What were the major events on January 8, 1990?

Marine disasters in 1990

In 1990, the southern regions of Fujian and Zhejiang in my country were hit by several storm surge disasters, causing heavy losses. The coast of Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong Province was hit by sudden waves; red tide disasters occurred in coastal areas; two ship oil spills occurred in the Bohai and Yellow Seas.

(1) Storm surge disaster

1. Fujian Province suffered four consecutive storm surge disasters, causing serious losses

In just over two months from late June to early September 1990, four consecutive storm surges occurred along the coast from the mouth of the Minjiang River to Xiamen City in Fujian Province. The first storm surge disaster was caused by a typhoon landing in this area during astronomical spring tides.

At 05:00 on June 24 (the second day of the fifth lunar month), Typhoon No. 5 landed in Fuding County and then moved northward along the coast, affecting Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu and other places in my country. In June, a typhoon landed in Fujian, which is rare in a century. It also coincided with the astronomical tide. The tide level along the coast was generally high. The storm surge water increase ranged from 0.78 meters to 1.44 meters. There was an increase of more than 1 meter on both sides of the Minjiang River Estuary. Due to No. 5 Affected by the typhoon storm surge, 15 tide gauge stations along the coast from the mouth of the Minjiang River to Lianyungang exceeded the local warning water level. Among them, Longwan, Ruian, and Aojiang stations experienced historically extreme high tide levels. It is reported that the water conservancy project in Fuzhou suffered losses of more than 10 million yuan, 500 ships were damaged, and one was sunk. Five people died in Ningde area. 6,000 acres of reclaimed land in Fu'an County were flooded, causing losses of more than 1 million yuan.

At 11:00 on August 20 (the first day of the seventh lunar month), Typhoon No. 12 made landfall in Fujian three times and then entered the sea three times. Forming an extremely peculiar path, the five days when the typhoon circled the Minjiang River Estuary coincided with the astronomical tide period in this sea area. In the three days from August 19th to 21st, the daily high tides at the tide gauge stations near the Minjiang River Estuary were almost All exceeded the local warning water level. Affected by this, the water increase at each station was more than 1 meter, and in severe cases, the water increase was more than 1.5 meters (see Table 1). As the tidal peak and flood peak met and supported the Min River, flooding occurred near the mouth of the Min River, submerging towns and villages. Five counties and more than 30 towns and cities in the province, including Fuqing, Changle, Fu'an, Fuding and Longxi, were flooded. , Fuqing County Chengguan flooded nearly two floors for nearly two days. Low-lying areas in Cangshan District, Fuzhou City were severely flooded. According to statistics from more than 70 regions (cities) in the province, the affected population was 4.1445 million, 121 people died, 2.5707 million acres of farmland was flooded, 44,510 houses collapsed, 5,352 livestock died, 447 bridges were destroyed, and 157 ships floated away. Only 2,826 communication line poles were destroyed, causing direct economic losses of 1.6262 billion yuan.

At 20:00 on September 4 (the 16th day of the seventh lunar month), the No. 17 severe tropical storm landed in Fuding County. It only took 17 hours from the generation of the tropical storm to its landing. Prevention was caught off guard. In addition, it occurred during the spring tide period, and the warning water level generally exceeded the warning level along the Fuding coast. Due to heavy rain and rising tide levels, towns such as Dianxia and Shali were flooded. The water depth reached about 1.8 to 2.0 meters. More than 8,000 people in Dianxia Township were besieged by floods. For two days. According to statistics from Fuding County, which was severely affected by the disaster, 420,000 people in 10 towns and 184 villages were affected, 65,000 acres of farmland was flooded, 33 people died, 26 were seriously injured, 1,210 houses collapsed, and 16,000 grains were lost. Jin, 84 livestock were killed, bridges were crossed, telephone poles were downed, water conservancy facilities were damaged, etc., resulting in a direct economic loss of 48.8 million yuan.

Typhoon No. 18 made landfall in Jinjiang County at 17:00 on September 8, three days after Severe Tropical Storm No. 17 landed in Fuding County. At this time, the coastal tide level was affected by the impact of Severe Tropical Storm No. 17 and The synergistic impact of astronomical spring tides is generally very high. Under the influence of Typhoon No. 18, 15 tide gauge stations along the coast from Dongshan in southern Fujian Province to Hangzhou Bay in Zhejiang Province exceeded the local warning water level. Among them, the Minjiang River Estuary, The maximum water increase at Meihua Station is 1.43 meters, with a maximum tide level of 9.15 meters, exceeding the local warning water level by 0.95 meters. The maximum water increase at Wenzhou Station, Zhejiang Province is 2.41 meters, with a maximum tide level of 6.33 meters, exceeding the local warning water level by 0.83 meters. The highest tide levels of the above two stations have reached this level. It is the second largest extreme high tide level in the history of the station (see Table 2).

