What is the guiding ideology of the Dutch revolution?

The Dutch revolution was the first successful bourgeois revolution in history. This revolution was completed in the form of a national liberation war, and a bourgeois republic was established after the revolution. During the period when Europe was still in feudal autocracy, the emergence of the Republic of the Netherlands was of great significance, which opened up a broad road for the development of capitalism in northern Netherlands and brought a bright dawn to the prospect of human history.

The cause of revolution

Dutch revolution is the result of capitalist economic development and Spanish feudal autocracy. As early as the14th century, the capitalist relations of production appeared in the Netherlands, and in the16th century, the Netherlands was a developed region in Western Europe. It has a population of 3 million, 17 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, and more than 300 cities. Antwerp in the south is an international trade center and Amsterdam in the north is an economic center. The economic development in the Netherlands has caused changes in class relations. The bourgeoisie demands the overthrow of autocratic rule, the establishment of an independent country and the development of capitalism, and they accept Calvinism in religion. Spain's feudal autocracy hindered the development of Dutch capitalism. During the period of Charles I, more than half of Spain's annual income came from the Netherlands, and as many as 50 thousand Protestants were executed by the Inquisition. After Philip II succeeded to the throne, there were more and more persecutions against the Dutch people. His refusal to repay the national debt caused great losses to Dutch bankers. He raised the price of wool bought in Spain, thus reducing the amount of wool imported from the Netherlands, which led to the closure of many handicraft workshops and the unemployment of thousands of workers. He also banned direct trade between Dutch businessmen and Spanish colonies and strengthened the persecution of Protestants by the Inquisition. Spain's autocratic rule has aroused widespread dissatisfaction among all sectors of Dutch society. 1566 One day in April, several people dressed as beggars and carrying begging bags appeared in front of the Governor's Office in Brussels. Their strange clothes attracted people's attention. They were big noble willem van oranje, Earl Egmont and General Horn. On behalf of the Dutch "aristocratic alliance", they petitioned the Spanish governor in the Netherlands. The Spanish governor of the Netherlands is a duchess named Margaret. Prince Orange submitted a petition to the Governor, demanding that the laws persecuting Protestants be abolished, a three-level meeting be held, and the Spanish garrison be withdrawn. The governor not only refused these demands, but also cursed these rich beggars and ordered them to be driven out of the government building. The nobles had intended to make some concessions to the Spanish rulers, so they also expressed their loyalty to the Spanish king in the petition, but their wishes failed. While they were discussing new countermeasures, the people set off a revolutionary storm.

The climax of the revolution

Angry people rushed to Catholic churches and monasteries, knocked down the statue of the Virgin Mary in the shrine, destroyed the decorations inside the church, and broke out a large-scale campaign to destroy icons, with tens of thousands of participants. The Dutch revolution began. Under the pressure of the masses, Margaret announced that she would stop the activities of the inquisition and pardon the members of the aristocratic alliance. At the same time, King Philip II of Spain secretly sent troops to send Duke Alfa to suppress the Dutch revolution. 1567 In August, Alpha led 18000 people to the Netherlands. Alpha immediately set up an "anti-violence Committee" to suppress the revolution by bloody means. More than 8,000 insurgents were executed, as were the noble Earl Egmont and General Horn. Mayor Antwerp, the leader of the bourgeoisie, was also hanged. Alpha has also formulated a new tax system, in which all movable and immovable property are subject to property tax and all goods are subject to transaction tax, in an attempt to strangle the Dutch revolution economically. He said savagely, "It is better to leave a poor Nederland to God than a rich Nederland to the devil." In a massacre, the rich Dutch fled abroad. Prince Orange fled to Nassau, Germany. There, he continued to plan the struggle against Spanish rule, and hoped to get assistance from the German Protestant governor and the French Huguenots. He organized troops to attack Holland many times, but all failed.

The revolution is at a low ebb.

