Canadian economy

Canada is one of the seven industrialized countries in the west, with developed manufacturing, high-tech industries and service industries. Resource industry, primary manufacturing industry and agriculture are the main pillars of the national economy. Building a country through trade relies heavily on foreign trade and is deeply influenced by the United States economically.

Canada's oil industry has always been the main driving force of economic growth, pushing Canada's trade from loss to profit, and there is a lot of investment. Like many developed economies, the domestic demand for refined petroleum products is stable, but crude oil producers can still expand their market in Canada through Canadian refineries. Canada can be said to be a net exporter of crude oil, but refineries in eastern provinces have always relied on imported oil because of the high transportation cost of Canadian crude oil nationwide. Although the United States has increased shale oil production, Canada's exports to the United States have increased due to its proximity to the United States and its huge pipeline network. In 20 14 years, crude oil accounted for about 18% of Canadian goods exports.

Canada's federal and provincial governments operate various international insurance businesses, including export credit insurance and investment insurance. As early as 1945, the export credit insurance law was enacted; 1947, export credit insurance company was established. Insurance supervision adopts federal and provincial supervision modes to protect the investment capital and income of overseas investors in Canada, make up for the loss of export income, capital and income caused by various commercial and political risks, and effectively promote the development of Canada's international trade and the competitive position of domestic insurance companies in the international market. Insurance assets rank second in Canada's financial industry. Currently, there are nearly 400 non-life insurance companies in Canada.

Agricultural products processing industry is an important part of Canada's economy, accounting for 8% of its GDP. Canada has 46 million hectares of arable land, mainly in the west, accounting for 5% of the total land area. The main products are: wheat, oats, soybeans, rapeseed, barley, red meat (cattle, pigs, sheep), fruits, vegetables, wine, cigarettes, drinks and so on. Exports to the United States account for about 60% of the total. Ontario and Quebec mainly produce red meat and dairy products.

According to the data of the International Monetary Fund, the main economic indicators in 20 1 1 year are as follows:

Gross domestic product (GDP): 1.736869 billion USD (ranked 10th in the world).

Per capita GDP: US$ 50,435.50 (ninth in the world)

GDP growth rate: 2.46%

Unemployment rate: 7.65%

Human development index 1.888 (high; 20 1 1 year; Ranked eighth in the world, second only to Norway, Australia and other countries) 20 1 1 The total output value of agriculture, forestry and fishery is 29.056 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for 2.29% of the GDP. Mainly planting wheat, barley, flax, oats, rape, corn, pasture and other crops. The cultivated land area accounts for about 16% of the national territory, of which the cultivated land area is about 67.5867 million hectares, accounting for 8% of the national territory. 20 1 1 year, the agricultural population is 306,000, accounting for 1.64% of the national employed population. Canada has a developed fishery, with 75% of its fishery products exported, making it the largest exporter of fishery products in the world.

Output value of major livestock products (unit: 100 million Canadian dollars) 2006 2007 2008 2009 20101beef 64.90 62.92 63.5438+0 61 .5764.88 Pork 333333334 0 33.28 32.80 4895 58.15 Manufacturing and high-tech industries are developed, and manufacturing, construction and mining constitute the three pillars of the national industrial economy. Canada has a world-leading level in aerospace, nonferrous metallurgy, information and communication, power equipment, power and water conservancy, pulp and paper making, microelectronic software, new energy and new materials. In addition, petrochemical industry, forest building materials, fashion textiles, food and beverage, ferrous metals, etc. are also important industrial sectors. The representatives of Canadian Industry Group include Bombardier, which mainly manufactures advanced vehicles such as jet planes and high-speed trains, Alcan Packaging Company, ATI Technology Company and PetroCanada, the second largest aluminum producer in the world. The second largest fuel and gas company in North America), Dynamic Research (RIM, Blackberry, a communication giant), KANDU (nuclear reactor, comprehensive development of nuclear energy), Kanadarm (aerospace arm), Nortel Networks (a network equipment giant) and so on.

20 1 1 year's total manufacturing output value is 1, 62 1.97 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for 12.8% of the GDP, with 1.76 million employees, accounting for 9.4/kl of the national employed population. The total output value of the construction industry is 76.506 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for 6.04% of the GDP, with 65.438+0.262 million employees, accounting for 6.75% of the national employed population. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, the output of major industrial products was 20 10, 20 1 car (ten thousand vehicles), 200, 205.2, 146.8, 162.5438+0 crude oil (100 million cubic meters). .481.581.71natural gas (100 million cubic meters)1866.621757.438+0706