Fuzhou City was affected by the simultaneous impact of Typhoon No. 18 and the storm surge. From September 7th to 9th, almost all factories suspended production, 30% of the factories were flooded, and power and transportation in the city were severely affected. , water supply, communications and other infrastructure were severely damaged. Bungalows and old houses collapsed in the water. Schools, offices, shops, hotels, and private residences were surrounded by water, causing power outages, water outages, work suspensions, class suspensions, and transportation interruptions. This was the founding of the founding of the People's Republic of China. This is a rare disaster phenomenon in Fuzhou City. At the same time, the flood control levee in Lianjiang County burst by 150 meters, flooding 20,000 people. Six low-lying towns in Putian County were flooded, with water depths of 0.8 to 1.5 meters, and nearly 100,000 people were trapped by the water. According to statistics from 54 counties in 9 prefectures and cities, 6.1943 million people were affected by the disaster, 623,100 people were severely affected, 249,000 people were urgently relocated, and 3.0198 million acres of flooded farmland were affected, of which 1.7358 million acres were affected and 110 people died. , 45,498 houses collapsed, 526 bridges were damaged, 1,072 boats floated away, 6,319 telephone poles were downed, and direct economic losses were 1.22 billion yuan.

1990 was a rare year of multiple storm surges in the history of Fujian Province. Four of the five typhoons that made landfall occurred during the astronomical tide period, causing serious losses to Fujian Province.

The National Ocean Forecasting Station has strengthened the forecast of marine disasters this year, and issued timely and early forecasts for the four storm surge disasters mentioned above. At the same time, in order to strengthen the local government's attention to marine disaster forecasts, major storm surge disaster forecasts use previous methods in addition to In addition to telegrams, phone calls, and TV forecasts, they are also sent in the form of clear faxes from the Central Confidential Bureau to the local provincial and municipal government offices to promptly report the situation and assist local governments in preventing floods and disasters. This work has not only been well received by the local people's government and flood control departments, but has also been praised by national leaders.

2. Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province and other places suffered from local tidal disasters

After Typhoon No. 18 landed in Fujian Province, it continued to move northwest, directly affecting the Wenzhou area. Due to the strong typhoon, large scope, and the local spring tide period, Wenzhou The tide level in the outer sea rose sharply, and the tide moved up the river. The upstream floodwaters were not released enough, causing flooding in the Wenzhou area. The water in the center of Pingyang County was 3 meters deep. There were several surrounding towns and villages. 112,000 people were surrounded by floods. 650,000 acres of farmland were flooded, and all traffic was interrupted. More than 10 kilometers of embankments along the river in Oubei Town, Yongjia County were all swallowed up by the tide, turning the plain into a vast ocean. More than 50 river embankments were washed away, and more than 10,000 acres of fertile farmland in the county were flooded. In Yueqing County, 1,600 meters of embankments were washed away, 25,000 acres of rice were flooded in the county, and 12,000 acres of rice were flooded in Ruian City. According to the records of the Wenzhou Tide Gauge Station, the maximum storm surge of this typhoon increased by 2.41 meters, and the water increase of more than 1 meter lasted for more than ten hours. The highest tide level at the Wenzhou Station at 12:00 on September 8 was 6.33 meters, exceeding the local danger water level by 0.33 meters. It is Wenzhou The second highest extreme high water level ever recorded. According to statistics from the Wenzhou Flood Control Headquarters, 946,300 acres of farmland were flooded during Typhoon No. 18, with a population of 1.897 million affected, 22 deaths, 240 injuries, and a loss of 5.2165 million kilograms of grain. A large area of ??mature late rice was flooded After soaking, the harvest was lost, 71 ships of various types were sunk, 6,283 houses collapsed, and 25,310 houses were damaged. In addition to the damage to water conservancy facilities, the direct economic loss was 361 million yuan.

