitive life of human beings, the role and significance of axe and hammer are no less than that of cars, planes, rockets and missiles in modern social life. According to the theory of cultural anthropology, the sign that human beings bid farewell to the evolution of apes from animals to humans is that people can make tools. Axe hammer is one of the most primitive and oldest tools created by human beings. "Liu" is just a kind of primitive axe, or in a primitive clan, they call it "Liu".

Of course, the most primitive "Liu", or the most primitive axe, is not made of metal, but of stone. At first, they may be very rough, not as sharp as the axes people see today. This can be seen from the archaeological discovery of a large number of stone axes used by primitive humans. In the childhood of human society, it was with Liu, a rough primitive stone tool, that human beings were able to resist the attack of wild animals and kill prey. It is conceivable that without the primitive tool of "Liu" (that is, the axe), our ancestors, primitive humans, could not have come to the plain land through the dense forests of out of the dark. Without "Liu", primitive humans could not repel those ferocious and horrible man-eating beasts and protect themselves; Without Liu, primitive people could not cut down and collect more fruits, nor could they hunt a large number of wild animals.

In the later period, Liu became an important weapon in the war. At this time, because the axe is associated with war, it is also called the tomahawk, and "Liu" is a kind of tomahawk. Especially before human beings invented bows and spears, "Liu" was the most lethal weapon among human weapons. In a word, "Liu" is the most common and basic survival tool for human beings, and it is also a tool for human beings to create civilization.

When people in China talk about the origin of human civilization, they all like to describe it as "the beginning of chaos", and it is "Liu" that makes mankind move from chaos to civilization. Not only that, China people also believe that the whole world and universe were created by Liu. There is also an epoch-making theory in cosmology: China people often describe it this way when tracing the origin of human history: "Since Pangu created the world ...". In legends and myths, it is the first time that Pangu, the creator of the universe and mankind, used it to create a magical axe of the universe, namely "Liu".

As early as ancient times, a clan of the Chinese nation knew and realized the sacred function and great power of the tool "Liu", so it took "Liu" as its totem and began to worship him. Over time, "Liu" has become a blood symbol that distinguishes this clan from other clans, and has gradually been recognized by other clans. Thus, the ancient and primitive Liu clan in the world was formed.

According to available data, the oldest Liu Di is located in Tangxian County, Hebei Province. The interpretation of "Liu" in the Four Hundred Pages Dictionary by Sanmin Bookstore is "Liu, the place name", the fief of the descendants of Emperor Yao, in Tangxian County, Hebei Province. The great historian of the Song Dynasty wrote in Tongzhi Shiyi: "Emperor Yao was later sealed in Liu, and his land is now in Tangxian County, Dingzhou."

According to the ancient toponymy theory, some place names are named after people, while others are named after places. The descendants of Emperor Yao Tang Tao were sealed in Liu Di, indicating that Liu Di came first, so how did the place names of Liu Di come from? We think it is still named after a person, but his name is not because the descendants of Emperor Yao were sealed here, but because the oldest Liu clan with the totem of "Liu" once lived, moved and lived here.

At this point, we can make the following bold speculations. The oldest known birthplace of the Liu family is in today's Tang County, Hebei Province. This is the place where the Liu clan held high the axe with "Liu" as the totem and blood emblem in ancient times, and lived in the process of bravely conquering nature and opening up civilization.

The Diyao Miao nationality, the main source of Liu's surname, is a multi-ethnic group. At the same time, we can often see such a phenomenon in the historical process of China's surname formation: the emergence and formation of an ordinary modern surname is often multi-source, not single. Of course, the source of modern Liu surname is not single, but multi-source. To sum up, there are five sources: one comes from Emperor Yao, who is called Liu surname of Qi State; One of my youngest sons was sealed in, and Liu was established. Because of his surname, he changed his surname to Liu. Third, Emperor Gaozu changed Lou Jing's surname to Liu, and one of his descendants was Liu. Fourth, a branch of Xiongnu, Xianbei and other ethnic minorities changed their surnames to Liu; Fifth, other surnames were changed to Liu for various reasons.

