American Human Geography and International Trade

Geographical conditions are the external hard environmental conditions for the smooth development of international trade. The essence of international trade is the sale of goods. Commodities produced in different geographical environments are different. Whether these commodities can promote international trade and form a commodity economy has become a prerequisite for international trade. At the same time, the development of international trade can not be separated from the open policy of soft environment, and of course, it can not be separated from the economic development of the region, the government's policy actions (whether to encourage international trade in the region, whether to encourage foreign economy as the main form to promote economic growth, and whether there are perfect supporting laws and regulations to guarantee it) and the main economic situation. Starting with the geographical environment of the United States, this paper analyzes the geographical environment of the United States from various aspects, expounds its relationship with domestic trade, and puts forward its influence on domestic trade.

Second, key words

American geographical environment international trade

Third, literature review.

To some extent, a country's economic and trade situation is influenced by its geographical environment, which is the external condition for the smooth development of international trade. The natural geographical environment of a country can determine people's behavior, character building and ideas in a region, and the role of humanistic environment is also an indispensable factor for the smooth development of international trade, that is, the development of international trade can not be separated from high-quality employees, and employees can not be separated from education and training. Generally speaking, the natural environment can determine the economic situation of a region. However, up to now, there are disputes about the influence of American geographical environment on its international trade in domestic academic circles, and the research between them is not deep and systematic enough. This paper attempts to make up for the lack of research on this issue from these aspects. This paper systematically analyzes and studies the influence of American geographical environment on its trade.

Fourth, research methods.

Literature research is a common method in the paper, which refers to a method to obtain information by investigating literature according to a certain research purpose or topic, so as to comprehensively and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research methods are widely used in various disciplines. At the time of writing, this paper consulted a large number of documents, and also consulted relevant periodical documents on the Internet, and collected relevant materials, so as to have a relevant understanding of the basic situation of the United States and its influence on international trade.

Investigation is also one of the commonly used methods in thesis research. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic method to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. It is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses scientific methods such as historical method, observation method, interview method, questionnaire survey method, case study method and test method to have a planned, thorough and systematic understanding of the research topic, and analyze, synthesize, compare and summarize a large number of data collected through investigation, thus providing people with regular knowledge. At the time of writing, this paper investigates and sorts out the relevant data and materials, and draws a conclusion.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) research results and conclusions

(1) Geographical environment

1, natural geographical environment

(1) climate

The United States has almost all the climate types in the world (the land spans cold, warm and hot areas, and the mainland is in temperate zone). There are few serious droughts and floods in major agricultural areas, and the temperature is mild, so enough rainfall can be obtained. The climate in the United States is mainly influenced by the Arctic airflow, which brings a wide range of low pressure from the Pacific Ocean every year. When these low pressures pass through the Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains, they carry a lot of water. When these pressures reach the Central Plains, they can recombine, leading to the meeting of major air masses and severe thunderstorms, especially in spring and summer. Sometimes, these rainstorms may join other depressions, continue to the east coast and the Atlantic Ocean, and evolve into stronger northeast storms, resulting in large-scale heavy snowfall in the northeastern United States and the mid-Atlantic region of New England. The vast grasslands of the Great Plains have also formed many of the most extreme climate change phenomena in the world.

The washbasin area and the principle of Columbia River height are arid areas with little rainfall, and the average rainfall in the driest time is less than 15 inch. The southwestern United States is an arid desert. In the hottest weeks of summer, the temperature exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius). The southwest and washbasin areas will also be affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California, occasionally bringing rare rainstorms. Most of California has a Mediterranean climate, which sometimes causes heavy rain from June 10 to April of the following year, while it hardly rains in other months. It rains all the year round in the northwest near the Pacific Ocean, but it rains the most in winter and spring. The western mountainous area absorbs enough water, and the rainfall and snowfall are quite heavy.

(2) Water system

Generally speaking, it can be divided into three major river systems: all rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean east of the Rocky Mountains are called Atlantic River System, which mainly includes Mississippi River, Connecticut River and Hudson River. Among them, the Mississippi River is 6020 kilometers long, ranking fourth in the world. Every river that flows into the Pacific Ocean is called the Pacific water system. Mainly the Colorado River, Columbia River, yukon river and so on. The Great Lakes in Central and Eastern North America. Including Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, it is a glacial lake with a total area of 245,000 square kilometers. It is the largest fresh water body in the world and is known as "the Mediterranean of North America". Among them, Lake Michigan belongs to the United States, and the other four lakes are owned by the United States and Canada. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world, ranking second in the world after the Caspian Sea. The water from the Great Lakes flows into the St Lawrence River and then into the Atlantic Ocean.

(3) Biology

There are more than 65,438+07,000 native plants and tree species in the United States, which is the most diverse in the world. At the same time, thousands of non-native alien species sometimes affect local plants and animals. There are more than 400 species of mammals, more than 700 species of birds, more than 500 species of reptiles and amphibians, and more than 90,000 species of insects found in the United States. The United States is also one of the first countries in the world to attach importance to environmental protection. 1872, the federal government established Yellowstone National Park to protect the local environment, becoming the first national park in the world.