After Typhoon No. 5 landed in Fujian during the spring tide period on the second day of the fifth lunar month, it also brought extremely serious storm surge disasters to the neighboring Wenzhou area of ??Zhejiang Province. The Wenzhou station experienced a maximum increase of 1.41 meters of water. It lasted 6 to 7 hours for the water to rise above 1 meter, and the highest tide level also exceeded the local dangerous water level. In this tidal disaster, 130,000 people were affected in Wenzhou, 7 people died, 20 were injured, and 163 houses collapsed and were damaged. There were 220 ships. Due to downed telephone poles, Wenzhou City had a water and power outage for more than 20 hours. 179 embankments and ponds were washed away in the city. The 10,000-acre reclamation project built at a cost of 8.5 million yuan in Meitou Town, Ruian City was completely flooded. 4,000 The dams were basically leveled, 323,600 acres of farmland were flooded, 12,600 acres of shrimp ponds were destroyed, and the city suffered a loss of 142 million yuan.

(2) Wave disaster

1. Typhoon and huge waves caused serious damage along the coasts of Fujian and Zhejiang

This year, storm and wave disasters along my country's coasts were more severe, mainly along the coasts of Fujian and Zhejiang. Especially along the estuary of the Minjiang River in Fujian Province and the Wenzhou area in southern Zhejiang Province, due to the strong surges and waves, the typhoon's huge waves have a wide impact and cause serious harm. According to statistics, the combination of typhoon waves and high tides caused damage to coastal protection projects and water conservancy projects, as well as harm to ships on the shore, resulting in direct economic losses of 500 million yuan. According to statistics from the Fujian Provincial Department of Fisheries, 10,600 acres of shrimp ponds were washed away, 127,500 acres of shellfish farming failed, 2,491 fishing boats were destroyed, 12,500 nets and more than 3,000 cages were lost, and safe havens were damaged. More than 60 places, with a total loss of 361 million yuan.

2. Sudden wave disaster hit the coast of Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong Province

Due to the impact of a cyclone entering the sea on the night of April 30, the Shandong Peninsula suffered severe damage along the coast of Changdao County, Rongcheng City, Wendeng City and other counties and cities in the southern part of the Bohai Sea. A rare storm wave hit, and the wind gradually increased in the early morning of May 1, reaching around level 11 around noon. The wave height in the central Bohai Sea is 4 to 5 meters. The Shidao Ocean Station alone measured a wind speed of 21 meters/second and a wave height of 3.3 meters on the shore. The strong winds and huge waves blocked the coastal ports and flooded some areas with seawater. There were many deaths in this process. , the heavy economic losses are rare in history. According to statistics, 22 fishermen died in Rongcheng City, 135 ships were sunk, 60,000 acres of kelp were destroyed, 30,000 acres of harvest were lost, 20,000 acres of scallops were destroyed, 16,000 acres of harvest were lost, 58,300 nets were damaged, and 363 meters of docks were washed away. , the city lost 284 million yuan. More than 9,000 acres of breeding areas in Changdao County were destroyed, accounting for 45% of the breeding area, including 2,500 acres of kelp and 1,500 acres of scallop production. In addition, 3,000 acres of breeding materials were destroyed, and more than 70 fishing boats were sunk, 8 of which were washed ashore by wind and waves and were all scrapped. Three ports and piers were destroyed, and more than 60 meters of breakwater collapsed. The direct economic loss was approximately 60 million yuan. In addition, Rushan, Wendeng, and Weihai also suffered varying degrees of losses.

3． Malignant maritime accidents still occur

According to statistics from the transportation department and insurance companies, 4 ships over 1,000 tons were sunk in the China Sea this year, including 15 foreign ships, resulting in nearly 1,000 casualties and direct economic losses of up to 1,000 people. Hundreds of millions of dollars. Most of these maritime accidents occur when ships are sailing in high wave areas.

For example: On January 18, 1990, due to the influence of cold air, strong winds of magnitude 7 to 8 and huge waves of 4 to 5 meters blew in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Two days later, at 26°25′N, 121°00′E A 5,000-ton foreign ship sank in the nearby sea. Five days later, another Chinese 5,000-ton cargo ship "Huazhu" sank near the Bashi Channel. 14 of the 20 crew members were rescued and 6 died. Another example: On the morning of November 11, the 8,000-ton Chinese cargo ship "Jianchang" sank in the central waters of the South China Sea after encountering force 8 winds and 7-meter waves. The economic losses caused by the above-mentioned shipwrecks are staggering. In winter, due to the influence of cold air from the south, a huge wave area of ??4 to 5 meters is often maintained in the East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, Bashi Strait, South China Sea and other sea areas. Sometimes a 6 to 9 meter wild wave area can be formed in the center, which should cause Transportation, petroleum, fishery, offshore construction and other operating departments attach great importance to it.

