Other peoples living in the Arctic?

Indigenous people have lived in the Arctic for at least 10000 years. They have more than 20 nationalities and have been living a primitive life of almost nomadic fishing and hunting. Until 1825 years ago, Arctic residents were basically in a completely natural state without external interference. Paleoanthropologists who study Eskimos usually refer to the Arctic region in northern Eurasia as the Old World. Due to its vast territory and long history, ancient humans in this area gradually evolved into some nationalities with different languages and cultures. Among them, there are many Chukchi people living in the northeast corner of the Asian continent and Yakutia people scattered along the Arctic Ocean in eastern Siberia. These are the two largest ethnic groups in the Siberian Arctic. The latter came from southern Central Asia and entered the Arctic relatively late. They lived in wooden houses and used iron tools, which changed the tradition of raising horses and livestock into reindeer. And unlike other ethnic groups, they are not completely in the original state of production, but have a leader system close to feudal society. Therefore, in contrast, Yakutia's social system seems to be one step ahead of other Arctic peoples, which is also a strong evidence that they entered the Arctic late. Nenets, located in northern Siberia and on both sides of the Ural Mountains, lives purely by hunting, including hunting whales and seals in the Arctic Ocean. Between Yakutia and nenets, there is another ethnic group with a relatively small number and geographical distribution, that is Ewenki. Ewenki nationality is also between the above two nationalities in living habits. They can not only raise reindeer, but also be good at hunting. They often clashed with Yakutia, but at the same time they also relied on Yakutia to provide them with iron. The above nationalities are all Asians. Although nenets is somewhere between Europeans and Asians, its main feature is still the yellow race. Only Lapp, who lives in the northernmost part of Europe, is truly white. They are divided into East Lapp, North Lapp and South Lapp. They mainly raise deer for a living, but also engage in fishing, hunting and a small amount of agriculture. This is the only definite European (Neanderthal) descendant among the Arctic aborigines. The cultural traditions of indigenous people in all Arctic regions are very similar, and they all belong to a white cold culture. From thousands of years ago to the 20th century, their cultural traditions have hardly changed. They are the nation with the most difficult living conditions on earth. Cold, snowstorm and lack of food often directly threaten their lives. But they are the happiest, most peaceful and kind people in the world. In places where Eskimos live in compact communities, life has a strong color of primitive public ownership. Men admire fishing and hunting skills, have a strong sense of responsibility to nurture and protect the whole tribe, and sincerely believe that prey should belong to all the same species equally. Their greatest shame is that they are excluded from social life by the tribe because of selfish or immoral behavior. Some villages still retain the custom of changing wives, and their children are given special treatment without exception. The vast majority of Lapp people live by herding reindeer, and their families migrate around with deer all the year round, while reindeer provide them with all the material basis for food, clothing, housing and transportation. Therefore, the culture of Lapu people is called "reindeer culture". Tribes on the tundra hunt untamed Arctic reindeer, musk oxen and other animals. Tribes along the Arctic Ocean hunt marine mammals and fish, and sometimes polar bears. They wear deerskin coats, live in seal tents, ride walrus kayaks in the water, and are dragged by reindeer or arctic dogs in the ice and snow. By the 1970s, there were at least100000 indigenous people in the Arctic. Since then, due to the development of mineral resources and energy, the Arctic has flourished in the past 20 years. At present, there are only about 6.5438+0.5 million real Eskimos, but there are more than 7 million foreigners entering this area, and it is still increasing rapidly. A large number of modern immigrants have flooded into the polar regions, and new towns have mushroomed, almost drowning the ancient traditional culture in contemporary civilization. In the face of modern strangers from the south, simple Eskimos are almost at a loss. They give up fishing and hunting and specialize in processing fur in exchange for modern industrial products, but they are puzzled by the fluctuation of fur prices. They are angry because their culture is despised, but they are helpless. But in any case, Eskimo life is really not what it used to be, and it is quite modern. In the past 20 years, it has made a leap from primitive traditional life to modern civilization, and its speed and great changes have to be said to be a miracle. However, the huge cultural contrast also upset the inherent psychological balance of Eskimos, and their confidence in life and future lost its fulcrum, so alcoholism and violence appeared. Eskimos in industrial development zones have almost completely changed their customs, joined industrial and mining enterprises and become workers or employees like foreigners. In the 1970s, the population of the Arctic region of the Soviet Union reached 5.5 million, that of Canada reached 1.5 million, and that of Longyearbyen, the capital of Spitsbergen Islands, Norway, was 1.200.