Ma Shanglong: Why is there a "Northern Jiangsu Cave" in Shanghai?

Excerpt from A Brief History of Shanghai

Map of Shanghai Concession and China's Border

Historically, the concept of modern Shanghainese has only existed for about a hundred years. Shanghainese usually speak Shanghainese, which belongs to Jiangnan Wu dialect. Because two-thirds of modern Shanghai landed gradually in the last two thousand years, and the rest of the areas that landed before were invaded by transgressions and floods, it was deserted several times. Therefore, if Shanghai residents want to trace their roots, they are basically immigrants and their descendants in different periods, and most of them are Jiangnan people in a broad sense. As a result of foreign concessions in history, Shanghainese have completely different values from China, and consider everything in a pragmatic way of thinking. In addition, because Shanghai is the intersection of Chinese and western cultures, this series of values is called Shanghai culture, and there are also theories of Shanghai literature in the literary field. Broadly speaking, people who have settled or been born in the administrative area of Shanghai and obtained hukou are called Shanghainese. But in fact, Shanghainese still have some classifications and differences. It can be basically divided into four categories: aborigines, suburbanites, old immigrants and new immigrants. (1) The real "natives" mentioned by Shanghai aborigines actually refer to those who settled in the old city of Shanghai before the opening of Shanghai in 1843, with a population of less than100000. As early as 1292, China Yuan Dynasty established Shanghai County, covering an area of about 2,000 square kilometers. The county government center is located on the Huangpu River in the center of Shanghai today, which is generally regarded as the real starting point of Shanghai history. From the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the early years of the Republic of China, it has always been the political, economic and cultural center of Shanghai and the most densely populated area in Shanghai. Now there is a very obvious anomaly in the downtown area of Shanghai map, that is, the circular road composed of Renmin Road and Zhonghua Road. In the past, the 1 1 route of traffic around the city started and ended at the old west gate, and the ground run over by wheels and the feet walked by people were all the city walls of that year. Around the city is the city, the heart of Shanghai county government, from which we can clearly see the dividing line between the old and new urban areas in Shanghai. The wall of Shanghai was built in 1553 (thirty-two years of Ming Jiajing), mainly to defend against Japanese invaders, because it suffered a lot. At that time, except for the wide moat near Huangpu River, the box in the old city was surrounded by a wall about 30 feet high and 65,438+00 inches thick. * * * There are nine doors, including small east gate, big east gate, small south gate, south gate, small west gate, old west gate, small north gate, old north gate and new north gate, including seven doors for people to enter and leave. The largest, grandest and most important of these gates is the south gate, and the busiest entrance is the north gate, which is located at the end of the main road of the French Concession at that time (now South Sichuan Road). The wall was demolished in 19 12, and it was completely completed in the winter of 19 14. At that time, Shanghai was already in the concession era, and the old city box, as the border of China, was very backward. The roads inside the walls were hopeless, dirty and ugly, and the bustling roads of Heather were completely occupied. (2) 1843 Suburb people up to now.

1948 Shanghai area

In the long years, the administrative division of Shanghai has changed many times, the urban area has been expanding, and the population has also changed and increased rapidly. Therefore, the "local people" in Shanghai population now generally refers to the rural population with Shanghai household registration in the suburbs under the jurisdiction of Shanghai from Jiangsu Province in order to meet the needs of urban development in the adjustment of administrative divisions of 1958, which is significantly different from the local people in other parts of China. For example, people in Jiading, Baoshan and Chongming today belong to Taicang in Jiangsu Province. Today, people in Pudong, Fengxian, Jinshan, Songjiang, Qingpu and Minhang all belong to the original Songjiang Prefecture. Compared with Shanghainese born by urban immigrants, the population changes in these areas are very small. The native places of these "locals" are generally Pudong, Fengxian, Qingpu, Songjiang, Chongming, Jinshan, Jiading, Baoshan, Songjiang and Minhang. They basically speak local dialects, which are divided into Songjiang dialect, Pudong dialect, Jinshan dialect and Chongming dialect. These dialects are obviously different from the real Shanghai dialect, which can be distinguished from the accent. Because of the first Opium War, Shanghai became the largest city in the Far East and the third largest financial center in the world (the other two were London and new york). It was also one of the "four famous cities in the world" at that time and was called "Paris of the East". In this 100 years, what the world calls "Shanghai" actually does not include these suburbs now. People in these areas usually call the downtown area of Shanghai "Shanghai" and going downtown is called "going to Shanghai". In today's Shanghai Customs, they are also called "locals". So sometimes they agree with their "Shanghainese" identity, but they don't agree with their "Shanghainese" identity. This situation is particularly obvious in Jinshan, Qingpu, Fengxian and Chuansha in Pudong New Area, and the former Nanhui area and Chongming in the outer suburbs. In fact, during the period from 1942 to 1945, Jiading, Pudong, Minhang, Fengxian, Baoshan, Chongming, and Nanhui (as shown on the right) were included in the layout of Shanghai suburbs for the first time due to the implementation of the "Great Shanghai Plan" proposed by Sun Yat-sen in 1922. However, after the Japanese surrendered in 1945, the National Government failed to continue the plan after taking over Shanghai, so these suburbs were evacuated from Shanghai. It was not until the administrative division of 1958 was adjusted after liberation that these areas were merged into the territory of Shanghai again. Shanghai people in the past