According to reports from Shanghai Maritime Bureau, Zhejiang Provincial Department of Transportation, and the Marine Surveillance Office of Fujian Provincial Department of Transportation, this year’s disastrous waves were significantly less than in previous years, and various departments used correct ocean forecasts. As a basis for dispatching, all sailing ships are equipped with modern communication equipment, so the number of maritime accidents and general casualties has been significantly reduced throughout the year. Economic losses from maritime accidents in Fujian Province this year dropped by 62.9% compared with 1989, shipwrecks dropped by 33%, and the number of deaths dropped by 58.3%. There were no general casualties in Shanghai Shipping Bureau. In particular, shipping, fishery, offshore oil exploration, towage and offshore port construction units that receive special forecast services from the National Ocean Forecasting Station have not experienced any serious maritime accidents.

(3) Sea ice disaster

From November 1989 to March 1990, the ice conditions in Liaodong Bay and the northern Yellow Sea in the Bohai Sea were all year round, and the ice conditions in the Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay were It is milder than usual.

Primary ice appeared in the Liaodong Bay of the Bohai Sea and the northern part of the Yellow Sea in mid-November 1989, and in the Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay in late December 1989. The first ice period was slightly advanced. The most serious period of ice conditions occurred from late January to early February 1990. During this period, ice conditions developed rapidly, hindering ship navigation and threatening oil platforms. Some ships have become anchored due to drifting ice. At the end of January, two Japanese 5,000-ton cargo ships were blocked by drifting ice in Liaodong Bay and drifted with the ice. The range of drift ice in Liaodong Bay is about 80 nautical miles. It is mainly gray-white ice and white ice, with lotus leaf ice and gray ice in between. The general ice thickness is 20 to 30 cm, and the maximum ice thickness is 50 cm. The range of drift ice in Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay is respectively Around 25 and 20 nautical miles, both are dominated by gray ice and Nile ice, with a small amount of gray and white ice. The general ice thickness is 5 to 15 cm, with a maximum thickness of 30 cm. The range of drift ice in the northern Yellow Sea is 25 nautical miles, and is dominated by gray ice and Mainly lotus leaf ice, with gray and white ice in between. The coastal and estuary areas are mainly white ice. The average ice thickness is 10 to 20 cm, and the maximum ice thickness is 40 cm.

(4) Red tide disasters

Monitoring and monitoring results in 1990 showed that 34 red tide disasters occurred along the coast of my country. Among them, 18 occurred in the East China Sea, 7 occurred in the Bohai Sea, 3 occurred in the Yellow Sea, and 6 occurred in the South China Sea. This year's red tide disaster occurred early, spread over a wide range, and lasted for a long time. In particular, the continuous occurrence of red tides in the East China Sea, Bohai Sea, and Yellow Sea is rare in recent years.

On March 19, 1990, the China Maritime Surveillance Ship No. 71, which was on a mission in the South China Sea, discovered a red tide in the waters near the mouth of Dapeng Bay in Guangdong Province, and pink floating objects appeared on the sea surface. This phenomenon lasted for one day. for a long time. On April 9, a large area of ??red tide was discovered in the sea near Chiwan, with a maximum width of 200 meters, in strips, stretching for 5 to 6 nautical miles. At low tide, it had affected the sea near Guishan Island. This red tide lasted until the morning of the 10th before gradually disappearing.

In early May 1990, China’s maritime surveillance aircraft discovered red tides in the waters near the Taizhou Islands to Taohua Island in Zhejiang Province during a patrol in the East China Sea. The water was bright red and distributed in strips, covering an area of ??more than 7,000 square kilometers. . This was followed by a red tide that occurred in the area from the Yangtze River Estuary to Luhua Mountain in late May, covering an area of ??about 2,700 square kilometers. Affected by red tide, coastal aquaculture and marine biological resources have suffered serious losses. For example: Changhai County, Liaoning Province was affected by only one red tide, and more than 7,000 acres of scallops died, causing economic losses of more than 20 million yuan. A red tide occurred in the waters near Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, killing hundreds of thousands of fry at the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute experimental base. The red tide area in the sea near Dongtou Island in Zhejiang Province exudes a strong fishy smell, and dead fish float from time to time. This year, many red tides occurred along the coast of my country, causing serious harm to the marine aquaculture industry. Red tide not only causes major losses to the marine aquaculture industry, but also poses a threat to human health. The damage to coastal tourism, marine ecological environment and fishery resources is even more difficult to estimate.

