What are the specific preparations for the debate?

Everyone has considered why it is also an argument. Things in the street are often offensive, but things in the debate field are fascinating. This is because the debate has its own process, rules, etiquette and scoring standards. I'll sort out the preparations for the debate for you. I hope it will help you.

Debate competition is the favorite competition of many young comrades, focusing on people's oral expression ability. However, although many young people, especially some young students, are enthusiastic about participating in the competition, they suffered setbacks for the first time because they lacked certain knowledge of debating the competition, or did not know how to prepare correctly before the competition, or did not take the lead in the competition. Therefore, for beginners, it is very necessary to master some basic knowledge of debating competition.

How to prepare for the debate

Then, what preparations should a contestant who participates in the debate for the first time make before the competition? There are four main items: cognitive preparation, examination preparation, argument preparation and trial preparation.

Preparation for Debate Competition (I): Cognitive Preparation

The so-called cognitive preparation means that the contestants should understand the nature and characteristics of the debate before the game. As we know, there are roughly three types of oral debates: one is debates on specific topics in special occasions, such as negotiation debates and court debates; One is the quarrel between people caused by contradictions in daily life and work, such as neighborhood quarrel, colleague quarrel, superior-subordinate quarrel, etc. The other is various forms of debate. In the first two debates, both sides have their own clear positions and viewpoints. The purpose of the debate is to persuade the other side to accept their own views or win the support of a third party. At the same time, I am also prepared to be persuaded or compromised by the other party. Debate is different. Debate contest is a mock debate (that is, debate exercise) that we conduct as a competition. This kind of debate often does not ask the debater's own position and proposition, but focuses on the contest of people's debating skills. Both sides are not prepared to convince each other or be convinced by each other, but to refute each other and strive for the judges' judgment and the audience's response to defeat each other. Therefore, this competition has the following three characteristics:

1. the topic of the debate, the procedure of the debate, the time of speaking, etc. It was decided by the organizers of the debate. Participants must debate according to the regulations and cannot change it at will.

2. The criteria for winning or losing the competition include arguments, materials, rhetoric, manners, coping skills and other comprehensive factors, and the judges will make a decision according to the criteria and subjective impressions.

3. Debate can only attack the other party's views and reasons, but not the other party's position and character.

If the preliminaries understand the nature and characteristics of the debate, they will not be confused with the daily debates in the competition in terms of ideas and methods.

Debate preparation (II): Check the preparation.

A team took part in the debate for the first time. When it came to the formal debate, it suddenly found that the topic written on the blackboard was "Does the younger generation lack social responsibility today?" And the topic they prepared was "Does the young students lack social responsibility today?" After the preliminaries and semi-finals, a team entered the final. Before the final, I suddenly heard the host announce that all parties were allowed to speak twice as long as the preliminaries and semi-finals, but prepared their arguments in advance according to the time stipulated in the preliminaries and semi-finals. What's more, after entering the stadium, both sides found out who supported and who opposed it. These are all caused by the inexperience of the preliminary contestants and the failure to carefully check the relevant competition matters in advance in the preparation process. # Movies and TV

As mentioned earlier, the debate is a new competition. Although there is such a large-scale debate competition as the International Eloquence Competition, there is no uniform competition rule. In fact, the scale of the debate is large and small, the level is high and low, and the specific requirements of the organizers will vary from time to time, so it is difficult to unify the rules of the debate. Since it is difficult to unify the rules of the current debate competition, it is required that the contestants cannot simply prepare according to the requirements in the notice immediately after receiving the notice, let alone take it for granted. Instead, we should take the initiative to find the organizer and carefully check whether all the rules and requirements in the notice are true and correct, including the exact literal appearance of the debate, the ownership of the pros and cons, the detailed rules of the debate procedure, the division of labor among the players and the time allowed to speak. This is not only to ensure that the organizer is correct when preparing the debate, but also to prevent the organizer from making mistakes. Some organizers also held a debate contest for the first time. Because of their inexperience, it is inevitable that there will be negligence, including mistakes in the delivery of notices. This requires the contestants to take the initiative to carefully check the relevant competition matters every time, so as to at least ensure the victory of the competition.

Debate preparation (3): argumentative paper preparation

After the debate is clearly defined, the group members can discuss with each other according to the debate and study and establish a specific general argument that is most beneficial to their own arguments. The so-called most beneficial to one's own side means that the general argument is not only correct and clear-cut, but also can be used to break through any argument of the other side and defend against any attack of the other side. Whether such a general argument can be established is the key to the success or failure of a debate preparation.