1944 Greater Shanghai Plan

Often discriminate against the local people in the suburbs, because Shanghai, as a modern city, the real metropolis development began with the opening of Shanghai in 1843. Concessions and Chinese communities have gradually developed into the first financial center in the Far East. Residents in the city call themselves "city dwellers" and "Shanghainese", while residents in the vast areas of Shanghai county and surrounding rural areas are called "country people" to show the difference. This is the original origin of the dispute of "Shanghai Ning/Xiangwoning (Shanghai dialect)". Because the living habits and ways of thinking of suburban people are no different from those of most farmers in other parts of China, they are just "hillbillies" in the eyes of city people. For a long time in the past, their status was even inferior to that of the second generation of immigrants from northern Jiangsu, so the word "local" is actually a slightly contemptuous word. However, with the development of suburban economy, the construction of new cities, the improvement of living standards, the relocation of old Shanghai immigrants to the suburbs due to demolition, and the deepening of the contradiction between new and old Shanghai immigrants after 1990, this phenomenon is gradually disappearing, and the original polarization differences are gradually narrowing. ③ After the opening of Shanghai, the old immigrants gradually developed into "the largest city in the Far East" in the 1960s and 1930s, during which the number of immigrants far exceeded that of the aborigines living here. They come from all over China, but Jiangsu and Zhejiang account for more than 80%, occupying an absolute advantage, ranging from hundreds of thousands to more than one million. There are also about 3% Anhui nationality, 1% Guangdong nationality. These ethnic groups are "Shanghainese" in the true sense today, and they constitute the main body of Shanghainese today, commonly known as old Shanghainese. Today, most people living in downtown Shanghai are these immigrants. The native places of Shanghainese are generally Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Yuyao, Suzhou, Changzhou, Changshu, Cixi and Wuxi. But there are also a large number of ancestral homes in northern Jiangsu. With the full-scale transformation of the old city of Shanghai, some old immigrants who originally lived in the central city were moved to the suburbs. During the more than one hundred years from the opening of Shanghai port to 1949, Shanghai experienced three huge waves of immigrants. From the way of immigration, most of them are scattered, spontaneous and unorganized immigrants, rather than group immigrants with clan as the unit in ancient times. According to the statistics of June 1950, the largest number of people are in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, both exceeding one million. The influx of so many immigrants into Shanghai quickly changed the population structure of Shanghai, making the non-Shanghai registered population far more than the local population, so the registered population in Shanghai only accounted for 15% at that time. Last/better/previous/last name

The main body of old Shanghai: the demarcation map of concession and China's border