Among the numerous origins of Liu surname, the second one is the oldest and most important origin of Liu surname in China. Emperor Yao, the consanguineous ancestor of Liu, opened all kinds of family name classics or any ordinary genealogy of Liu, and we found that when tracing back to the origin of Liu, almost all of them were traced back to one of the legendary five emperors, Emperor Yao.

According to historical records, Yao's surname is Qi. According to legend, Shen Jia (2377 BC) was born in Danyang (now Tangxian County, Hebei Province) and was clever since childhood. When he was young, he was famous among tribes far and near because he was good at making pottery. At the age of fifteen, he was promoted to be the chief of this tribe because of his outstanding ability, and was named the Tang Hou by Di Ku, the monarch of Huaxia vassal state in the Central Plains at that time. From then on, he and his clan were called "Tang Tao" by the tribes at that time. Around 2357 BC, Yao, who was only 20 years old, succeeded him as the monarch of the Chinese vassal state in the Central Plains. "Historical Records" contains: "Di Ku Gao Xin is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor", "Marry a wife, dare to marry it, and be happy"; Marry Chen Feng's female name, born in, collapsed, established in Zhi Dou, established in Zhi Dou, and failed to establish a good one. Yao's mother, Qing, is a matriarchal social person, and her surname is Qi (or), so Yao follows her mother's surname Qi according to the matriarchal social system. Yao reigned for 78 years and died in 22 59 BC at the age of 1 18. After Yao became the monarch of the Chinese vassal state in the Central Plains, he conquered the original Liu clan while conquering all directions, and distributed Liu's land to his family members, making him the conquered leader. From then on, the new ruler and his family took Wei Liu as their surname. The original Liu tribe, which was originally inhabited, was gradually conquered and merged into the Liu tribe of Qi, a descendant of Yao Emperor. Although they still retain the family emblem of Liu, they have evolved from the original independent Liu to the Liu of Qi.

So what is the relationship between the Qi surname Liu of Emperor Yao and the contemporary Liu surname? Who is the ancestor of modern Liu? The relationship between Liu, the surname of Qi after Emperor Yao, and Liu, the surname of his contemporaries, is clearly stated in Zuogong Twenty-nine Years, one of the thirteen Confucian classics: "Tao and Tang declined, and Liu Lei succeeded." Since then, both Confucian classics, official history, classics of surnames and various music CDs of Liu have always inherited this statement. "List of Prime Ministers in Tang Dynasty": "When Yao Zi sealed the Tang Dynasty to the summer, his grandson Liu Lei moved to Lu County, and his tired grandson stayed in his hometown. To Shang Geng, named Wei, Zhou Fu changed to Tang Palace. A king destroyed Tang to seal the worries of his brother and uncle. Later, Liu Lei's grandson was named Tang Hou and worked in Yao Temple County.

This fully shows that Emperor Yao is Liu's blood ancestor. But Yao's surname is Qi, not Liu's, so who is the founder of Liu's?

Third, Liu Lei is the ancestor of Liu, and his ancestral home is in Lushan County.

When it comes to the formation of Liu's surname, we must first find out who is the founder of Liu's surname. The author believes that the first person to get Liu's surname in those years should be the originator of Liu's surname in the world today. So who is this person? Because of the age, unknown historical records, different folklore and different existing documents, who is Liu's ancestor has never been solved.

According to historical records, Yao has 10 sons, two daughters and the eldest son will die tomorrow morning. ("Historical Records" says: "When Shun was twenty years old, Yao asked who was available, and Yu Shun was recommended by April Fairy, so Yao Nai took his second wife, Shun, to observe the inside, so that nine people could see the outside." The nine people mentioned in the history books are Dan Zhu, Wu, Wu, Jue Ming, Lie Ming, Hui Ming, Yuan Ming and Shao Kang.