(4) Resources

Rich in natural resources. Coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, potassium salt, phosphate, sulfur and other mineral reserves rank among the top in the world. Strategic mineral resources such as titanium, manganese, cobalt and chromium mainly rely on imports. The proven coal reserves are 3,596.6 billion tons. The proven crude oil reserves are 27 billion barrels. The proven natural gas reserves are 5,603.4 billion cubic meters. The forest area is about 4.4 billion mu, with a coverage rate of 33%.

2. Human geographical environment

(1) population

There are more than 300 million people in the United States, more than 80% of whom are descendants of European immigrants, and there are about 65.438 million Chinese. 50% of the residents believe in Christianity and Catholicism, while others believe in Judaism and Orthodox Church. Americans are usually cheerful, sociable and informal.

2) Nationality

The American nation is young, naive, confident and full of vitality. Americans are like a warm-blooded young man, positive and unwilling to be lonely. Americans are like an energetic young man, who keeps doing this and that, and seems to have endless energy. People in the city always seem to be in a hurry to go somewhere; People in rural areas are always running between farmland, chicken farms, barns and dairy farms; People in the office have a mountain of paperwork to do; As soon as the secretary in the company calls directly, he delivers the documents. If you walk in the street, the people behind you will stride in front of you; When you go to a restaurant for dinner, you rarely find a partner who can talk and laugh with you. The rhythm of life, like a clockwork, keeps running in an orderly way, which constitutes a busy and almost crazy picture of modern life.

(3) Lifestyle

The fast-paced lifestyle of Americans is closely related to the fierce competition in their society, in addition to the active nature of the American nation. America is a country with a highly developed market economy. The law of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" is its operating law. If you don't advance, you will retreat. Don't win or lose. In order to survive and succeed, Americans must struggle and struggle, and an important aspect of struggle and struggle is to compete with others for time and speed, so that they are always in a subordinate position. It can be seen that the fast-paced lifestyle of Americans is "forced" by their fierce social competition. Because this "persecution" is everywhere, Americans are used to a fast-paced lifestyle.

(4) Religion

Americans have high religious enthusiasm, but this reverence for God has not hindered Americans' courage and efforts to uncover the mystery of the world created by God. From the development of the western frontier to the exploration of outer space, from the study of seabed resources to the exploration of atmospheric resources, it seems that Americans are not shocked by God's omnipotence, but boldly experiment and bravely use scientific knowledge to answer the secrets of nature.

(5) Politics

In America, politics is like an ornamental game. Ordinary people can use newspapers, television and other mass media to watch the wonderful performances of politicians attacking, mocking and accusing each other. From the presidential election, congressional hearings to the conflict between the student union and the school board, people can get a glimpse of political games, such as the use of politics, the exchange of interests and the protection of officials. American politicians can be recognized as spectators by voters as long as they abide by relevant rules and regulations when playing political games. If politicians violate relevant rules, such as Nixon's Watergate Incident and Reagan's Iran-contra Incident, they will be inquired and investigated by relevant institutions and even exposed. Therefore, American politics is not so mysterious because of its high transparency, and ordinary people also have a considerable understanding of the operation of the political mechanism.

(B) the impact on international trade

The vast geographical area of the United States provides unique natural conditions for the development of agriculture. At the same time, the large-scale mechanization and high-level modernization of American agriculture have promoted the development of its agriculture in the direction of large-scale intensification. The scale of production provides conditions for the popularization of mechanization and modernization, and reasonable and scientific planting also provides convenient conditions for the development of agriculture.

America is rich in natural resources. Coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, potassium salt, phosphate, sulfur and other mineral reserves rank among the top in the world. Other minerals are copper, lead, molybdenum, uranium, bauxite, gold, mercury, nickel, potassium carbonate, silver, tungsten, zinc, aluminum and bismuth. Automobile industry and construction industry occupy an important position in industry and are the two pillars of American economy. In recent years, driven by scientific and technological progress in the fields of information and biology, the industrial transformation in the United States has accelerated, and labor-intensive industries have been further eliminated or transferred abroad.

The modern market economy in the United States is highly developed and has the highest dependence on foreign trade. The United States is the country that imports the most cars, steel, oil and textiles in the world. American agriculture belongs to "petroleum agriculture" and consumes a lot of energy. The United States is the country with the largest oil production and import in the world. Large population, high consumption and high waste. Its gross domestic product and foreign trade volume rank first in the world. In the 1990s, the new economy, represented by the information and biotechnology industries, flourished, and the American economy experienced a decade-long growth period. In 200 1 year, the American economy fell into a short recession, and then gradually recovered. In 2005, despite the impact of rising energy prices, hurricanes and rising interest rates, the US economy maintained an annual GDP growth rate of 3.5%.

High-tech industries such as information in the United States are developing rapidly, product upgrading is accelerating day by day, and progress has been made in transforming traditional industries with high technology. The main industrial products are automobiles, aviation equipment, computers, electronic and communication equipment, steel, petroleum products, fertilizers, cement, plastics, newsprint and machinery. Agriculture is highly developed and highly mechanized. The main agricultural products are wheat, corn and soybeans, occupying a leading position in the world. The total grain output accounts for 1/5 of the world. The top five import markets in the United States are Canadian, China, Mexican, Japanese and German.