The broad masses of Dutch people actively carry out guerrilla warfare. In the north, fishermen, sailors and dockers formed a guerrilla group called "beggars at sea". They sailed along the coast in a canoe and unexpectedly attacked the Spanish transport ship. On one occasion, a guerrilla group composed of 24 boats also occupied Brill on the island of Xilan, and beat Alpha's troops out of the water one after another. This battle made the maritime guerrillas finally establish their first stronghold in the Netherlands, which prompted the arrival of the revolutionary climax. At the end of 1573, the northern provinces basically got rid of the Spanish occupation and declared independence. At the joint meeting of the northern provinces, Prince Orange was promoted to governor. The northern provinces have actually become an independent country. In the south, Alpha's life is also very difficult. Dutch people formed "forest beggars" guerrillas in dense forests, constantly attacking small Spanish troops and punishing Spanish minions. Knocked alpha out. At first, he tried his best to deal with Prince Orange's attack, and later he divided his troops and stormed the cities that had been rebelled in various provinces. His brutal plunder of many cities could not save Spain's failure in the northern provinces. Philip II had to recall him to Spain, and sent a man named Lexon as the governor of the Netherlands. The life of the new governor is even more difficult. 1574 In May, he led a great army to surround the coastal city of Leiden in the northern Dutch province, and Leiden persisted in resisting for three months. Leiden is six miles from the sea and is below sea level. One day in August, the soldiers guarding the city suddenly opened the sluice and came to the city, which suddenly became a Zeguo. All the Spanish troops besieged by the city fell into the sea, suffered heavy losses and retreated in confusion. The victory of the Battle of Leiden consolidated the victory of the northern revolution and promoted the struggle of the southern provinces. 1On September 4th, 576, an uprising broke out in Brussels. The rebels occupied the governor's office and the Spanish ruling authorities in the Netherlands were overthrown. Since then, the center of the revolution has shifted to the south. In June+10 of this year, the third-level conference of the whole Netherlands was held in Ghent City, and the Ghent Agreement was signed, announcing the abolition of all laws issued by Alpha, reaffirming the original rights of the city and uniting the north and the south against Spain.

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1579, the feudal nobles in the south, worried that the uprising and revolution would affect their own interests, formed the Arras League, recognized Philip II as the monarch, and attempted to unite the Spanish army to attack the north. The Aras League broke the Ghent Agreement, so the northern provinces set up Utrecht League against the southern nobles. In the second year, Philip II declared Prince Orange a criminal, and the Utrecht League was tit for tat, announcing the deposing of Philip II and establishing a joint province and republic. Among the American provinces, the Netherlands has the largest territory and the most developed economy, and is the political center of the United States, so it is also called the Netherlands of the United States. Since then, the Netherlands has split into two parts, with the northern part forming an independent country and the southern part still under Spanish rule. Of course, Philip II could not tolerate the existence of the Netherlands and the Republic, but at this time, the powerful king could not compete with the new * * * and the Republic. 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the British Navy in the English Channel and lost its maritime superiority. The following year, Philip II died in Curial Palace. 1609, Philip III, newly succeeded to the throne, signed a 12-year truce agreement with the Netherlands, which in fact recognized the independence of the Netherlands. The Dutch revolution won a complete victory in the north. 1648, the Netherlands was officially recognized by European countries.

Editing the historical significance of this revolution

It has promoted the development of European capitalism and the world market.

Before the end of the War of Independence, the United States actively developed foreign trade and colonial expansion. 1602, the Dutch East India Company was established and expanded rapidly. In the East, it crowded out the commercial power of Spain and Portugal. In contrast, the British East India Company is insignificant, with ten times less capital, unable to compete with it. Colonized Java and Ceylon successively, invaded Taiwan Province Province, established a series of colonial strongholds in India and Australia, occupied Mauritius and Cape, the most valuable strategic strongholds leading to the East, and seized the trade monopoly right of the East. By the middle of17th century, the Dutch colonial empire in the east was formed. Such rapid progress is considered as a "historical miracle" of colonialism. In addition, there are Dutch colonies in South America, North America and the Caribbean. The Netherlands has not only become a colonial power in the world, but also its colonialism is completely bourgeois. It became "the first country to fully develop its colonial system" earlier than Britain. Through trade and other means, many parts of Asia, America and Africa have been involved in the whirlpool of European capitalism to varying degrees. At the same time, the Netherlands has also made great achievements in maritime trade. In Europe, it almost controls Germany's entire foreign trade, ranking first in Russia's import and export trade, edging out Britain and concentrating 70% of the Baltic trade in its own hands. The advantage of the Netherlands in foreign trade is even feared by Britain. Cromwell even excluded Dutch businessmen from British foreign trade as the primary purpose of launching the war against the Netherlands. Trade along the Mediterranean coast is also far ahead in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has the largest fleet in the world, sailing in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea, and is called "sea coachman". By the end of 17, that is, about half a century after the British bourgeois revolution, the Netherlands basically maintained this position, controlling 80% of the European grain trade, and its trade with the colonies was twice that of Britain. 1 1 The monopoly position of the Netherlands in international trade shows that it played a leading role in developing the world market before Britain and promoted the development of capitalism in European countries with great influence. Extensive colonial plunder and the rapid development of foreign trade have made the Dutch society and economy particularly prosperous, making it rich all over the world and Europe, which is surprised and envied by the bourgeoisie of all countries. British bourgeois scholars shouted loudly and demanded to imitate the Netherlands consciously. Thomas Meng, a director of the British East India Company and a representative of mercantilism, repeatedly expounded a basic idea in the book "Britain's Wealth Obtained from Foreign Trade" published in 1664, that is, calling for learning from the Netherlands and actively promoting the mercantilist policy. The Netherlands plays an equally prominent role in European finance. Amsterdam has rapidly developed into the largest financial center in the world, and it is said that its money can enrich the empty treasury of half the kings in Europe. Until18th century, the Netherlands was a creditor of Britain. In terms of industry and agriculture, the influence of the Netherlands on European countries cannot be ignored. The Netherlands was the most developed country in handicraft workshops at that time, and many countries learned management experience and advanced technology from the Netherlands. By the17th century, the British wool textile industry will be transported to the Netherlands for final processing and dyeing, and there are thousands of workers engaged in this profession in the Netherlands. The Dutch shipbuilding industry is among the best in Europe, and many countries buy various types of ships from it. Peter the Great of Russia went to the Netherlands twice to study shipbuilding, and hired a group of shipbuilders to return home, establishing the first fleet for Russia. Dutch agriculture also has a great influence on the European continent, and is considered to have provided an example and pointed out the direction for the progressive landlords and farmers in other countries in the18th century. The drainage project in the Netherlands is very developed, and many European countries are using its experience. The swamp drainage project in Britain has also benefited greatly from the Netherlands.

