Thinking and skills of answering geography questions in senior high school?

The above is the most classic question and answer of high school geography ~ ~ In fact, the textbook (problems in the analysis of physical geography location and land consolidation) is the most classic;

Let me also introduce my little experience ~ ~ (I am a senior three)

The essentials of learning geography: 1. Remember more maps (maps should be memorized, latitude and longitude, where they are, and which country is next to them ... of course, tipping is also acceptable) 2. Be sure to understand the principle. Physical geography, in particular, can only be extrapolated if it is understood. 3. Remember the answer mode for subjective questions.

☆ How to describe terrain features:

1. Topographic types (plains, mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, etc. )

2. Terrain ups and downs

3. Main terrain distribution (under various terrain conditions)

4. Important terrain contour features (in contour)

☆ Factors affecting temperature:

1. Latitude (decisive factor): It affects solar height, day length, solar radiation and daily range, and it is lower in annual range (the temperature days in low latitudes and annual range are lower than those in high latitudes).

2. Topography (height, topography): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, river valleys and basins at different altitudes (for example, the topographic heat in river valley basins is not easy to dissipate, and the tall terrain blocks the winter wind, and the daily amplitude of mountain areas at the same latitude is worse than that in the plains, and the annual amplitude is smaller).

3. Location of land and sea: the annual variation range of temperature caused by ocean intensity.

4. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

5. Weather conditions (in cloudy and rainy places, the temperature changes daily, and the annual change range is smaller than that in cloudy and rainy places).

6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high snow reflectivity and low temperature); The daily temperature and annual range of green land are less than that of bare land.

7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc

☆ Factors affecting precipitation:

1. climate: atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind zone, monsoon)

2. Terrain: windward slope and leeward slope

3. Terrain (elevation): The precipitation reaches its maximum at a certain height.

4. Land and sea location (distance from the sea)

5. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)

6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers and vegetation cover.

7. Human activities; Changing the underlying surface will affect precipitation.

Describe the hydrological characteristics of rivers:

1. Flow: size, seasonal change and interruption (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply and river area).

2. Sediment concentration: It depends on the vegetation status of the basin.

3. Ice Age: Availability and Length.

4. Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on river recharge type, water conservancy project and lake water storage)

5. Water energy: It is related to topography (river drop and flow rate) and climate (precipitation, runoff and evaporation).

☆ Describe the characteristics of water system:

1. Length

2. Flow direction

3. The size of the basin

4. Droplet size (water energy)

5. River straightness

6. How many tributaries are there

7. Arrangement shape of river tributaries (fan shape, tree shape)

☆ Evaluate the shipping value of rivers;

"natural conditions"

1. Terrain: flat, flowing through the plain, with gentle water flow.

2. Climate: abundant and even precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal variation and short ice age.

3. River course: wide and straight, with deep water.

"socio-economic situation"

The river basin has a large population, developed economy, dense contact and large transportation volume.

☆ Factors affecting solar radiation:

1. Latitude (determines the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day)

2. Altitude (high altitude, thin air, strong solar radiation)

3. Weather conditions (sunny day and sufficient solar radiation)

4. Air density

☆ Factors affecting the height of snow line:

1. Precipitation (local climate characteristics; There is more precipitation on windward slope and lower snow line)

2. Temperature (the snow line on sunny slope is higher than that on shady slope; Temperature changes at different latitudes, isotherms at 0℃ above sea level)

☆ Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum in mountainous areas:

1 latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountain, the simpler the band spectrum.

2. Altitude: The higher the altitude of the mountain, the more complex the band spectrum may be.

3. Heat (i.e. sunny slope and shady slope): affects the height of the same band spectrum.

☆ Analysis of agricultural location factors;

"natural factors"

1. Land: topography and soil.

2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night.

3. Water source (irrigation water source):

"socio-economic factors"

1. Market:

2. Transportation:

3. National policies

4. Labor force

5. Science and technology: development of technologies such as preservation and refrigeration of agricultural products.

6. Industrial base

☆ Analysis of industrial location factors;

1. Geographical location

2. Resource factors: raw materials and fuel.

3. Agricultural factors

4. Traffic factors (including traffic convenience and accessibility of information network): it is convenient for the exchange of materials, personnel and information.

5. Market factors

6. Scientific and technological factors

7. Labor factor: labor price and quality.

8. Historical factors

9. Policy factors: national and regional policy support.

10*. Military factors: national defense security needs.

1 1*. Personal factors: personal preference.

