What countries does the ancient Roman version mainly include today?

Ancient Rome usually refers to the civilization that rose in the middle of the Italian peninsula at the beginning of the 9th century BC. After the Roman monarchy and the Roman Republic, it expanded into a huge Roman empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa around 1 century. By 395, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts. The Western Roman Empire perished in 476. The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) became a feudal country, and/kloc-0 was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in 453.

ancient times

According to legend, when Troy was attacked by the Greeks, Aeneas, the son of the goddess Venus, and his followers escaped and went west through Carthage in North Africa to Rome.

According to modern research, humans lived in the Italian peninsula in the Paleolithic period. In the Neolithic Age, Ligurians came to Italy from Africa through Spain and France. In the Bronze Age around 2000 BC, some Indo-European speaking tribes crossed the Alps from the Danube and Carpathians and entered Italy. Among them, a Latin entered the Latium Plain and moved to Rome around 800 BC, living in the hilly areas such as Palatim. At the same time or later, Sabin people lived on the neighboring hills. Later, people from Lasquin also came here.

From the 8th century to the 6th century, the Greeks moved to southern Italy and established the city-state. In the 7th century BC, the process of tribal union began with Pallatium as the center. A single Latin tribe joined with Sabin and Eta Lasquin to form the Roman Commune. From the end of the 7th century BC to the end of the 6th century BC, the Roman commune was under the rule of Etta Rasquin. At this time, the transition from clan tribal commune to polis was completed. At the end of the 5th century, Gauls entered the Po Plain from the northern Alps. After long-term integration and assimilation, these tribes formed the ancestors of Italians.

[Editor] Roman monarchy era

See Roman monarchy era.

From the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC, it was called the era of kings. There have been seven kings, clans and tribal organizations still intact. The ruling class included the king, the Senate and the curia Conference (Rome called the phratry curia, and every 65,438+00 clans formed a phratry, which was later replaced by the meeting of 100 people). Later, there was a distinction between nobles and civilians.

The first king, romulo, founded the city of Rome in 753. The first four kings were the military leaders of the Roman Commune, and the last three kings were the kings of the Tacven Dynasty in Lasquin. Servius tullius in the middle of the 6th century BC marked the birth of the Roman state.

Takvin, the last arrogant king in the era of kingship, was cruel and ruthless and was driven away by angry Romans. It is said that in 509 BC, a Roman Republic ruled by Roman nobles was established.

* * * Roman Republic

See Rome and the Republic.

At the beginning of * * * and the era, the struggle between civilians and nobles lasted for two centuries. The Committee of 100 elected two consuls from the nobility to exercise the highest administrative power for a period of 1 year; The Senate holds the real power of the country. With the deepening of the opposition between nobles and civilians, nobles recognized the "people's protection officers" elected by civilians, who were responsible for protecting the rights of civilians from being infringed by nobles. 45 1 year ago, the law of twelve bronze watches was promulgated, which abolished the restriction that civilians and nobles could not get married, which also marked the birth of Roman law. Debt slavery was abolished 326 years ago.

When Rome was founded, it was a small country. Since the beginning of the 5th century BC, it has defeated some Latin American cities and neighboring countries such as Lasquin, conquered the indigenous and Greek city-states in the southern Italian peninsula, and became a big country in the western Mediterranean. Rome launched three Punic wars and conquered Carthage in 146, making it a province of Rome. Before 2 15-168, he launched three Macedonian wars, conquered Macedonia and controlled the whole of Greece. Through the Syrian war and diplomatic means, it controlled parts of West Asia and established a big country that straddled Africa, Europe and Asia and dominated the Mediterranean.

During this period, the economy developed rapidly, but it also intensified social contradictions. From 1930s BC to 65438+1930s BC, it was called the era of civil war, and uprising of sicilian slaves and Spartak revolts broke out one after another. The struggle between bankrupt peasants and big landlords, the struggle between the powerless and the powerful, the struggle between chivalry and the Senate. And during the period from 133 to 123, the Gragu Brothers Reform took place. In BC 107, with the support of Democrats, gaius marius was elected as consul and began to carry out military reform. He carried out the recruitment system, which made a large number of landless or less citizens flood into the army.

In the first 90 years, in order to fight for Roman civil rights, the Italians revolted, which is called the allied war in history.

82 years ago, with the support of optimates, cornelius Sura led troops to occupy Rome. The following year, he was forced to be elected as a dictator for life by the citizens' assembly, which created a precedent for military dictatorship in Roman history. Sixty years ago, crassus gaius julius caesar and Pompeii secretly formed an alliance, and * * * took control of the political situation in Rome, which was called the top three politics in history. In the first 48 years, Julius Caesar defeated the other two and was declared a dictator for life, with military and political power in one. He carried out reforms, but his political opponents hated him because of dictatorship. He was assassinated by optimates conspirators on March 15, 44 BC.