In order to establish such a general argument, we must first strictly examine the topic, that is, we must analyze the concept of each word or phrase in the topic word by word, which is also commonly known as the broken topic. This analysis should be viewed from both sides at the same time, not wishful thinking. In particular, analyzing which words or phrases are potentially beneficial to each other's arguments may become the focus of the first debate between the two sides, because generally speaking, both sides will seize the explanation of a word in the debate and sometimes the whole debate will always focus on this explanation. Therefore, it is extremely important to try to define the topic of debate from a certain theoretical height in order to gain the approval of most listeners. To illustrate this problem, we take 1990 as an example.

1990 There is a debate competition entitled "Confucianism is the Four Essentials of Asia" in the 3rd Asian Institute Debate Competition. Nanjing University objected. In order to explain that Confucianism is not the main driving factor, Nantah analyzed four phrases of Confucianism, which is the main driving factor for the rapid economic growth of the four little dragons in Asia, and found that there will be many main factors in the debate between the two sides, and Confucianism is one of them. Therefore, Nantah defines the main factors as having the overall function. In this way, the direction of Nantah's general argument is very clear: Confucianism is only the background condition for the four little dragons to achieve rapid economic growth, not the main driving factor. The main driving factor for the rapid economic development of the four little dragons is their correct and flexible strategies and policies, which are especially good at taking the overall situation into account.

The establishment of an offensive and defensive general argument is the key to the preparation of the debate, but it does not mean that you will win in the actual debate. How to give full play to this general argument in the actual verbal confrontation requires certain strategies and tactics to cooperate with it. The so-called strategy refers to the general debate method used to win the victory in the debate; Tactics refers to some specific technical methods in the debate. The example of Nanjing University cited above is to formulate the strategy of avoiding reality and designing some specific tactics to ensure the success of the whole debate.

It can be seen that the preparation of argumentative paper includes three processes: examining the topic, establishing the general specific argument, and designing the matching strategy and tactics. It should be said that these three processes are the soul of the whole debate preparation. Beginners should consult more people who have a certain level of writing and a certain ability of actual debate at this preparation stage. In addition, as an isolated static preparation stage, the preparation of argument should not be regarded as an isolated static preparation. But in the later defense writing and court debate, we should always examine whether there are omissions in the previous general theory and strategic and tactical design, so as to correct them in time.

When the argument is ready, each debater can write his own division of labor defense separately. (How to write a defense for a novice is introduced in another article)

Preparation for the Debate Competition (IV) Preparation for the Trial Debate

Like other competitions, if the debating team wants to win the official competition, it must hold a trial before the official competition to test whether its pre-competition preparation can stand the test of actual combat. In order to achieve the effect of the test, the conditions and atmosphere of the test should be as realistic as possible, which requires that when the formal players enter the preparation stage, there should be an assumption that the other side is also in the preparation stage, and both sides should keep secrets. However, in order to increase the difficulty of the official players, the official players should deliberately reveal some arguments to attract imaginary opponents to make targeted offensive preparations, and to test whether the arguments, strategies and tactics of the participants can work in the trial.

Another purpose of the trial debate is to get the contestants into the role. As I said before, the biggest feature of the debate competition is that the viewpoints of the debate are not necessarily consistent with the original viewpoints of the debater, just as some actors' own personalities are inconsistent with those of the people in the play, and they need to go deep into life and practice to enter the role. In the course of the competition, there are not only the head-on confrontation on stationery, but also the performance on the way and mode of the debate. Through the trial debate, the contestants can always stand on the idea of debate not only in theory, but also emotionally, thus vividly showing their self-confidence, impassioned, righteous words and well-founded appearance in defending the truth. For the preliminaries, the trial debate can also exercise the courage to fight first and cultivate on-the-spot experience.

Generally speaking, the trial training should be conducted one or two days before the official competition, similar to the warm-up competition before the competition, so that the contestants can maintain their best competitive state. The trial training procedure should be carried out in strict accordance with the procedure of the official competition, but after the official competition, whether there are questions from the audience or not, there must be questions from the audience during the trial training competition. The reason is very simple. No matter how prepared the hypothetical opponent is, it can't compare with the bright eyes of many listeners. The team members fully revealed the main points and strategies and tactics in the trial debate. Assuming that the opponent may not find a way to break the ball immediately, the audience can make up for the lack of debate by asking questions after the game.

After the trial, the team members should quickly sum up with their imaginary opponents, and adjust, revise and supplement their original defense and argumentation skills accordingly, so that all the preparations before the game can be completed.

