Explore how to break through the journey to the east.

As a social custom, it is widely accepted to go to the east gate of Shanhaiguan City, which defines the outer gate of Shanhaiguan and the land of the Central Plains. However, from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China for hundreds of years, Shandong people who left their homes began to travel eastward. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from famine for years, but the Manchu government still banned it. Thousands of bankrupt farmers ignored the ban and risked being punished to "flood" into the northeast. This is the origin of going to the East. By 1840, the population of Northeast China only exceeded 3 million, an increase of seven or eight times over 100 years ago, and the national population reached more than 400 million. In the late Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded the northeast of China. 1860,1897,65438+completely banned. In 38 years of the Republic of China, the average number of Shandong people who entered the Guandong River reached 480,000 per year, with a total of more than 6,543,800+083,000, and the number of Shandong people who remained reached 7.92 million, which can be said to be one of the largest population movements in human history.

When the Qing dynasty entered the customs, it implemented the system of ethnic hierarchy and segregation, and prohibited Han people from entering the "Longxing land" of Manchuria for farming-a ban on customs was issued. Shunzhi warned the Manchu nobles to retreat to Kanto at last, and Yongzheng said, "I am the righteous emperor" and "I am not from China". When the Manchus entered the customs, the population in Northeast China dropped sharply, and the "land where ancestors prospered the king" was protected under the pretext of "a place to visit mountains and swim". /kloc-The "wicker fence" of more than 0/000 kilometers-Manchuria Great Wall (wicker fence, wicker fence, Liucheng fence and striped fence) was built in sections, covering the whole territory, and was completed in the middle of Kangxi. The wicker fence from Shanhaiguan to the south of Fengcheng is called "Old Side". Since the northeast, Jilin has been called the "new frontier" in the north (Cihai). Therefore, there are folk sayings of "border people" and "border people".

There are three periods: (1), (1644), (1667). The Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong stipulates that "those who recruit 100 people will be given the title of magistrate and the military will be given the title of garrison". In 23 years, "many people from Shandong immigrated to the Northeast", and many areas were due to immigration. In order to maintain the inherent customs of Manchuria and protect the livelihood of the Eight Banners, in the seventh year of Kangxi, the Qing court ordered "Liaodong to stop recruiting people and appointing officials forever" and implemented the policy of banning Northeast China. (3) From 186 1 to 19 1 1 After the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the frontier was weakened day by day, and Russia was continuously controlled.

In the early Qing Dynasty, ethnic contradictions were sharp, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty took extremely cruel measures to suppress them. They sent the "rebels" to the "smoky place" on the border, and most of them who violated the criminal law in Shandong were sent to the "extremely poor" northeast. This history of exile is called "exile". Shandong people are typical "relocation". Population pressure, natural and man-made disasters and the policy orientation of Manchu government constitute the external causes of Shandong people's invasion of Kanto. Taking the railway construction in the Middle East at that time as an example, the History of Northeast Development quoted Japanese rice Ye Junshan as saying: "China coolies are like a collection of ants, and Shandong, which is supplied with labor, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of Tamenosuke, which is also exaggerated. In other words, more than 1,500 miles of Zhongdong Road were completed by Shandong coolies. " Going east, the northeast is a place invaded by foreign enemies, and Shandong people have extraordinary resistance. The Journal of Angel Commune in Hunjiang City, Jilin Province records: "During 192 1, there was a farmer named Wang Zhenbang, whose ancestral home was in Shandong. I live in Xichuan because I fled with my wife and eldest daughter. 193 1 year, when the Japanese invaded the northeast, Wang Zhenbang and fellow villagers in Shandong gathered 100 people fought against Japan. At the end of 1934, he fought with the Japanese army three or four times, the second time was the best, and the Japanese army suffered heavy casualties. "