Therefore, there are several theories about the ancestor of Liu: one is that the ancestor of Liu is Yao's eldest son. Another view is that the ancestor named by Liu Di is not Ming Jian, but his son Steyr. This statement was first seen in the popular Wei book Shangshu Loyalty in the Han Dynasty, which recorded: "The son of Yao's eldest son will die tomorrow morning and cannot be established. Being sealed in Liu, Zhu was greedy and got the temple. " There are three theories that it was Yuan Ming, Yao's ninth son, who was sealed in that year. This statement is rare in handed down literature, but it is very popular in Liu's genealogy. There are four views that the ancestor of Liu's surname is Yao's second son Dan Zhu, which can be found in some surnamed tang genealogies. This theory was also adopted in the introduction of surnamed tang in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty Prime Minister's Genealogy Table.

According to the five theories, the ancestor of Liu's surname Qi was not Yao's son or grandson, but Liu Lei, a descendant of Yao in Xia Dynasty hundreds of years later. This statement is popular in the history of Liu's origin.

Liu said that the ancestor of Liu was Yuan Ming, the son of Yao, and emphasized that Yuan Ming,, and were synonyms of the same person. This statement can not be found in historical documents handed down from generation to generation, but only in the formation of Liu genealogy later.

Among many theories about Liu's members being given the surname ancestor, the author thinks that Liu Lei's theory is the most accurate and convincing.

Because although one of the ancient primitive clans held high an axe and took "Liu" as the totem, it formed the oldest Liu clan in the world, but this Liu clan was born and lived in today's Tangxian County, Hebei Province, and was called or in history. Later, this Liu was conquered and merged by Qi Liu, a descendant of Emperor Yao, and evolved into a new Liu, Qi State. Because at that time, all the clan members who were named Liu could be called Liu, and all his clansmen could be called Liu clan. At the same time, there was no independent surname at that time.

The first real person named Liu who was officially seen in ancient books and official historical documents in history was Liu Lei in the late summer, and his ancestral home was in Lushan County, Henan Province today.

There have been many mysterious legends about Liu Lei since ancient times. These legends are mainly contained in Zuo Zhuan, Historical Records, Tang Shu and a large number of Liu, Tang and Liu genealogies. According to documents, Liu Lei is a descendant of Yao Emperor in the late Xia Dynasty. Twenty-nine years of Zuo Gong: "Liu Lei learned to harass (discipline) the dragon to treat the dragon family, so as to serve the Kong family and eat and drink. Xia Hou rewarded Jia Zhi and Long. After that, the dragon died, a female dragon died, and Xia Hou and Xia Hou ate the sauce. Then they got it from a prostitute and moved to the county in fear, and Fan followed. " "Historical Records Xia Benji" says: "Confucius is good at ghosts and gods, and fornication. Xia Houshi's moral decay, vassal side. There are two dragons in the sky, a male and a female. Kong Jia couldn't eat them and didn't get the name of the dragon. Tao Tang declined, followed by Liu Lei. Learn from Rao Long's call on the Dragon Family to serve the Kong Family. Kong Jia gave it to Yu Long, and he was accepted by Qian Wei. A female dragon ate Xia Hou after her death, and Xia Hou begged in fear and moved away. " "Notes on Water Classics" said: "At the end of Yao, Sun Liulei and Emperor Kong Jia were eaten by dragons. Kong Jia is eager to get it. Tired of fear, he moved to Lu Xian County (now Lushan County) and built a Yao Temple in Xishan, called "Yaoshan". Therefore, Zhang Heng's "Nan Fu" said: "When Liu Hougan died, he moved to Lu County, pursued filial piety to respect the former emperor, and set up a Tang Temple in Yaoshan." "Yaoshan is in Taihe Sichuan, and the water in the northeast of Taihe City is in the way. The water is in the south of Luyang county in east longitude, and the city is the city of Liu Lei. There is Lushan Mountain, and the county is in Yang, hence the name. Wang Mang's Lushan Mountain is also ". Legend has it that Liu Lei was born strangely. Since birth, there has been a special decoration on the palms of hands, which looks like the word "Liu Lei" in hieroglyphics at that time (Liu and Liu were common in pre-Qin times). The ancients were superstitious, and Liu Lei's family thought that this birthmark was a sign of heaven and a hint from God, so they named the newborn Liu Lei.