☆ Location factors affecting the city:

"natural factors"

1. Terrain (a. Flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, favorable for transportation, saving construction investment and concentrated population; B. tropical cities are distributed on the plateau; C. the mountain city is located in the valley and open lowlands)

2. Climate (warm in middle and low latitudes and humid in coastal areas)

3. Rivers (water supply and transportation functions)

4. Resource conditions

"socio-economic factors"

1. Traffic conditions

2. Political factors

3. Military factors

4. Religious factors

5. Scientific and technological factors

6. Tourism factors

☆ Location factors for the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets:

1. Convenient traffic conditions (establishment principle: best traffic)

2. Strong commodity production capacity and stable commodity sources.

3. Broad market or economic hinterland (establishment principle: market is optimal)

☆ Route selection principle of traffic lines:

"Natural aspects"

1. Terrain (a. Flat: fewer choices; B. Great fluctuation: if it is necessary to cut mountains, make holes and bridge, the project will be difficult; If you extend along the contour line, the mileage will be extended; C. Fast-flowing rivers: unfavorable to shipping)

2. Geology (a. Karst landform: prevention of collapse and leakage; B. Geological instability: reinforce the foundation and avoid faults)

3. Climate (a. Roads and railways: prevent rainstorm, flood, frozen soil and debris flow; B. water transport and aviation: against fog and strong winds)

4. Land (less arable land, especially fertile land)

"Socio-economic aspects"

1. population (as far as possible through residential areas, railway stations, docks, etc. , thus benefiting more people. )

2. Mileage and operating time (try to build bridges and tunnels to shorten mileage to save operating time; Take proper care of important economic points along the way. )

3. Others (try to stay away from important cultural relics and pay attention to ecological environment protection)

Location conditions of port construction:

"Natural conditions (determining the port location)"

1. Water condition: the harbor is wide and deep (the contour line is dense, which is beneficial to berthing and sheltering from the wind).

2. Port construction conditions: The plot is stable in geology, flat in terrain and suitable in slope (conducive to the arrangement of construction land and port equipment).

"Socio-economic conditions (affecting the rise and fall of ports)"

1. Conditions of economic hinterland: whether the economic hinterland is vast, the passenger and cargo flow, and the economic nature of the hinterland (whether the economic hinterland is vast affects the passenger and cargo flow; Passenger flow and cargo flow affect the rise and fall of ports; The nature of hinterland economy determines the nature of port.

2. Relying on the city (convenient transportation; Provide manpower, material resources and financial support for the port)

3. Policy conditions: building a free trade port in an open area.

1, soil erosion (optional)

Typical areas of China: Loess Plateau and southern hilly areas.

A. (Taking the Loess Plateau as an example) Reasons:

(1) Natural causes: loose loess with vertical joints; Monsoon climate, concentrated precipitation, rainstorm.

(2) Man-made reasons: the destruction of vegetation; Irrational farming system; Mining.

Control measures: compress agricultural land and expand forest and grass planting area; Afforestation; Comprehensive management of small watersheds (typical example: Nanxiaohegou, Gansu).

B. (Southern hilly area) Cause: Rural domestic energy shortage.

Remediation measures: ① develop three-dimensional agriculture ② solve the problem of farmers' living energy consumption (vigorously promote living coal; Carry out technical innovation of stoves; Make biogas and create a fast-growing firewood forest).

2. Desertification (optional)

Typical area of China: Northwest China.

Reason:

(1) Natural causes: the surface is covered with deep and loose sandy sediments; Windy days are many and concentrated; Located inland, the climate is dry and there is little precipitation.

(2) Human factors: excessive logging; Overgrazing; Overculture.

Governance measures: formulate grassland protection laws and regulations and strengthen management; Control the carrying capacity of livestock; Create a "three-north shelterbelt" construction; Returning farmland to forest and grassland; Building artificial grassland; Advocate rotational grazing; Prohibit logging, etc. (Typical example: Shapotou, Ningxia)

Governance significance: it is conducive to adjusting the industrial structure according to local conditions, making agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry develop in an all-round way, increasing farmers' income, promoting local economic development, improving farmers' living conditions and improving their quality of life; Conducive to protecting land resources and improving local ecological environment; Conducive to promoting the sustainable development of ecology and economy.

3. Drought and water shortage (optional)

Typical areas in China: North China and Northwest China;

Reason (North China):

(1) Natural causes: temperate monsoon climate, less annual precipitation and small river runoff; The variability of precipitation is large; Evaporation is very strong in spring.

(2) Human factors: dense population, developed industry and agriculture, and large water demand; Serious water pollution; Too much waste and low utilization rate; Water consumption for spring planting is large in spring.