Northeast China is an exile, and farming is forbidden, while Mongolian nobles are stationed in pastures in the west. However, the dilapidated Manchu colonial government was unable to stop the historical trend. More than 200 years of Manchu colonial rule has promoted the great integration of Manchu, Mongolian and Han nationalities. Even the historical vicissitudes such as "Manchu independence" movement and "puppet Manchukuo" have failed to turn Manchu in China into Manchu. The local consciousness of Shandong sage's hometown is weakened, and the adventurous spirit is enhanced the most. Urge refugees to return from spring to winter and take root in the northeast. Tens of millions of Han people in the northeast of the Revolution of 1911 returned to the embrace of China, "so that the map of human geography shows that this area belongs to China people completely" (Grassland Empire, France and René Grousset).

Breaking through the Kanto is a tragic history and an immigration feat. "Going to the East" has a specific route and a specific background. Therefore, it is a social and historical migration phenomenon with spontaneous objective factors. There is an inherent political influence. "Shandong people's crusade to the east is essentially a spontaneous and unstoppable tragic movement of poor farmers on the verge of death." Japanese Obuchi Hiranaga recorded the real historical picture of that year in 1899's Travel Notes of Manchuria: "From Fengtian to Xingjing, you can see the husband pushing the unicycle, the woman sitting on it, the child crying and sleeping, and the husband pushing behind. On the stumbling road, the husband scolded his young woman and the mother called her children. Teams always enter Tonghua, Huairen, Hailong City and Chaoyang Town, facing each other before and after. On the day from Fengtian to Jilin, all the people who slept during the journey were Shandong immigrants ... "... As the largest ethnic group in the world-the Han nationality, hundreds of years of people's pressure made the Han nationality spread to the surrounding areas: westward.

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Create Dongguan culture

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the door of Shanhaiguan, which was left unlocked, was opened and refugees surged in. People are the carriers of culture and information, and the flow of people is actually the flow of culture. The superposition of the wave of "going eastward" means that the culture of the Central Plains has been promoted to kanto region on a large scale, and cultural exchanges have entered a new stage. If the cultural exchange in the "closed door" era is characterized by the "erosion" of Manchuria's inherent culture by the Central Plains culture and the "ban".

For the vast majority of Shandong immigrants, the three eastern provinces are nothing more than the expansion of Shandong Province.

The "reproduction" of Guandong Shandong Village and hebei village is actually a plane transplant of Central Plains culture, and the number is absolutely dominant. They have every reason to maintain Qilu culture or Yanzhao culture. The so-called "living together, their language and customs are as old as before" means that they can adapt to local social customs and religious beliefs and use the local language without changing themselves. In a sense, this is also a kind of cultural conservatism. When talking about the significance of "going east", Zhao Zhongfu said: "In the social sense, the three northeastern provinces are basically the expansion of agricultural society in North China. There is a geographical distance between them, but there is no obvious cultural difference. There are similar differences in language, religious beliefs, customs, family system, ethics and economic behavior between North China and Northeast China. "

Facing Qilu culture and Yanzhao culture, Kanto culture can not be without the slightest vigilance and the contradiction of "natives". For example, "Introduction to Heilongjiang" said: "When reclaiming land value, Zhili and Shandong provinces are more. Every time the value is frozen, all provinces in Ji Feng are crowded with pedestrians, and the indigenous people hate it and bully each other. " An Guang County, Liaoning Province is also one. Mongolia is not good at farming. This is a barren land. After later generations came to the Han territory to cultivate crops, the public flag was rented. However, due to different nationalities, language barriers and irreconcilable feelings, Mongolia bullied them even more ... Guangxu allowed members to develop wasteland and recruit farmers for 30 years ... The guests heard the news, and then ... Mongolia gradually became a farmer.

According to the survey data, "There are many people in Northeast Shandong, nine times out of ten, and some of them went several generations ago. Sometimes children fight, and the children born in the northeast call the children who have just gone to Shandong' Shandong Bangzi'. When their family came out, they beat abusive children and said,' Your grandfather is from Shandong'. "