It is also recorded in the Liu family tree of Qingyuan that Liu Lei was born with two hands, and the font is "Mao is on the field and tied under the field" (one is "Mao is on the field"), so he was named "Liu Lei" and the surname "Liu" was born. This "Liu" surname also publicly proclaims that Liu Lei is the ancestor of Zhao. Therefore, Liu Lei is not only the ancestor of Liu, but also the ancestor of Liu.

According to "The Origin of Sha Liu's Family", "Liu Lei is a gift from Xia Kong's family. His life is also, the two palms become the word' Liu Lei', because it is a surname. " "Preface to the Liu Family Tree in Fengyang, Anhui Province" says: "I was born in the Miao nationality of Yaodi, and I have a book in my hand, saying that Liu Lei misses Liu. This is what happened to my Liu. "

According to the 70th page of The Whole History of China, "Liu Lei has been studying dragon training with the Qianlong family since his ancestors, and he is an expert in dragon training handed down from generation to generation. Liu Lei also inherited his ancestral business and was able to raise dragons. The Kongs gave two dragons caught from the Yellow River and Hanshui River to Liu Lei for breeding, and gave the royal dragon surname of Liu Lei to replace the descendants of Qian Wei. Not long after, the mother dragon was injured and killed in the arrest. Liu Lei secretly chopped the dragon meat into paste and gave it to Kong Jia. Kong Jia found it delicious after eating. When he asked, Liu Lei got scared and fled to Lu Xian County (now Lushan County, Henan Province).

According to legend, "Liu Lei fled Lu Xian County in a hurry, and his family had already escaped. Liu Lei ran to the old city of Luyang, and later Qiu Gongcheng and his wife ran to the crumbling street. The son ran to Liuxianggong Village, and the daughter-in-law and daughter ran to Gusao City. " This legend left a mysterious memory for future generations. Only after Liu Lei moved to live in seclusion in Lu did he really escape the disaster of genocide. The original Liu family, that is, a part of the royal dragon family, also moved to Luxian County with Liu Lei.

In order to avoid wooing Liu Lei and his gang, they voluntarily gave up the name of the Imperial Dragon given to them by the Xia Dynasty, and still matched the original old clan Liu. After the Liu family moved to the county, they were still regarded as the same clan. Establish Yao Temple in Dayaoshan. "Du Nan Fu" says: "Rely on Lu County to move, pursue filial piety and respect the first emperor, and set up Tang Baiyao Mountain."

Yao Di Temple was built on Xiaoyao Mountain, 30 miles northwest of the county seat. Yu Fang's Notes: "Yaoshan is forty miles northwest of the county seat, and Liu Lei, Kong Jia and Xia moved to the mountain, Lu Li and Yao Temple, because of its name". Today, the incense here is still very prosperous. It has long been a holy place for pilgrims of the whole society.

After Liu Lei moved to Lu Xian County, he lived in the old city of Luyang, that is, Qiu Chenggong. "Water Classic Note" said: "Water is east longitude, so Luyang is the south of the city, and the city is also the city of Liu Lei". (Today, 30 miles west of the county seat, the place name, Qiu Gongcheng, that is, its land).

Liu Lei moved to Luzhu and died in the east of Qiu Chenggong. According to 98-year-old Mr. Lei Ping from Baishazui Village, Zhenxi, Ji Geng (near Qiugong City), "There is a tomb of Liu Lei in the east of Qiugong City, which is much larger than ordinary tombs. When I was a child, I often played with my classmates in the cemetery in Liu Lei. There is also a stone tablet three or four feet high in front of the tomb, which reads' hometown of dragons, tomb of minister Liu Lei' ". (2002 survey oral materials).

After Liu Lei's death, the world built Liu Leiting in Niulan Mountain in the north of Lu Xian County to commemorate his old man. The Records of the Later Han Dynasty, National Records and Nanyang County Records recorded that "Luyang has Lushan Mountain and Niulan Lei Ting". There is another cloud: "There is a cowshed Lei Ting in Luyang".