Governance measures: South-to-North Water Transfer Project; Build a reservoir; Control population and improve quality; Reduce water pollution; Save water and improve utilization rate; Restrict the development of high water consumption industries; Developing water-saving agriculture; Adopt drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation agricultural irrigation technology to improve utilization rate; Implement water price adjustment and establish water-saving consciousness; Desalination of seawater, etc.

Thinking: Why is there no spring drought in Northeast China? (Spring flood)

4. Secondary salinization of soil (optional)

Typical areas in China: Huanghuaihai Plain, Ningxia Plain and Hetao Plain.

Reasons: (1) Natural reasons: less precipitation in spring, rapid temperature rise and vigorous evaporation; The terrain is low

(2) Human factors: unreasonable irrigation; Irrational construction of water conservancy projects (Weihe Plain)

Control measures: introducing light and spraying salt; Well drainage and well irrigation; Biological measures; Farmland cover; Reasonable irrigation, not just irrigation; Using sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation technology, etc.

5. Distribution and management of middle and low yield fields in North China Plain (optional)

Composition: the gently inclined plain in the west, the alluvial low plain east of the gently inclined plain (the main body of the Huanghuaihai Plain), and the coastal plain of Bohai Sea.

The plain with gentle slope has the best fertility: ① the ground slope is large, the drainage is smooth, and it is not easy to accumulate water to form a low wetland; (2) Coarse sediment particles are beneficial to water infiltration; (3) The groundwater is deeply buried, and the evaporation in spring and autumn is small, so it is not easy to form saline-alkali land.

6. Land subsidence and seawater intrusion

Typical areas in China: vast areas in the north and cities in the south;

Cause: Excessive pumping of groundwater.

Control measures: control the extraction of groundwater; Implement rainy season replenishment

7. Red tide

Typical areas of China: Pearl River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, Bohai Sea, etc. Frequent season: summer. May-10 month

Cause: (1) Natural cause: high temperature; Still water; Quiet wind; The sea area is relatively closed.

(2) Human factors: the coastal areas are densely populated and economically developed, and industrial and domestic sewage is discharged into the sea; A large number of fertilizers and pesticides are used in agricultural production; Due to the improvement of marine development and the expansion of aquaculture scale, aquaculture waters have been seriously polluted.

8. Salt tide

(1) Salt tides mostly occur in coastal (or estuarine) areas, especially in winter.

(2) Causes of salt tide: natural causes: (climate) A There is little precipitation in winter, the climate is dry, the river is in dry season, and the flow is small; B the climate is warming and the sea level is rising; (Terrain) C The terrain is flat and the rivers are vertical and horizontal; (astronomy) The astronomical tide in the first month of the lunar calendar aggravated the salty tide. Man-made reasons: a, the water consumption of human production and life has increased; B. disorderly sand mining downstream, reducing riverbed, etc.

(3) The harm that salt tide may bring to the local natural environment and human activities: (a) It is harmful to human health; B poses a threat to the production of enterprises, the production equipment is easy to be oxidized and corroded, and the boiler is easy to scale; C leads to the increase of salt in groundwater and soil, endangering the survival of local plants.

④ In the long run, the measures to prevent and control salt tide are: a) strengthening monitoring and establishing early warning mechanism; Adjust water to dilute salt; Strengthen the unified dispatch and management of river water resources and river sediment; Please?Save?Water

9. Acid rain

Distribution: Western Europe, North America, Japan; South China

Cause: Burning coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuels.

Hazard: acidification of rivers and lakes, affecting fish; Soil acidification is harmful to forests and crops; Corrosion of buildings and cultural relics; Harm human health.

The fundamental way: reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.

Effective way: to study the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal.

China's energy consumption is mainly coal, so acid rain is mainly sulfuric acid rain.

10, photochemical smog:

Cause: Hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust generate photochemical reaction under the irradiation of solar ultraviolet rays.

Distribution: Topographic conditions are not conducive to gas diffusion in valleys and big cities.

Hazards and countermeasures: reduce visibility, damage plants and human health. Control automobile exhaust emissions.

1 1, swamp protection (optional)

Typical area of China: Sanjiang Plain.

The formation of swamp: ① high latitude, low temperature and small evaporation; ② Impervious layer formed in underground frozen soil; ③ Low terrain, poor surface runoff discharge and excessive soil water accumulation.

The key to development and utilization: drainage.

Meaning: It's a reservoir and a water source. ① Regulating climate, protecting and improving ecological environment ② It is the habitat of some rare birds.

These are the most common and practical! I hope it helps you!