The first sea migration originated from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, and the Taiping Army attacked Suzhou and Hangzhou in the early 1960s. During this period, a large number of refugees in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces, hid in the concession protected by foreign forces, which directly contributed to the prosperity of the concession and laid the foundation for attracting immigrants in the future. From 1855 to 1865, the population of Shanghai increased by 900,000. The second time was during the Japanese invasion of China. The population of the two concessions in Shanghai increased by 780,000. The third time was during the War of Liberation, and the population of Shanghai increased by 2.08 million. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a large number of people in Shanghai moved out, but the inflow was greatly reduced, and the group of modern Shanghainese gradually stabilized. This situation did not completely change until around 1990. A—— The first batch of Zhejiang immigrants in the south of the Yangtze River mainly came from Zhejiang Province and Wuyu District in the south of Jiangsu Province, among which the Qing Dynasty was generally divided into Ningbo people, Shaoxing people and Suzhou people according to their families. They constitute the main body of residents in the central city of Shanghai, especially Ningbo people. In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the rapid social unrest, a large number of immigrants from Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu occupied the middle and upper classes and took refuge in Shanghai. At the same time, some middle and lower classes have also entered Shanghai to work and live, hoping for stability. At that time, Ningbo people used their geographical and linguistic advantages to quickly surpass Guangdong comprador and become the most influential businessmen in Shanghai. Ningbo people and their descendants account for a quarter to a third of Shanghai's population today, and are the largest source of Shanghai's population, followed by Huzhou and Jiaxing. The word "Allah" in Shanghai dialect comes from Ningbo dialect. At that time, it was said that Ningbo people were in charge of finance and Wuxi people were in charge of industry. There are many celebrities in Ningbo, such as Yan Xinhou, Zhu, Qin Runqing,,,, Ye Chengzhong, the king of hardware, Yu Mingyu, the king of steel, Liu Hongsheng, the king of enterprise, and the king of pigments. Ningbo businessmen dominated the shipping industry and banks in Shanghai at that time and controlled the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce for a long time. Ningbo businessmen founded the first Chinese bank in China-China Commercial Bank, the first hardware store, south goods store, silk shop, match factory, dyeing and weaving factory, chemical factory, printing factory, light bulb factory, daily chemical factory, machine dyeing and weaving enterprise, Chinese medicine shop, clock shop, the first suit of Chinese tunic suit, the first ship in China, the first bus line and the earliest private enterprise. Even the "Great World" amusement park was born in the hands of Ningbo people. Wuxi industrial and commercial group also has a prominent position and influence in Shanghai, especially the Rong family (Rong Desheng, Rong, etc. ), the richest man in China, a native of Wuxi, the founder of China Private Bank, and Zhou Shunqing, the prototype of Thunderstorm Zhou Puyuan. Other industrial kings in Shanghai also have some Wuxi people, such as electrical appliances, wool spinning, tung oil, battery, tin and so on. Due to the rapid development of Shanghai during that period, this group of people also accepted some advanced ideas and broadened their horizons. Many of them engaged in commercial and trade activities. As ancestors, they have accumulated a certain wealth, so that most of their next generation received a relatively good education and inherited the smart tradition of Jiangsu and Zhejiang generations. At the beginning of last century, the descendants of these first immigrants produced many teachers, bookkeepers, doctors, lawyers, architects, foremen, bank employees, journalists, urban petty-asset owners, businessmen and so on. They and their descendants mainly live in Huangpu, Jing 'an, Luwan and Xuhui, which is the Shangzhijiao area that Shanghainese often say. Among them, Huangpu and Jing 'an belong to the Shanghai Concession, which was formed by the merger of 1863 British and American Concessions. Xuhui and Luwan are French Concessions. Generally speaking, the economic and social status, economic strength and living conditions of immigrants in Wu dialect area are much higher than those in Jianghuai Mandarin area (that is, Su Beiren or Jiangbei people), and they have a strong sense of superiority traditionally, while the latter often feel discriminated against. The number of immigrants from other provinces is relatively small, and the more important ethnic group is immigrants from Guangdong Province, with tens of thousands of people. The number of immigrants far exceeded that of the locals living here, which objectively created the new Shanghai at that time. B-Subei immigrants The second batch of old immigrants came from Jianghuai Mandarin area in Subei, and were called Jiangbei people by Jiangnan and Zhejiang people. Traditionally, most of them live in Zhabei and Putuo in the northwest of Suzhou Creek. There are also many people living in Yangpu and Hongkou in the northeast of the city, living together with immigrants from Ningbo and Zhejiang. Some immigrants from northern Jiangsu have also moved into areas such as Nancheng in the old city. These places are roughly the "lower corner" areas in the traditional concept of Shanghainese. In Greater Shanghai, the city once had an open secret, which was also a symbol of the city: the whole city discriminated against Su Beiren. Even now, this kind of discrimination still exists and is deeply rooted. Therefore, in Shanghai, "Su Beiren" is not only a classification concept of ethnic groups, but also a classification concept of social classes. This batch of immigrants