To sum up, we can boldly say that not only Liu Lei, the descendant of Emperor Yao, is the great ancestor of Liu in the world today, but his ancestral roots are in Lushan County, Henan Province today.

Because Liu Lei's family lived in Lushan Mountain for a long time, Lushan Mountain left a series of place names related to Liu's surname. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than a dozen places in Liu Zhuang, including Liuxianggong Village, Liu Ze Village, Liushanmen Village, Liuhe Village, Liuzhai Village, Liugou Village, Liu Tie Village, Liuwan Village, Guanliu Village and Wangwang Village.

Four. The evolution of Liu's surname

From Liu Lei's royal dragon family to his descendants, Liu Lei was once given the title of "royal dragon family" by Kong Jia when he raised dragons for Kong Jia in Xia Dynasty. That is to say, Liu Lei was given the royal dragon clan by Confucius, and the former fief of Da Peng clan was given to Liu Lei as a food city. When Liu Lei moved to Lu Xian County because of the dragon death, the Kongs not only cancelled the title of Liu Lei as the royal dragon, but also reclaimed the food city and returned it to its old owner, the Da Peng people. The Liu family who originally lived in Qianwei was deported. Most of the expelled Liu clans moved to Luxian County with Liu Lei, and the rest were scattered in other places.

In18th century BC, when the Xia, Shang and Ding Dynasties were in full swing, the Liu family, which was originally expelled, grew stronger and stronger. Because of the oppression of Xia dynasty, they took refuge in the emerging Yin merchants. After destroying the pro-Xia Da Peng Qianwei, he sealed Liu, a descendant of Liu Lei, back to Qianwei's hometown and inherited Qianwei's title. As the former note of Zuo Zhuan said: "Qian Wei died in business and returned to China in the name of Qian Wei." After the founding of the People's Republic of Shang Tang, Qian Wei, surnamed Peng, was allowed to restore the country and made him an earl. At this time, Liu Lei's descendants had to cancel the title of Qian Wei again. Until the middle of Shang Dynasty, Wuding revived, and the Shang emperor destroyed Peng Wei again and changed Liu's descendants to Wei. From then on, Liu, a descendant of Liu Lei, took the city as his surname and changed from Liu to the former Wei Dynasty. Become a tribal regime attached to the Shang Dynasty.

Liu Lei's descendants lived in Qian Wei (now hua county, Henan Province) for hundreds of years from Qian Wei to Tang, and Du and Tang Du from Liu to Qian Wei. By the12nd century BC, a large number of merchants were sealed up after the merchants were cut down. The descendants of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, after sealing a descendant of Yao Emperor in Ji (now in Beijing), sealed Liu Lei, who was also a descendant in the old place (now in western Shanxi).

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, this descendant of Liu Lei took the land as his surname and evolved into the Tang family. Decades later, due to the close relationship between Tang people and businessmen, Zhou Chengwang was probably worried about Tang Guo, a descendant of Liu Lei who was originally pro-Shang Dynasty, so he abolished Tang Guo, a descendant of Liu Lei, made Tang Guo his brother Yu Shu a fief, and moved Liu Lei's descendant to the capital (now Du District, southeast of Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province), changed his country name to Du Fu and was reduced to count.

At this point, the Liu family, a descendant of Liu Lei, established its own tribal country in the capital, and from then on, the Tang family was renamed Dujia, or Tang family. Other members of the Tang Dynasty did not move to the capital, but scattered in other vassal States, still taking Tang as their surname and becoming the ancestors of today's surnamed tang.