Canada's crude oil resource potential can reach 343 billion barrels, 90% of which comes from oil sands (oil shale). The proven reserves are 654.38+0.73 billion barrels, ranking third in the world. 20 1 1 annual crude oil production 129 billion barrels, ranking sixth in the world. By the end of 2009, the recoverable natural gas reserves were110.90 billion cubic meters, of which the conventional natural gas reserves were 970 million cubic meters. The exploitable coal resources are 6.6 billion tons, which can be mined according to the output 100 year. 20 1 1 the total output value of the energy sector exceeds 6.9% of GDP, and the net export is about 56 billion Canadian dollars. Among them, crude oil production is nearly 1 1 100 million barrels, and natural gas production is about 15 1 100 million cubic meters, making it the third largest natural gas producer in the world. By the end of 20 10, the total installed capacity of power stations in Canada was 130543 MW. Among them, hydroelectric power generation is 75,077 MW, wind power generation is 3,973 MW, tidal power generation is 20 MW, solar power generation 108 MW, conventional steam turbine is 2,5491MW, and nuclear power turbine is12,665 MW (5 in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick). The main difference is that provinces are established according to constitutional treaties, while regions are established according to federal laws. Therefore, the regions are directly under the jurisdiction of the federal government, and the provinces are under the jurisdiction of the governments established by the provinces. Compared with the federal government.

Clean technology industry

Canada's clean technology industry includes biofuel and smelting, power generation, smart grid, industrial energy saving, sustainable transportation, environmental protection, ecological agriculture and other fields, and it is one of the manufacturing fields supported by the Canadian government.

Biotechnology industry

Canada is one of the five largest biotechnology industry markets in the world. It is at the leading level in the fields of scientific exploration and application of biotechnology in medical and health care, agriculture, environmental technology, industry and production solutions, and its comprehensive indicators of biotechnology rank third in the world.

automotive industry

The Canadian automobile manufacturing industry mainly produces light vehicles including cars, vans and pickups, heavy vehicles including trucks, buses, school buses and military vehicles, as well as various vehicle spare parts and electronic systems. In 20 12, the output of cars and light trucks reached 2,463,700, accounting for 3.7% of the world's total output, and the domestic market sales reached 6,543,800+0,670, ranking tenth in the world, with an annual output value of 65,438+0,007 million Canadian dollars, creating 550,000 jobs.

chemical industry

Canada's chemical industry has an annual output value of 42.4 billion Canadian dollars, 2,730 companies and 77,000 jobs. The trade volume of chemical products reached 68.8 billion Canadian dollars, of which 27.9 billion Canadian dollars were exported and 40.9 billion Canadian dollars were imported. The import and export market is mainly the United States, with imports from the United States accounting for 60% and exports to the United States accounting for 76%. Other export markets are Britain (4%), China (3%) and Brazil (2%), while other importing countries are German (5%) and Swiss (4. Chemical industrial companies are mainly concentrated in Ontario, accounting for about 4 1%, followed by Quebec, 27%, Prairie, 16%, BC, 12% and Atlantic, 4%.

Aerospace and defense industry

Canada's aviation industry ranks fifth in the world, with more than 700 companies with an annual output value of 22 billion Canadian dollars, 80% of which are exported. The concentration of this industry is relatively high, in which 19 company accounts for 87% of the total sales, Bombardier accounts for 37% of the total sales, and the rest are small and medium-sized enterprises.

mining industry

More than 60 kinds of metallic and nonmetallic minerals have been proved in Canada, among which the proven reserves of potassium ore are 9.7 billion tons (accounting for 57% of the global reserves), and the annual output is 20 1 1 .2 million tons, ranking first in the world, accounting for 30.3% of the global output. Uranium reserves are 570,000 tons, accounting for 15% of the global reserves. Uranium reserves with high grade and low mining cost rank first in the world. The output of 20 1 1 is about 10800 tons, second only to Kazakhstan, accounting for 17. 1% of the world output. Nickel reserves are 3.07 million tons, accounting for 8% of the global reserves; 20 1 1 The output is 2 12000 tons, ranking second in the world. 20 1 1 cobalt, aluminum, asbestos, diamond, titanium concentrate, tungsten, platinum, sulfur and other metals and mineral products all rank in the top five in the world. 20 1 1 year's total mining output value is 35.6 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for 2.8% of GDP. The processing service industry has developed rapidly. In 2006, the output value was 8 1, 3 1.96 million Canadian dollars, accounting for 68.4% of the GDP in that year, and the number of employees was 0/.2498 million, accounting for 7 1% of the total labor force in that year.

Information and communication industry

The annual output value of Canada's information and communication industry is 20 1 1 68.3 billion Canadian dollars, including 2.21billion Canadian dollars in production field and 0.8 billion Canadian dollars in service field, with wholesale sales of 44.4 billion Canadian dollars and contribution to GDP of 67.2 billion Canadian dollars. 45. 1% employees have bachelor degree or above, mainly composed of small enterprises, with a total of 33,500 companies, of which 86% are concentrated in the fields of software and computer services, 6.2% are engaged in the wholesale of information and communication products, 3. 1% are engaged in production and 3.9% are engaged in communication services.

tourism

Tourism in Canada is very developed. According to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization, Canada ranks ninth among the countries with the highest income in the World Tourism Organization. In 2003, the tourism revenue was 22.666 billion Canadian dollars, accounting for 65.438+0.87% of GDP. Received 38.9027 million foreign tourists. The number of people directly engaged in tourism service industry is 5610.4 million (5438+0 in 2006). The main tourist cities are Vancouver, Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal and Quebec City. Canada was hit by the international financial crisis. In fiscal year 2009 /20 10, Canada's federal budget showed a high deficit, and the situation of 1 1 year maintained a surplus ended. In June, 20 1 1, the Canadian government took deficit reduction as one of the important tasks in the budget, and planned to cut government expenditure substantially, so as to achieve "zero" deficit in the fiscal year of 20 14/20 15.

