Astra immigrated to Mars in AD.

Humans have always been obsessed with Astra and immigrants, and the "next step of Apollo program" began when/kloc-0 landed on the moon in 968. Man hopes to build a space base and immigrate to Mars.

Man's imagination of Mars

During the cold war, both the United States and the Soviet Union were very concerned about Mars. At that time, the United States had an advantage. It had successfully developed hardware facilities that could carry out lunar exploration missions, and the subject of Mars travel had been well studied.

Werner, a German rocket expert who developed v2 rocket? Wernher von braun came to the United States after World War II and built the Saturn V carrier rocket for landing on the moon.

Feng? Braun has his own plan. As early as 1949, he wrote a design plan for a small spacecraft fleet, which would fly into Earth orbit, assemble into a larger spacecraft 10, and then fly to Mars. His epic research was published in a book called Mars Project.

Feng? Braun's fleet will enter the orbit of the Red Planet after seven months' voyage, and an expedition will land at a pole of Mars. These brave people will assemble the rover and start a transcontinental trip to the equatorial region, where they will build a runway to accommodate other landers and lift vehicles and bring them back to orbit.

Of course, all this depends on a very expensive and huge plan, which requires 950 launches to put raw materials into orbit before departure. This plan is bold and expensive. Finally, except for some magazine articles, curiosity reports of TV programs and some research shelved by NASA, the manned Mars flight plan still stays on paper.

Obstacles to the Mars program

Man finally failed to set foot on the land of Mars in the 20th century.

However, major aerospace engineering contractors are eager to develop the hard-won business of Apollo program. Even after the budget expenditure for lunar exploration slowed down in 1966, the research continued one after another.

What about Feng now? Braun's early work has been shelved-in 1949, no one knew anything about Mars.

With the physical exploration of Mars by the U.S. Navy's probe plane in the 1960s and the launching of the pirate program to land on Mars in the 1970s, we learned more about the challenges of landing on Mars, so that many institutions lost interest in the Mars program.

First of all, Mars is very far away. It is 5.5 billion kilometers away from the earth. The moon is the farthest destination we have reached so far, with a distance of 380,000 kilometers. Besides, there are worse things. You can't fly straight to Mars. You have to follow a long and tortuous route to get there. This is called Hohmann transfer, and it looks like a long curved track.

Therefore, when reaching the destination Mars, the actual distance is close to 5.6 billion kilometers, and it takes about 150-300 days for a one-way trip. This time depends on the strength of the rocket. According to the current rocket technology of chemical propulsion, it will fly in space for six or seven months.

There is another challenge on the way to Mars. During the whole flight, the crew will be exposed to a lot of deadly radiation. Most of the radiation comes from the sun. When we are on the earth, the sun is very friendly to us, which is due to the earth's magnetic field and dense atmosphere shielding most of the radiation. But without this protection in space, the spacecraft will have to bear enough energy from the sun to scorch people. Coupled with the radiation outside the solar system, unless the spacecraft is well protected, you will die before you reach Mars.

We also need to consider ways to sustain life. We need to breathe air, eat and drink water, dispose of garbage, medical care and a fairly mild earth-like environment. We have to adapt to the weightlessness of these months, which is a great challenge to the human body. And psychological problems. Imagine spending six months with several people in a small space the size of an elevator. It is not easy.

The problem of funds restricts the "Mars program"

Although the Apollo moon landing program was successful, its legacy made it more difficult to carry out the mission to and from Mars.

The lunar voyage cost 20 billion dollars (equivalent to the adjusted 65.438+000 billion dollars), and many technologies it developed need to be further developed, which is too heavy for a national economy of 26.5438+0 century.

Not only that, this grand plan also includes using the moon as a transit station, and some plans even suggest using asteroids and the moon as resource supply stations. The water found on these planets can be used as raw materials to make fuel, fresh water and even air.

All this is very expensive, and the United States, Russia and Europe are hesitating. Although the required technology is within the budget, the state has not invested a large amount of money in this project.

Politics restricts the exploration of outer space.

NASA says it plans to reach Mars around 2035.

NASA has experience and basic technology, but it is hindered by governance factors. Their plan to launch the space shuttle once a week announced in 1980 has not come true, George? Bush shelved the plan to return astronauts to the moon.

The same is true of the other six major initiatives. This is not NASA's fault. Because the new president always brings new plans, the organization of NASA will be influenced by the funding from Congress every three years, and the research direction will change greatly, resulting in many projects that need long-term investment running poorly, with low efficiency, and the moon landing plan has not improved.

The plan to travel to Mars is realized by private enterprises.

The overall plan of NASA is to combine Orion spacecraft with SLS heavy-duty launch vehicle to build a living cabin. As for what power scheme to use, it has not been decided yet. The generally accepted method is to use traditional chemical rockets with excellent performance-we have used them for more than 50 years and their performance is not bad.

Although NASA's plan is still in the theoretical stage, even if its theory is successful, it still needs to solve the circulatory system.

Aldrin, the "second man on the moon", is a large spacecraft built in the orbit between the Earth and Mars, and will always travel back and forth between the two planets. Like the Orion spacecraft, the equally controversial space shuttle took off from the earth with its crew, docked with the circular spacecraft, and then dropped the crew so that they could start their trip to Mars.

Once the spacecraft arrives near Mars, another space shuttle will take passengers to Mars 1 or land on the surface of Mars. This enables the continuous exchange of crew and goods between the earth and this bright red planet.

As expected, this technology has not received enough investment.

On the other hand, Spacex, a private American company, has announced that the plan to send people to Mars may be carried out in the 265438+1920s. At present, they have paved the way for the moon and achieved success.

Due to the low short-term return, the space industry did not get the previous attention after the end of the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union, because it really did not make money. As a promoter of the contemporary aerospace industry, Musk was born in science and engineering, with technology, resources and funds. However, after years of hard work, he has not earned as much money as a real estate company.

Therefore, it is not enough for the Mars project to rely only on rational and realistic capital, but also a little bit of "dream" that we often laugh at.