From the 1920s to 1930s to before liberation, most people moved to Shanghai, mainly in northern Jiangsu and eastern Shandong, among which Yancheng and Yangzhou were the two main sources of Su Beiren in Shanghai. Most of them came to Shanghai as refugees at the bottom of the whole society because of war and famine. For example, in 193 1 year, there were at least 70,000 Su Beiren refugees in Shanghai. Most of these people are basically poor peasants with little education and people on the edge of the city, accompanied by dialect differences. In Shanghai, they can only do the simplest labor and basic work that locals despise. At that time, most of the men in this group of immigrants became the main force of the heavy bottom labor force, such as dockers, rickshaws, factory workers, flour mill porters and so on. In Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s, nine times out of ten rickshaw pullers came from Su Beiren. Shanghainese once used "three knives" to describe Su Beiren who served people: a kitchen knife (for cooking), a pedicure knife (for bathing) and a barber knife (for shaving). The situation of women in northern Jiangsu is also quite bad. In the tobacco industry, female workers in northern Jiangsu are concentrated in the tobacco sector with heavy workload, but their wages are lower than those in southern Jiangsu. Even prostitutes, like most industries in Shanghai, origin is an important factor in determining the level of prostitution. The first-class "Chang San" must be from Jiangnan, while the prostitutes in northern Jiangsu are called "pheasants" as the lowest class. The ranking and native place of prostitutes in northern Jiangsu province also reflect the distribution structure of Su Beiren in the job market. There is little basic education, and Su Beiren is generally poor in quality, ignorant in thinking and backward in cultural level. Naturally discriminated by locals and other foreigners (including foreigners), they are called "Subei dialect", "Jiangbei guy" and "Jiangbei pig". Su Beiren has been at a disadvantage in Shanghai for a long time. In the past, Su Beiren could only marry Su Beiren. In the intermarriage from Su Beiren and other regions, most brides come from northern Jiangsu. Su Beiren, who came out to make a living, was generally poor, gathered in the suburbs and north of Suzhou Creek, and lived in a "shanty town" or even a "rolling earthworm" made of bamboo mats and felt clods, commonly known as "cave dwellings in northern Jiangsu". However, with the full implementation of the transformation of the old city in Shanghai and the continuous advancement of municipal demolition, the population structure of Putuo District, Zhabei District, Hongkou District and Yangpu District in northern Suzhou has been obviously optimized, a large number of old sheds and simple houses have been demolished, the original residents have moved to the suburbs, the economic strength of each jurisdiction has also been significantly enhanced, the infrastructure and living environment have been rapidly improved, many high-quality houses have sprung up, and the image of "corner under the corner" has gradually improved. For a long time, in the eyes of Shanghainese, Su Beiren's bad habits such as "cunning", "rogue", "fierce" and "dirty" are still hard to change. Although this view is full of subjective assumptions and preconceived prejudices, in reality, the phenomena of bullying the lower and deceiving the upper are like talking big and empty words, like a hen caring for a child, saying good things to his face, doing bad things behind his back, being rude and indifferent to people, being sarcastic, having a bad public security situation, and not paying attention to hygiene. It's really common in Su Beiren today. Su Beiren is brave and heartless, which is similar to Lunan people, but Su Beiren's deceit is well known. In a word, the first batch of Zhejiang immigrants and their descendants in Jiangnan had a certain economic foundation and received a good education in Shanghai, and their status at that time was much higher than that of the second batch of immigrants who came to Shanghai as refugees from northern Jiangsu. Generally speaking, the descendants of Ningbo people and Shaoxing people have the highest status, while Su Beiren has the lowest status. This situation will last almost until the 1990s. Even in today's Shanghai in 2 1 century, the descendants of Zhejiang in southern Jiangsu still occupy a relatively upper-middle