Budget (in Canadian dollars) 2009/20/KOOC-0/0 20/KOOC-0/20/KOOC-0/2 Revenue 2/KOOC-0/86 237/KOOC-0/2480 Expenditure 2742 2780

The main banks are:

(1) Royal Bank of Canada: Established in 1869, it is the largest private bank. The total assets of 20 1 1 year reached 575 billion Canadian dollars.

(2) Imperial Commercial Bank of Canada: It was formed by the merger of Commercial Bank of Canada (established in 1867) and Imperial Bank of Canada (established in 1875) in 196 1 year, making it the second largest bank in Canada. The total assets of 20 1 1 year are 353.699 billion Canadian dollars.

(3) Bank of Montreal: Established in 18 17, it is the third largest bank in Canada. The total assets of 20 1 1 year are 477.4 billion Canadian dollars. Canada's economy relies heavily on foreign trade, mainly exporting automobiles and parts, other industrial products, forest products, metals and energy products; It mainly imports machinery and equipment, automobiles and spare parts, industrial raw materials, other consumer goods and food. The main trade targets are the United States, China, Japanese and European Union countries.

20 1 1 foreign merchandise trade was 9140.6 billion Canadian dollars, and the export value and import value increased by 13.2% and 10.2% respectively.

Foreign trade (unit: 100 million Canadian dollars) in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2065, 438+00, 2065, 438+0, with export value of 585.70, 4504, 4898.6, 697.6, 4048.3 and 58/. The main trade targets are the United States, China, Japanese and European Union countries. 20 1 1 year, exports to the United States account for 72.29% of Canada's total exports.

By the end of 20 1 1, the total overseas direct investment was 684.5 billion Canadian dollars.

Foreign aid plus the government's 20 10-20 1 1 The total foreign aid in the fiscal year was 5.679 billion Canadian dollars.

By the end of 20 1 1, foreign direct investment in Canada was 607.5 billion Canadian dollars. Canada's National Day (National Day) in July every year is 1.

March 13 is St. Patrick's Day every year.

Tulip Festival is held on May 9th every year.

Queen Victoria's Day (Queen's Birthday) is the Monday before May 25th every year.

Quebec Festival falls on June 24th every year.

Thanksgiving Day is the second Monday of 10 every year.

Memorial Day in Canada is165438+1October 1 1 every year.

Christmas is 65438+ February 25th every year.

Important festivals:

Banff Summer Art Festival

Banff Art Center holds opera, symphony, ballet and drama performances every year, which is one of the largest artistic activities in North America.

Louis Rael's joint hearing was held in Ligena, the capital of Saskatchewan. The play is arranged according to the real records in the court, and the content is what happens in the governor's house every summer.

In Winnipeg, more than 40 ethnic groups of different cultures show their different cultural characteristics with local dances, folk songs, exhibitions and food during a week-long period in August each year.

Stratford Festival (Stratford Festival)

Located in Strafford, Ontario, the grand Strafford Festival is held every year. The most important drama activity is Shakespeare's plays, which are staged in three theaters for six months from May to 10 every year. His works include classical and contemporary drama and music creation.

Guelph Spring Festival (Guelph Spring Festival)

A cultural event in Ontario. Classical music, recitation, concerts, dances and art exhibitions are gathered here, which attracts many world-class performers to visit every May.

Karibana (Karibana)

Located in Toranto, Ontario. The 65,438+00-day Karibbean Karnival was held in midsummer, with several interesting activities, such as a cruise under the moon, a masquerade ball and an island picnic in Toronto. All kinds of activities and active atmosphere are well known.

Bernard Shaw Festival (Bernard Shaw Festival)

Located where Niagara Falls empties into Lake Ontario, from May to June, this town with 65,438+09 century charm entertains guests to remember Irish writer George Bernard Shaw and his contemporary plays.

International jazz festival (international jazz festival)

In Montreal, this 10-day celebration showed people the charm of jazz. At the beginning of July every year, more than 400,000 fans go to the area to participate in festivals.

Festival or Ford.

Located in Mount Offord, Quebec. This is one of the most prestigious summer music festivals in Canada.

Mickey Folk Song Festival in Milla (Mickey Folk Song Festival in Milla)

For a long time, people have been praising Canada's natural beauty and vast land, but Canada is also famous as the center of contemporary art creation. The official languages are English (the most widely used language in Canada) and French (mainly distributed in Quebec).

20 1 1, there are nearly 6.8 million Canadians whose mother tongue is not English or French, and the recognized regional languages include all the first national languages. Other major languages are Chinese (1, 072,555), French (853,745), Italian (407,490), German (409,200) and Punjabi (430,705).