Du Bo's story At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Liu Lei's descendant Du Guo's monarch began to be an official in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Xuanwang, Du Bo, the last doctor of the Zhou Dynasty. According to the Origin of Sha Liu's family, when you are tired, you can say "vibration", "diligence", "neutrality", "talk", "conduct" and "praise", being salty and virtuous, and staying at home. The Eighth Sun Shu Festival Fu, in the Shang Dynasty, was also praised by Wei. Uncle thinks it's true. False twelve sun secluded ant, Zhou Chengwang destroyed the Tang Dynasty, and took the land of the Tang Dynasty as the capital of the Tang Dynasty, so he took Tang Dou as his surname. Heirs are famous for their Jingbo, Mubo called Yuan, Zhuangbo called Li, Huanbo called Chu, Huibo called Jiang, and Noble called Rui, which is well known. " At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in the forty-third year of Zhou Xuanwang (785 BC), the last Du Bo who served in the Western Zhou Dynasty was killed innocently by Zhou Xuanwang, and Du Guo, the descendant of Liu Lei, was also destroyed by the Zhou Dynasty. After Zhou Xuanwang's death, Zhou Youwang, who succeeded to the throne, declared Du Bo rehabilitated and established a shrine to commemorate his death. Its shrine is called Dubo Temple, and its tomb is called Ling Du, both in the capital (southeast of Du District, Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province). Du Bo was killed, and after the death of Du Guo, his descendants fled to other countries to take refuge.

Du Bo had a son named Ji Shu, who fled to the State of Jin and was regarded as a judge (the official in charge of criminal law, also called "Li"). Since then, the descendants of Du Jishu have changed their official surname to official surname and flourished in the State of Jin. The descendants of Liu who fled to the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period developed in the State of Jin, probably to protect the gods of Emperor Yao and Liu Lei. Uncle Du Ji gave birth to two sons, Koch. Among them, Zuo Zhuan called him a scholar and he inherited his father's career. At first, he served as a scholar in the state of Jin. It is said that during his tenure, "there was not a traitor from North Korea". Because of his outstanding achievements, he was promoted to Sikong (the minister in charge of land, water conservancy and construction engineering in ancient times). In order to reward the scholar's achievements, the monarch of the State of Jin gave him Sui land (now southeast of Jiexiu, Shanxi) as a territory. So the scholars came to Sui to settle down. In this way, the descendants of the taxis who came to the Sui Dynasty took the place names of the Sui Dynasty as their surnames and renamed them the Sui Dynasty.

Except for one descendant who changed his surname to Shi and one to Sui, another descendant took Shi's official position as his surname, which is the source of today's family. In addition, there is another school that takes Shi as the surname, forming the surname of Shi in history.

Jin taxi gave birth to a sparrow, and Bo sparrow gave birth to a scholar society. After the scholars' meeting, it was sealed as a territory by the monarch of the State of Jin-Fan (now Fan County, Henan Province). Those who came to Fandi with the scribes' meeting took the fief "Fan" as their surname and called it Fan. This is the source of another popular surname in China today.

According to Zuo Zhuan's Twenty-four Years of "xianggong" and "Mandarin in Jinba", in the first 549 years, Lu Qing's uncle Sun Mushu visited the State of Jin, and Fan of Jin Qing told his family's glorious history with great pride at the welcoming banquet. "My ancestors were Tao Tang before Shun, Yu Long in Xia Dynasty, Qian Wei and Xi 'an in Shang Dynasty. Now the State of Jin is the boss of China, and we are the Qing people of the State of Jin. The so-called' death and immortality' of the ancients probably refers to our endless family. At that time, Sun Mushu was very disgusted with Fan's boasting, and retorted on the spot: "This never-ending thing of keeping his surname at home is not a fairy at all, but can only be counted as a legacy; Only those who can make meritorious deeds, stand at attention, and make statements can be' not abolished for a long time' and truly' three immortals'. " It is worth noting that Uncle Sun Mushu just took a dismissive attitude towards Fan's family background. However, he did not deny the authenticity of Fan's inheritance system.