position in the whole social population, while the descendants of northern Jiangsu are still relatively weak. However, with the progress and development of the times and the continuous communication and integration between various groups in immigrant cities, the social relations between them are gradually easing, and the discrimination and prejudice that once existed are gradually disappearing under the influence of various factors. Now some young people have played down the discriminatory concept of "Su Beiren", but there are still many such concepts among the middle-aged and elderly generation. (4) New Immigrants Since People's Republic of China (PRC) implemented the reform and opening up, especially since Shanghai developed Pudong in the 1960s, new immigrants from China and all over the world have come to Shanghai to work and live, and those who have settled there are called "new Shanghainese". The difference between new immigrants and foreigners lies in whether they have a Shanghai hukou. Some of these immigrants in the new era are high-quality people with higher education. For new Shanghainese, whether they are aborigines, old immigrants or suburban people, they can undoubtedly be classified as locals. However, some old immigrants believe that only those who are truly influenced by Shanghai culture, can speak Shanghai dialect and have Shanghai spirit can be considered Shanghainese. At the same time, some old immigrants also questioned that some low-quality people among new immigrants and outsiders not only destroyed Shanghai's environment, but also behaved uncivilized, squeezed the cheap labor market, dressed in dirty rustic clothes, and damaged Shanghai's city image. However, some new immigrants think that the prejudice of some Shanghainese is discrimination against them, and they gradually become disgusted with the old Shanghainese. The conflict between new and old immigrants basically exists among the people, and it is more intense in the network. This kind of conflict is generally ignored and downplayed by the official media. In some local forums in Shanghai, netizens often advocate that all kinds of old Shanghainese unite to resist "new immigrants" and people from other places. However, new immigrants often refer to the old Shanghainese as "aborigines", regardless of whether the other party is "aborigines", "locals" or "old immigrants", trying to portray the negative image of the old Shanghainese as "stingy", "exclusive" and "stingy" by belittling the old Shanghainese, while exaggerating their contribution to Shanghai. Some outsiders are sometimes deceived by these arguments, and they have an inexplicable dislike for Shanghainese without knowing Shanghainese or even having been to Shanghai at all. This is the inevitable result of cultural conflict, population migration and social transformation, but there is integration in conflict and inclusion in exclusion. Conflicts in the media also occur from time to time, the most famous of which is "Yuan Yuan's resignation". On February 23rd, 2009, at 65438, Kan Xiaojun, the host of Shanghai Oriental Radio 10 1 Music Breakfast, chatted with another host in Shanghai dialect. After receiving a short message from a listener who claimed to hate Shanghainese and Shanghainese, he responded directly in the live broadcast-"Please form a team. This euphemistic "crushing" incident has aroused widespread controversy and concern in society. Before editing this demographic change 1949, Shanghai was known as the "ten-mile foreign market", and many foreigners had settled in the concession. Among them, most of the upper-class expatriates (mainly from Britain and the United States, more than 65438+100000) live in the central and western regions of the two concessions and cross-border road construction areas. In the 1920s and 1930s, with the influx of St. Petersburg nobles who took refuge in the French Concession, a very prosperous and exotic elegant commercial street, avenue joffre, quickly formed in the middle of the French Concession. Catholic clergy also accounted for a large proportion in Shanghai at that time. As well as Japanese, Australians, Portuguese, some Belarusian refugees, Jewish refugees during World War II, Indian Sikhs and other middle and lower-class expatriates patrolling the public concession, they mainly live in Hongkou District, north of Suzhou Creek. Almost all of these foreigners left Shanghai after 1949. The population of Shanghai when it was first opened.