In recent years, red tides have occurred frequently along my country's coasts, their scope has continued to expand, and their harm has become more and more serious. In particular, the threat to coastal marine aquaculture and fishery resources is even more worrying. Red tide has become a marine disaster along my country's coast. Some people call it "cancer of the ocean" and should attract the attention of relevant departments.

(5) Oil spill disaster

At 2:40 a.m. on June 8, 1990, two foreign cargo ships collided in the sea about 30 kilometers southwest of Dalian Laotieshan , the Panamanian freighter "Maya 8" sank immediately, causing a large-scale oil spill where the ship sank, forming an oil slick area about 18 kilometers wide from north to south, 70 kilometers long from east to west, and covering an area of ??about 1,260 square kilometers. Due to the drift and spread of large-scale oil spills, the normal ecological environment of surface water bodies was destroyed, causing a sharp decline in the environmental quality of this sea area, resulting in the occurrence of red tides. Expert analysis believes that this oil spill caused damage to the environment and ecological resources in this sea area. Preliminary statistics show that the direct economic loss caused to the marine aquaculture industry alone is about 9 million yuan, and the harm to benthic organisms and its potential impact are even more difficult to estimate.

At 12:55 on June 18, the 8,000-ton "Lu Hai 65" container ship of Shandong Provincial Shipping Company and the 4,000-ton "Tianjin Hangjun 102" ship of Tianjin Waterway Bureau were in Jiaozhou Bay. There was a collision near the No. 6 beacon, and the "Jinhang Jun 102" ship sank immediately. According to information provided by the State Oceanic Administration's Haijian No. 15 ship and inspectors, the accident caused an oil floating area of ??25,000 square meters, with an oil film thickness of 0.3 to 0.5 mm. The environment in the Jiaozhou Bay waters was severely damaged, and the marine aquaculture and salt industries suffered losses.

According to China’s maritime surveillance aircraft, 79 cases of large and small oil spill pollution were discovered during the cruise surveillance in the East China Sea. The oil spill pollution in the East China Sea is mainly distributed in Hengsha-Yangtze River Estuary-Lvhua Mountain—— Shengshan - Xugong Island - Yongjiang Estuary - arc-shaped sea area.

2. Characteristics of marine disasters in 1990

(1) Storm surge disasters occurred in concentrated areas and time, and the disasters were serious

As stated in "1980" The Nine-Year China Marine Disaster Bulletin predicts that "the total storm surge disaster in 1990 will be less and lighter than in the previous year, but the possibility of serious tide disasters in some areas cannot be ruled out." This year's storm surge disasters occurred mainly in Fujian Province, with four occurrences in more than two months. This is quite rare in the history of tide surges in my country. Although the forecast department has strengthened the storm surge forecast work, and leaders at all levels and the flood control command department have also dispatched a large number of manpower and material resources for rescue and disaster relief, which has greatly reduced casualties, the economic losses are still very serious.

(2) The largest storm surge in history occurred in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province

Following the surge caused by Typhoon No. 23 in 1989, Typhoon No. 15 landed in Jiaojiang City again in 1990. Haimen and Jiantiao stations experienced extremely large water increases of more than 2 meters, both higher than the maximum water increase of Typhoon No. 23 in 1989, which is the extreme value of storm surge water increase at this station. Despite this, since the typhoon made landfall during the neap period and the maximum water increase occurred during the low tide period, the highest tide levels at the above two stations did not exceed the local warning level. If Typhoon No. 15 makes landfall during the spring tide period, the surge disaster caused by Typhoon No. 12 will be no less than that of Typhoon No. 12 in 1956.

(3) The South China Sea is less affected by storm surges

Guangdong and Hainan provinces, which have been more affected by typhoons in previous years, have no obvious typhoon storm surge disasters this year.

Two typhoons made landfall in Guangdong Province this year. Typhoon No. 4 landed in Haikang County and Typhoon No. 9 landed in Haifeng County. Since these two typhoons affected the coast during the astronomical neap period, the storm surge at various coastal stations did not increase significantly, and the high tide level did not exceed the warning level.