It dealt a heavy blow to the main feudal reactionary fortresses in Europe.

After a long and arduous struggle, the Netherlands finally defeated the powerful Spain. The Dutch revolution plunged Spain into this war for about 40 years, and it weakened rapidly both economically and militarily. In Charles V, half of Spanish fiscal revenue comes from the Netherlands. Later, the north became independent, and although the south was soon under the heel of Spain, industry and commerce were completely depressed, and Spain's cash cow fell. Not only that, the war also cost Spain huge resources and money. In the first 26 years of the war, more than 1 100 million gold coins were spent in cash alone, exceeding all the national debts of Spain at that time. 12 as a result, Spain's financial situation deteriorated sharply, the national treasury was empty, and it was forced to declare financial bankruptcy several times. At the end of the Dutch civil war, Spain's entire economy was on the verge of collapse. Prices soared, industry and commerce languished, the countryside was deserted, and vagrants and beggars flooded the country. From then on, the huge empire that frightened European countries turned from prosperity to decline, the struggle between Britain and France against Spanish interference and aggression, the national movement of Italy to get rid of Spanish rule, the peasant movement and national uprising in Spain all started one after another. The most powerful empire in the world has declined irretrievably. The decline of Spain was the most important event in Europe at that time, which meant that the feudal reactionary forces in Europe were seriously weakened and cleared the first stumbling block on the way forward for the bourgeoisie of all countries. The Roman Catholic Church supported by Spain was also hit by the Dutch revolution. From the middle of16th century, with the support of Habsburg dynasty, the Vatican launched a crazy counterattack against the religious reform. However, the Dutch revolution dealt a head-on blow to this reactionary countercurrent. Catholicism once faced the trend of collapse in the south, and most of its rule in the north was overthrown. The victory of Calvinism in the United States stimulated the Protestant movement in Britain, France, Scotland and parts of northwest Germany. Catholicism's dream of restoring rule in Britain was shattered, and the plan to eliminate Huguenots in France ended in failure, and even its position in Spain was affected. The frustration of the Catholic anti-religious reform movement caused another failure of the feudal reactionary forces in Europe.

Edit this paragraph of New Holland.

(Dutch: Nieuw-Nederland), 16 14 to 1674, the colonies established by the Netherlands in eastern North America, roughly including parts of New York, Connecticut, New Jersey and Delaware in the United States today. 1609, Henry Hudson led a fleet to inspect the North American coast between 38 and 45 degrees north latitude for the first time, and then Dutch explorers drew a map of this area. Based on this, in 16 14, he claimed to occupy this area and named it New Holland. According to the requirements of international law, the Dutch government immigrated 30 families to this area in 1624, and effectively occupied this area. The following year, the Netherlands built the new Amsterdam Castle on Manhattan Island, which marked the beginning of the construction of new york. 1634, England declared its occupation of Cape Cod and allocated it to New England. 1638, British immigrants built New Haven City, which formed a forward trend in New Amsterdam and Long Island occupied by the Netherlands. 1650, the Netherlands was forced to cede the Connecticut River to England. 1664 On August 27th, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, New Amsterdam surrendered to four British warships without fighting, marking the complete occupation of New Holland by Britain. 1673, during the third anglo-Dutch war, the Netherlands once regained the new Netherlands, but the following year, the Netherlands, which was attacked by archbishops of France, England and Cologne, could not continue to support the war and was forced to make peace with England and formally ceded the new Netherlands to England.