Today's administrative division map of Shanghai

Less than 65438+ ten thousand; To 1949, it is 5.2 million; By the end of 2007, the registered population of the whole city had increased to1378,860, 2.7 times that of the early days of liberation, accounting for 1% of the total population in China. At the end of 2008, the total resident population of the city was 23.03 million. Among them, the registered population 137 10400. The urban population density calculated by the resident population is 3272 people per square kilometer. The natural growth rate of permanent residents in the city is 2.72‰, and the natural growth rate of registered population is -0.75‰. Shanghai is the first provincial-level administrative region in China where the population changes naturally and grows negatively. The average life expectancy is 8 1.08 years; The total fertility rate of women is 0.95; Among the registered population in the city, there are 2,868,300 elderly people aged 60 and above, accounting for 20.80% of the registered population. Shanghai's aging population ranks first in the country. In 2008, the average life expectancy of Shanghainese reached 8 1.08 years, including 78.87 years for men and 83.29 years for women. Gui Shixun, a tenured professor at the Institute of Population Studies of East China Normal University and deputy director of the Shanghai Center for Aging Science, said that the average life expectancy of Shanghainese is among the best in developed countries. At the end of 2009, the total resident population of the city was 192 10000. Among them, the registered population 137 10400. At the end of 20 10, the resident population in Shanghai was about 23.02 million, including the registered population of14120,000. The floating population who has been in Shanghai for more than half a year is 8.9 million, and the total population of Shanghai ranks second in the country (second only to Chongqing). In 20 10, the average life expectancy of registered population in Shanghai was 82. 13 years (79.82 years for males and 84.44 years for females), ranking first in China. From the mid-1950s to the end of 1970s, during the 25-year-long movement of educated youth going to the countryside, many young people in Shanghai were assigned to all parts of the mainland, which also changed the population composition of other regions. After the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai educated youth were transferred back to Shanghai one after another. 1990, Shanghai once again became the destination of immigrant cities. Many people from all over the mainland moved to Shanghai. Many people from Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong live in Shanghai. As many foreign companies have offices in Shanghai all the year round, many foreigners have settled in Shanghai all the year round. A few Jews still run family businesses in Shanghai, bringing more business opportunities to Shanghai. The relationship between Shanghai ID population, Shanghai ID population, Shanghai registered population and Shanghai population In a broad sense, people who have settled or been born in the administrative area of Shanghai and obtained hukou are all called Shanghainese. But in fact, Shanghainese still have some classifications and differences. It can be basically divided into four categories: aborigines, suburbanites, old immigrants and new immigrants. Among them, new immigrants refer to: since People's Republic of China (PRC)'s reform and opening up, especially since Shanghai developed Pudong in the 1960s, new immigrants from China and even all over the world have come to Shanghai to work and live, and those who have settled down among them are called "new Shanghainese". The difference between new immigrants and foreigners lies in whether they have a Shanghai hukou. However, when calculating the population of Shanghai, the floating population coming to Shanghai should also be included, which gave birth to the population of Shanghai. At the end of 20 10, the sixth census showed that the population of Shanghai was 2.3 million19148, about 23.02 million. Among them, the registered population is 1, 4 1.2 million, and the floating population who has been in Shanghai for more than half a year is 8.9 million. The total urban population of Shanghai ranks second in China (after Chongqing). (The permanent population used in the sixth national census = people who have registered permanent residence in this region also live in this region+people who have registered permanent residence outside this region for more than half a year+people whose registered permanent residence is to be determined (no registered permanent residence and pocket registered permanent residence)+people who have registered permanent residence in this region but have left this region for less than half a year. ) 23.02 million is the population of Shanghai, 1, 4 1.2 million is the registered population of Shanghai. Aborigines, suburbanites, old immigrants and new immigrants constitute the registered population of Shanghai. The rest of the Shanghai population consists of floating population who have not obtained Shanghai household registration, and they are also Shanghai population. Although you are not a Shanghainese in the legal sense, as long as you have a sense of belonging and identity to Shanghai, you don't have to stick to superficial name symbols. You also have a share of the population of Shanghai, and you are from Shanghai. That's the so-called storm in the city. 1410.2 million of the registered population, new immigrants have no Shanghai ID number (excluding their descendants) because their birthplace is not Shanghai. Therefore, the population with Shanghai ID number must be less than14120,000 registered population. As for the Shanghai ID card population, it is the registered population, because after your household registration or household registration falls in Shanghai, some information about your ID card (issuing authority, validity period, etc. ) will be completely Shanghainese (especially when the second generation of replacement cards), that is, Shanghai ID card. As for the citizenship number on the ID card, it is still the information indicating the place of birth, not according to the rules of Shanghai citizenship number (such as the starting number, etc.). Therefore, Shanghai population = Shanghai registered population (= Shanghai ID population = Shanghai ID number population+Shanghai new immigrant population excluding descendants)+floating population In short, the factors affecting Shanghai ID population are: historical changes, Shanghai enclave, Shanghai educated youth and so on. The ancient origin of this passage is that the ancient residents of Shanghai are a branch of Wu Yue people. Wu Yue people are an ethnic group distributed in Wu (now Jiangsu and Jiangxi) and Yue (now Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong) south of the Yangtze River since the Zhou Dynasty. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Taibo went to Wu to establish Wu, and was later destroyed by Yue and Chu, which was the fief of Chun, so Shanghai Beach was also called Shen for short. During the Jin, Guan and Song Dynasties, there were large-scale Central Plains immigrants to the south of the Yangtze River. Shanghai Town was established in the Southern Song Dynasty and Shanghai County was established in the Yuan Dynasty. Since modern times, it has gradually become an international metropolis.