Typhoon No. 16 passed over the southern tip of Hainan Province. The winds were stronger along the southern coast. Affected by heavy rains and typhoon waves, some coastal projects were damaged and the coastal aquaculture industry suffered varying degrees of losses.

(4) The northern sea area was affected by two typhoons, and high tide levels occurred in some places.

Shanghai and Jiangsu were affected by typhoons No. 5 and 15 heading north, and major storms occurred in places. Tidal surges, especially Typhoon No. 5, affected the north of the Yangtze River Estuary as early as June. The high tide levels at Shanghai Huangpu Park Station and Jiangsu Province Lianyungang Station exceeded the warning water level. This was the first time in history. Affected by Typhoon No. 15, large water increases of more than 1 meter occurred along the coasts of Shanghai and Jiangsu. Coupled with the effects of heavy rains, some streets in urban Shanghai were seriously flooded.

(5) Extratropical storm surges occur earlier and more frequently

Extratropical storm surges did not cause disasters this year, but storm surges occurred significantly earlier and more frequently. According to statistics, the period from late December to early February of the following year is a quiet month with no storm surge disasters. However, there are big differences between this year and previous years. Extratropical storm surges have occurred since January 10th. Especially on the first day of the Lunar New Year (January 27th), an obvious water increase process affected the Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea and Yangjiao Bay. The maximum water increase is 1.79 meters at Gou Station and 1.47 meters at Summer Camp. After spring, cold air activities become more frequent, occurring almost every four days. On April 12, a severe water increase occurred in Yangjiaogou. A huge water increase of 2.61 meters occurred in Yangjiaogou. The water increase of more than 2 meters lasted for 5 hours. Since it occurred during the low tide period, the highest water level in Yangjiaogou only slightly exceeded the local warning water level. . This year's extratropical storm surge period lasts until July. Due to the continuous mild winters in northern my country, the storm surge activity in the extratropical zone is advanced. Therefore, "storm surge disasters occur in my country all year round" is not an empty statement.

(6) Be alert to sudden storm wave disasters caused by cyclone strong winds

The wave disaster that occurred in the Jiaodong Peninsula on May 1 caused serious damage to Rongcheng, Wendeng, Weihai and other counties and cities. Huge economic losses were suffered and there were casualties. In spring and autumn, there are many cyclone activities in the Bohai Sea. Although the intensity is not as strong as typhoons, the wind force can sometimes reach level 9 to 10, and generate huge waves of more than 3 to 4 meters. The damage caused by huge waves to aquaculture, fishing boats, docks, and ports along the Bohai Sea cannot be underestimated. In this sudden wave disaster, Rongcheng City alone suffered losses of more than 200 million yuan and 22 people died. The disaster was quite serious and should draw the attention of relevant coastal departments to strengthen prevention of sudden storm wave disasters.

(7) There were obviously fewer disastrous giant waves this year

According to statistics, in 1990, the number of days when disastrous giant waves of more than 4 meters occurred in China's offshore waters was significantly fewer than in normal years. The reason is that the number of days with huge waves caused by cyclones entering the sea is significantly less than in previous years, with 12 days in the Bohai Sea (14 days less than normal), 38 days in the Yellow Sea (57 days less than normal), 65 days in the East China Sea (88 days less than normal), and Taiwan Strait. 80 days (80 days less than normal), and 128 days in the South China Sea (41 days less than normal).

(8) The sea ice conditions are light, and the last ice day is significantly earlier.

This year, the sea ice conditions are light, and the last ice day in each sea area is 5 to 20 days earlier than normal. The ice in the northern seas begins to melt in mid-February, and the sea ice melts quickly. The Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay end of ice in late February, and the Liaodong Bay and the northern part of the Yellow Sea end of ice in mid-March.

(9) Red tides occur frequently, last for a long time, and are widely distributed

This year is a year when red tides occur more frequently. Statistical analysis results show that red tides occur one after another along the coast from south to north. Large area of ??red tide. There is a clear upward trend in the frequency of red tides in the Zhoushan Islands in the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea, and the red tide season has also been extended to winter. The sea areas where red tides occur are mostly inland seas and harbors with heavy pollution, high levels of eutrophication, and poor water exchange. .