After Caesar's death, the Roman Civil War broke out again. In the first 43 years, Anthony, Li Bida and Octavian made an open alliance and gained the legal right to rule the country for five years, which is called the last three-headed politics in history. Later, Octavian defeated the other two. In the first 27 years, the Senate awarded Octavian the title of "Augustus" and established the national political head. * * * The Republic declared its demise. Rome has since entered the era of the Roman Empire.

Roman Empire

See Roman Empire.

The political system founded by Augustus, known as the head of state system in history, is actually a * * * and nominal monarchy. During his reign, he carried out a series of positive reforms and promoted economic and social development. And the northern part of the empire reached the Rhine and Danube.

After Augustus died, his adopted son Tiberius succeeded to the throne, thus creating the system of succession to the throne. The period from 27 years ago to 192 is called the pre-imperial period, including Claudius, Flavi and Antony. The society was relatively stable during this period. During the reign of Emperor Trajan of Antony Dynasty (98-1 17), the empire reached its largest territory: Spain and Britain in the west, the Euphrates River as the host, Egypt and Carthage in the south, the Rhine and Danube in the north, and the Mediterranean Sea became the internal sea of the empire. The economy is unprecedentedly prosperous.

/kloc-in 0/92, the last emperor of Antony dynasty was killed, and there was a chaotic period in Rome for nearly a hundred years. Historians call the period from 193 to 235 the late empire. This social, economic and military crisis, which began in the late Anthony Dynasty, reached an unprecedented scale in the 3rd century, so that some historians drew a crisis in the 3rd century (193 ~ 284). During this period, wars were frequent, emperors changed frequently, and slaves and slave owners rebelled all over the country. The Baghdad movement, which began in Gaul in the 1960s, posed a great threat to the ruling class.

In 284, Dai Keli, the leader of the Guards, was proclaimed emperor by the army, gained the imperial power, changed the head of state system to Dominica (that is, the imperial system), and formally adopted the rule form and etiquette of the Eastern monarch. And implemented many reforms, known as Diocletian reform in history. His successor, Constantine I, abolished the rule of the four emperors in 324 and became the only monarch, and his imperial power was strengthened. In 330, he moved the capital to Byzantium and changed its name to Constantinople. In 3 13, Milan decree was issued to recognize the legal status of Christianity. After his death, war broke out again. Theodosius I once achieved the unification of the empire. After the death of Theodosius I in 395, the empire was divided into two parts: the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire.

In the Western Roman Empire, the economic crisis continued, the population decreased, the fields were barren, and the urban and rural areas were depressed. In 4 10, the visigoths occupied Rome. In 452, Attila the Hun entered Italy. In 455, the Vandals fell into Rome again. It has successively established barbarian countries such as Visigoth Kingdom, Vandal-Alain Kingdom, Burgundy Kingdom and Eastern Goth Kingdom. In September 476, the German army invaded, and its mercenary leader Odyak deposed the last monarch, romulus Augustus Luce, and the Western Roman Empire was declared dead.

The Eastern Roman Empire lasted until 1453 and was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire. After a series of internal social changes such as people's uprising and foreign invasion, it entered the feudal society around the 7th century.

Ancient Roman culture

Ancient Roman culture absorbed the essence of oriental civilization and Greek culture extensively and integrated it into its own tradition. Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture developed rapidly, and the existing buildings are:

The Colosseum The Colosseum of Death in Rome.

Constantine Arc de Triomphe

Pompeii city

celebrity

Latin letters have become the basis for many ethnic groups to create words. Roman law and jurisprudence have had a far-reaching impact on all countries in the world. Latin prose represented by Caesar and Cicero, and Roman poetry represented by Virgil, Horace and Ovid are the objects of study by scholars all over the world. Christianity, which came into being and developed in the Roman Empire, has had a far-reaching impact on the development of the whole mankind, especially the European culture.

Tacitus, a famous historian, has immortal works such as Chronicle, General History and Germanic Annals. Li Wei is the author of History of Rome. Appiah, the former governor of Egypt in the Roman Empire, also wrote the famous history of Rome. At the same time, Julius Caesar himself wrote a series of wars described in the third person, such as the war in Gaul. The philosopher Lucretius's On Physical Properties is the only book that has been handed down so far to expound the ancient atomism, and the famous scholar Pliny the Old is an important document to study the history of science and technology in ancient Rome.