Sun Tzu said: a high-level debate is first of all a contest between the defense and the defense in terms of thinking and position. For a given proposition, if we can find the best way of thinking and establish our own position, then we can lay the foundation for the victory of the whole debate.

In the debate competition, debate propositions can generally be divided into three types: value propositions, fact propositions and policy propositions. The value proposition is generally to discuss whether something is better, such as the advantages of developing tourism outweigh the disadvantages. This proposition requires the debater to have a strong logical reasoning ability and a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the background knowledge of the debate. The fact proposition is to discuss whether something is true or not. For example, Confucianism is the main driving factor for the rapid economic growth of the four little dragons in Asia. This kind of proposition focuses on examples and requires debaters to master a lot of materials: the policy proposition is to discuss whether something should be done, such as establishing an economic union in the Asia-Pacific region. It needs the rationality of theory, the combination of belief and practice, not only logical reasoning, but also a lot of materials to support it, so policy propositions are more common in debate competitions. The significance of classifying debate propositions lies in determining ideas, establishing frameworks and organizing materials according to different propositions and the characteristics of French, with the ultimate goal of forming one's own position. The most important thing to determine your thinking is to know what you already know. There are many understandings of the debate around the pros and cons. At this time, we should not only find out all kinds of ideas of our own argument, but also all kinds of ideas that the other side may have, and consider all possible ideas of both sides as much as possible to find out the countermeasures, so as to have a good idea of the other side and find the basis for us to establish a suitable position.

To establish a position is to find out the most favorable point of view for our argument and the most abundant examples we can choose for each other.

The two basic principles for establishing a position are:

(1) weakens our proposition and strengthens another proposition. To establish a position, we should not only establish our own understanding of the debate, but also limit the other party's understanding of the debate, that is, we should clearly point out what the other party wants to demonstrate. Expand the scope of our argument as much as possible, thus leaving us more room for manoeuvre. There are two main methods: one is to make a restrictive interpretation of the main concepts in the debate. For example, in the argument that human peace between the South Brigade and the Taiwan Brigade is an ideal that can be achieved, Fangnan Zheng Brigade pointed out at the beginning of the argument that human peace is relative to war, and human peace can only be achieved by eliminating war. This ruled out other forms of violence and laid a good foundation for our future discussion. Another way is to add articles to the debate. For example, in 1986' s Asian University Debate Competition, the debate topic is that the advantages of developing tourism outweigh the disadvantages, and the Peking University team is the opposing side. Founder Chinese University has given many examples to prove that many of them have successfully developed tourism because of certain conditions. The team of Peking University immediately pointed out that the positive position is not that the advantages of developing tourism outweigh the disadvantages under certain conditions, so the team of China University digress. This is actually to prove that the advantages of developing tourism outweigh the disadvantages under any circumstances, which of course makes the proponents unable to demonstrate and fall into a passive position.

(2) Try to choose a location that is logical and not easy to be attacked. Its main method is high argument. Entanglement with each other in every detail will often lose our advantages, and finally it will be a muddled account; Why don't we just admit some obvious facts and well-known views, and then immediately point out that these are only one aspect of the problem, but what we want to discuss is more important, and we should raise the debate to a higher level, so that the materials carefully prepared by the other side can not be brought into play, and we can confront each other in positions we are familiar with. For example, in the competition between Peking University and the University of East Asia in Macau, it was argued that trade protectionism could be suppressed, and Peking University agreed. Anyone with a little knowledge of economics knows that trade protectionism is getting worse all over the world, and Singapore is also suffering from it. From the beginning, the East Asia University team talked about whether trade protectionism was serious, which obviously led to disadvantages and was likely to arouse the resentment of the judges and the audience. Therefore, after careful consideration, the Peking University team made it clear at the beginning of the debate that trade protectionism in today's world is indeed quite serious. In this regard, we not only do not deny it, but also can cite more examples than you. However, what we want to discuss is whether trade protectionism can be suppressed, not whether it exists or not. In this way, the fact that the other party has a lot of materials is avoided, and the debate center is promoted to a level that is beneficial to us and can be suppressed, avoiding its sharpness and striving for the initiative.

When establishing a position, we should also pay attention to: the idea should be novel, we should be able to say things that people have never said, and we should be able to see things that people have never seen. Analyzing problems from a new angle gives people a refreshing feeling, which can often play a very good role in the field. At the same time, opponents are unprepared for this and will be caught off guard and rush to fight. Of course, you can't pretend to be great. It should be unexpected and reasonable. This requires coaches and players to think carefully and seriously in the debate, and strive to make their own positions impeccable, impregnable and innovative, so that the other side is caught off guard, thus making themselves invincible.