(10) Man-made marine disasters - oil spills cannot be ignored

According to incomplete statistics, only in the ten years from 1974 to 1984, ships of more than 100 tons occurred in my country's waters There were 19 oil spill accidents, with a total oil spill volume of 24,000 tons. Oil spills are not only caused by ship collisions, but also offshore blowouts and oil leaks from shore oil storage tanks cannot be underestimated. In 1989, the Huangdao oil depot exploded and more than 630 tons of crude oil leaked into Jiaozhou Bay, causing serious damage to the aquaculture and tourism industries in the waters near Qingdao. There were two more major oil spills this year. In recent years, the number of large-scale marine oil spill cases has been increasing year by year. The situation is serious and the relevant departments should pay attention to this man-made marine disaster.

3. Forecast of marine disasters in China in 1991

It is expected that the total number of storm surge disasters in 1991 will be lower than that in 1990, or the same as in 1990. In terms of geographical distribution, storm surge disasters in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and other places will be more than in 1990; followed by Hangzhou Bay, the Yangtze River Estuary and the sea areas to the north; storm surge disasters in southern Zhejiang and the coastal areas of Fujian will be smaller than in 1990, especially in Fujian. Coastal areas will no longer suffer frequent storm surges. Extratropical storm surges have occurred more frequently in recent years and occur significantly earlier. It is expected that northern coastal provinces and cities such as Shandong, Tianjin, and Hebei will be at greater risk from extratropical storm surge disasters.

It is expected that there will be more disastrous waves of more than 4 meters in 1991 than in 1990, and will be close to normal. The ice conditions in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea will be lighter than normal in the winter of 1991 to 1992. With the rapid development of my country's coastal economy, marine environmental pollution has become increasingly serious, and the degree of eutrophication of water bodies has intensified. It is expected that the occurrence of red tides in 1991 will become more frequent, the scope will continue to expand, and the harm will be more serious.

IV. Suggestions and Countermeasures

(1) Vigorously promote the use of ocean forecast products and reduce marine disaster losses

At present, the National Ocean Forecasting Station and its affiliated The four forecast area stations (Qingdao, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Haikou) release forecasts of waves, storm surges, sea ice, and sea temperatures in my country's offshore and northwest Pacific every day. In addition to normal forecast services, they also carry out special ocean forecast services. Delivery methods It is broadcast daily on CCTV and China People's Broadcasting Station. Each district station also releases marine forecasts for various sea areas on local provincial and municipal government TV stations and radio stations. At the same time, daily live wave conditions, wave forecasts and ten-day sea ice forecasts are released via wireless fax. Whenever a storm surge occurs, disastrous ocean forecasts are added, and the forecasts are delivered to provinces, cities, and districts that may be affected by disasters through telegraphs, telephones, wired faxes, etc. It is hoped that government departments at all levels will strengthen the use of marine forecasts and reduce losses caused by marine disasters.

(2) In order to do a good job in storm surge forecasting, implement the nationwide network of tide gauge stations

The monitoring and forecasting of storm surges plays an important role in mitigating marine disasters, and tide gauge stations The tide level observation data is indispensable for storm surge forecasting. At present, my country's tide gauge stations are managed by several departments, and they all interact with each other in the use of data. In order to improve and improve this exchange system and organizational form, and give full play to the role of monitoring data from each department, it is recommended that all departments formulate a system as soon as possible. Joint systems, establish organizational forms and systems for data exchange, form a nationwide network of tide gauge stations, and play a greater role in marine disaster forecasting.

(3) Strengthen research on marine disaster forecasting technology and improve marine disaster forecasting capabilities

A two-dimensional numerical model for storm surge operational forecasting, which assumes that the shore is a solid boundary that does not move , it cannot predict the extent of strong storm surges invading land. In order to improve disaster prevention and reduction capabilities, it is necessary to accelerate the research on the introduced storm surge floodplain model (SLOSH). At the same time, we will carry out monitoring and research on the occurrence and development of short-term storm and giant wave disasters caused by sudden cyclones entering the sea. In addition, for sea ice disasters that seriously threaten oil development in the Bohai Sea in winter, long-term forecasting technology must be researched in order to predict sea ice conditions in advance and contribute to reducing losses caused by disasters.

(4) Strengthen the prevention of coastal erosion in key development zones

With the frequent occurrence of storm surge disasters, the coasts of some key economic development zones have been severely eroded by sea water, and There is a trend of intensification, such as in the Yangjiaogou area of ??Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, Shanghai, Tanggu, Tianjin and other areas.

Great attention must be paid to coastal protection work in these areas.