"Tongzhi" Volume 26 "Family II" said: "Yao is divided into six, and Tang, Du, Fan, Liu, Wei and Qi are all surnames, and Yao never died! In fact, in addition to the six surnames, we should also add history, sui and history. As far as the six surnames are concerned, Qi is Yao's original surname, and Wei's surname evolved from Qian Wei. The development process from Yao Zhi's family to Liu's family is very important.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the development of Liu surname

In the early history of Liu's formation and development, there were not many celebrities. After Liu Lei, except Du Bo who was unjustly killed by Zhou Xuanwang, most of Liu Lei's descendants are unknown. The real Prince Wenda of this family was in the period of Shi and Fan. As Wang Fu praised in "On the Latent Husband", "Liu Zhide is the most prosperous since the Tang Dynasty and above the Han Dynasty." Scholar's Club and Liu Fuxing Scholar's Club are named Kai, Minghui and Ji, with scholars as their surnames. The former food city was called Suihui in the Sui Dynasty. Shi, also known as Fan Hui, also known as Fan, was born in a eunuch family and was an outstanding figure who had been active in Jin politics for half a century in the early Spring and Autumn Period. In his early years, he served as a doctor of the State of Jin, assisting Jin Wengong and Duke Xiang of Jin, and was one of the heroes of the State of Jin dominating the Central Plains. In 62 1 year BC, Duke Xiang of Jin died and Prince Gao Yi was young. For the future of the country, the ministers of the state of Jin, led by them, held a cabinet meeting and decided to abolish the prince and appoint Yong, the younger brother of the project leader, who was the son of Yaqing in Qin at that time, as the new king of the state of Jin. Because Gongziyong is the son of aunt Du Qi and Jin Wengong of the Imperial Academy, and he is related to the Imperial Academy, the State of Jin sent the Imperial Academy and another minister to Qin to welcome Gongziyong back to China to succeed him. However, when scholars and childe Yong set foot on their way home under the escort of Qin Jun, the state of Jin changed dramatically. In 620 BC, the minister of the State of Jin headed by Zhao Dun, under the pressure of Miao Ying, betrayed the scholar and Gongziyong, changed the young Gao Yi into the monarch of the State of Jin (that is, Jin Linggong), and sent troops to prevent Qin Jun from returning home. Qin and Jin fought a big war in the area from Hu Ling to Zuoshou. As a result, Qin Jun was caught off guard. After the war, Xuelian was unable to return to the State of Jin and was forced to take refuge in the State of Qin. Later, his wife, children and some people also settled in Qin. Scholars were highly valued in the State of Qin, and served as counselors in Qin Jun, suggesting that Qin Jun attack the State of Jin. This poses a great threat to the state of Jin. In the seventh year of Jin Linggong (6 14 BC), the ministers of the six countries of Jin met to discuss countermeasures. They all agree that these scholars are innocent and must find ways to bring them back to the state of Jin. Later, Wei Shouyu was sent to the State of Qin to pretend to rebel and surrender to the State of Qin, and was tricked into hijacking the scholar-officials back to the State of Jin, entrusting them with an important task and successively serving as the commander-in-chief and marshal of the three armies of the Jin army. Scholars gradually mastered the military and political power in the state of Jin, which is known in history as "scholars assisted, not defeated" and "end the criminal law, compile training codes, and the country does not rape the people" The state of Jin became more and more powerful under the governance of the literati association. Due to its outstanding contributions and immortal achievements to the State of Jin, when it retired in 592 BC, it was sealed by Duke Jing of Jin on the basis of its existing location-Fan Yi. Finally, he died and was named "Wu" by posthumous title. Therefore, history books also call scholars Sui Wuzi and Fan Wuzi. A scholar will have three children, the first scholar Shi Xie, the second scholar Fu Ren and the third scholar Fu Ren. "Shi Xie left Qin's son, taking Wei Liu's surname". It has been more than 2600 years since Liu's surname was restored by the literati association. Looking up relevant classics and surname books, they all say that "Liu is the one who stays in Qin and does not return." This theory was adopted in the Book of the Tang Dynasty, Prime Minister's Lineage Table. Liu's Genealogy, compiled in the first year of Daliang, records: "The three sons of Jinshi were all officials in Jin, and The son of evil was Liu." . A textual research on the origin of Sha Liu's family contains: "Scholars sent Lu Wengong out of Qin,

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