What is the tone of Mandarin in each dynasty?

During the Five Emperors and the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the Yellow River Basin in the Central Plains was the main activity area of Chinese ancestors. There is no textual research on the specific form of Chinese before the Zhou Dynasty. It is said that the standard language at that time was the predecessor of the standard language of the Zhou Dynasty. Periodic Chinese standard language is generally considered as the language of the Book of Songs, that is, elegant words.

Yayan is mainly popular in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin. According to experts, the philology of the Zhou Dynasty studied the characters of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. Yin people learn from Xia people. The ancient Yayan (the earliest ancient lingua franca in China, equivalent to the present Mandarin) was Xia Yan. Xia Jian's capital was in Luoyang, and then the construction of the Yin Dynasty was around Luoyang.

Therefore, the standard pronunciation of elegant speech in all previous dynasties was based in Luoyang, and it can be said that the ancient Mandarin was based on the ancient Luoyang dialect.

2. Qin and Han Dynasties

The specific language used in Qin dynasty cannot be verified. The national language of the Han dynasty is Luo language, which inherited the elegant characters of the pre-Qin period. The standard Chinese language in the Han Dynasty is called "pronunciation", "elegant language" and "common language".

3. Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Western Jin Dynasty inherited the Han Dynasty and took Luo as the national language. Yongjia Rebellion was overthrown, the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was moved to Jiankang, and the Luo language was combined with the medieval Wu language to form Jinling Yayin, also known as Wuyin, which was later followed by the Southern Dynasties.

4. Sui and Tang Dynasties

The Sui Dynasty unified China and compiled Qieyun. Based on the elegant sounds of Jinling and Luoyang, the official sounds of the Southern and Northern Dynasties merged to form the official sounds of Chang 'an (Sanpang). The system of Tang and Sui Dynasties. The Mandarin of Sui and Tang Dynasties is "Hanyin" or "Sanpang". Chang 'an is the capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Luoyang is the eastern capital. At this time, Hanyin in the Central Plains and Guanzhong has evolved after blending with all ethnic groups.

5. Song Dynasty

In the Song Dynasty, Mandarin was called "pronunciation" and "elegance".

6. Ming dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty, the elegance of the Central Plains was positive, but before the Ming Dynasty, the Central Plains region was formed by the integration of many northern nationalities. The "Voice of the Central Plains" in the Jianghuai area is relatively pure, so the Mandarin is based on the Nanjing accent, and the Nanjing Mandarin is the standard Chinese. During the Yongle period, he moved the capital to Beijing and immigrated to Beijing from all over the world. Among them, there are about 400 thousand immigrants from Nanjing, accounting for half of Beijing's population. Nanjing dialect became the basis of Beijing pronunciation at that time, while Nanjing Mandarin was popular throughout the Ming Dynasty.

7. Qing dynasty

Manchu became the national language in the early Qing Dynasty, and then Mandarin became the national language. In the early Qing Dynasty, Nanjing Mandarin was still the mainstream standard language of Chinese. In the eighth year of Yongzheng, Andrew Pavilion was established to promote Beijing Mandarin with Beijing accent as the standard. Beijing dialect was formed on the basis of the integration of old Beiping dialect and Nanjing Mandarin in Yuan Dynasty, and some components of Manchu pronunciation were integrated.

In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Beijing Mandarin gradually replaced Nanjing Mandarin. 1909 "Mandarin Editorial Committee" was established, that is, Mandarin in the late Qing Dynasty.

Extended data:

Eight official languages:

Mandarin can be subdivided into eight sub-dialects: Beijing Mandarin, northeastern mandarin Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jianghuai Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Lanyin Mandarin and Southwest Mandarin.

1, Beijing Mandarin

Beijing Mandarin, also known as North China Mandarin, is mainly distributed in Beijing, northern Hebei and central Inner Mongolia, and can be divided into four parts: Shi Jing, Huaicheng, Chaofeng and Shike. User population is about150,000. Three tones and four tones, the ancient entering tone is flat, up and down.

2. northeastern mandarin

Northeastern mandarin is mainly distributed in most areas of Heilongjiang and Jilin, parts of Liaoning, eastern Inner Mongolia and northeastern Hebei. Citrus in Northeast China can be divided into Ji Shen slices, Haval slices and black pine slices, and each slice can be divided into several small pieces. The main feature is that the ancient sound is flat, up and down.

3. Jilu Mandarin

Jilu Mandarin is mainly distributed in Hebei, Tianjin, northern and northwestern Shandong, Pinggu District of Beijing, Guangling County of Shanxi Province and Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia, with a population of about 90 million. Jilu Mandarin is the closest to Beijing Mandarin except northeastern mandarin. The main features are three tones and four tones, and the ancient entering tone is flat and falling tone.

4. Jiaoliao Mandarin

Jiaoliao Mandarin is mainly distributed in Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province, Liaodong Peninsula of Liaoning Province, the lower reaches of Yalu River and Ganyu County of Jiangsu Province. Historically, some areas such as Heilongjiang Province once had dialect islands of Jiaoliao Mandarin, but later they gradually disappeared into the "Wang Yang Sea" of surrounding dialects.

Jiaoliao Mandarin is divided into Lian Deng dialect, Qingzhou dialect and Gaihuan dialect. The main features are three tones, three tones or four tones, and the ancient entering tone is flat, up and down.

5. Jianghuai Mandarin

Jianghuai Mandarin is distributed in most areas of Jiangsu and Anhui, parts of Hubei and parts of Jiangxi. The population of Jianghuai Mandarin is about 70 million, mainly distributed in the north of the Yangtze River except Bengbu in Anhui and Xuzhou in Jiangsu, and in the south bank of the Yangtze River east of Jiujiang in Zhenjiang. Jianghuai Mandarin is divided into Tongtai film, Hong Chao film and Huangxiao film from east to west.

6. Central Plains Mandarin

The distribution of Central Plains Mandarin is centered on Henan, Xuzhou, Shaanxi, Guanzhong and Lunan, covering Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang. According to 1987 edition of Atlas of Chinese Language, A * * is divided into Ryan, Luo Xiang, Yan He, Luo Xiang,

Fu Shang, Guanzhong, Lu Nan, Qinlong, Longzhong, South Xinjiang and other places. The representative dialect is Henan dialect. The main feature of Zhongyuan Mandarin is that the ancient full-voiced initials and the sub-full-voiced initials read a flat tone today, while the ancient full-voiced initials read a flat tone today. The main difference between Zhongyuan Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin and Jiaoliao Mandarin is that the initial consonants of the ancient entering tone are voiced.

7. Blue Mandarin

Lanyin Mandarin is mainly distributed in parts of Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang. It is divided into four parts: Jincheng Film, Yin Wu Film, Hexi Film and Xinjiang Northern Xinjiang Film.

8. Southwest Mandarin

Southwest Mandarin is the main language popular in Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hubei, northern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, western Hunan Province, southern Shaanxi Province and Myanmar in southwest China. Some China people in Laos and Viet Nam also use it. Southwest Mandarin has an official position in the First Special Zone (Kokang) of Shan State, Myanmar, and it is one of only three branches of Chinese with official status.

The main feature of Southwest Mandarin is that there is no difference in ancient entering tones, and the whole tone is reserved or mixed with other tones (rising tone, falling tone or falling tone). In the Atlas of Chinese Language, Southwest Mandarin is divided into twelve parts, which can also be divided into Sichuan dialect, Chongqing dialect, Guizhou dialect, Yunnan dialect, Guiliu dialect and Hubei dialect.